48 Iowa 611 | Iowa | 1878
Lead Opinion
I. The verification to the petition is in these words:
1. VERIFICATION: att. “I, Gr. S. Eldridge, being duly sworn, on oath say that I am the agent of the plaintiff in the foregoing petition for the collection of the debt declared on in the above petition; that I have read the foregoing petition and know the contents thereof; that, as attorney for the late William Rausch, I obtained the judgment herein declared on, and am more conversant with the facts alleged in said petition! than is plaintiff himself, and the facts therein stated are true as I believe.
“And I further depose and say, that the facts alleged as grounds for the issuance of a writ of attachment are known to me, and said allegations are true. ”
Section 2613 of the Code provides “that if the statements of a pleading are known to airy person other than the party, such person may make the affidavit, which shall contain averments showing affiant competent to make the same.” Measured by the requirements of this section, we think the foregoing affidavit was- sufficient. As to the facts set forth as the ground for the attachment, there can be no question.
The argument is that- the statute does not contemplate a summary trial of the title or ownership of real estate on motion and affidavits in a suit by-attachment.
Section 3018 of the Code provides that, “a motion may be made to discharge the attachment or any part thereof, at any time before trial, for insufficiency of statement of cause thereof, or for other cause making it apparent of record that the attachment should not have issued, or should not have been levied on all or some part of the property held. ”
Thé last clause of this section is very general in its terms, and, we think, embraces all questions as to the right to levy upon the property, which may properly be determined by motion.
If the title to real estate be a matter of dispute between the parties upon the facts, it could not properly be determined upon a motion, supported and controverted by affidavits.
If the statements of fact contained in the motion be denied, the defendant would have to proceed in a more formal manner to try the right to hold the property on the writ. But when, as in the case at bar, the motion is not denied, and the simple question to be determined is whether the land is liable to the attachment, we see no objection to disposing of
The court below held that it was not liable to be seized under the writ. Where the common law dower of a life estate is in force, the great weight of authority is that, until it is assigned or set apart to the dowress, it is not liable ■to attachment on execution, in a suit at law by a creditor of the widow. Counsel for appellant concedes that' 'this rule is. supported by a majority of the cases. We need not take the space to make citations. The rule, upon examination, will be found to be nearly uniform in the courts of England and this country.
■ It is insisted however, that in the case at bar the defendant, as widow, is entitled to one-third in fee simple of 'the land in controversy; that the descent was cast at the death of the husband, and that she is a joint tenant with the children of her husband, and for these reasons the rule applicable to common law dower should not apply.
The defendant’s husband died in 1864, seized of the land. The dower right was fixed by section 1, chapter 151, Laws of ¡1862, which provides that “one-third in value of all the real i estate, in which the husband at any time during the marriage . had a legal or equitable interest, * * * * * * shall, I under the direction of the court, be set apart * * * * * as her property in fee simple. * * * * * *”
We have held that this statute did not abolish or take away the estate of dower, but that it merely enlarged it from an estate for life to a fee simple. Moore v. Kent, 37 Iowa, 20; Kendall v. Kendall, 42 Id., 464.
If, then, the fee simple estate given by the statute is merely the common law dower estate enlarged, we can see no reason why it should be subject to execution or attachment in a suit
It must be remembered that the statute above cited did not abolish the estate of dower, but, on the contrary, expressly recognized it by providing that “all the provisions hereinbefore made in relation to the widow shall be applicable to the husband of a deceased wife. Each is entitled to the same right of dower in the estate of the other. * * *”
Whether the provision which the Code makes for a widow out of the lands of her deceased husband creates an estate liable to be seized upon attachment in a suit at law we do not determine, as the question is not presented. It may not be improper to observe, however, that although by section 2440 of the Code the estate of dower is abolished, and in section 2441 the estate given to the widow is designated as “the distributive share of the widow,” yet under the Code, as well as under the act of 1862, it is a materially different estate from that derived by descent.
The estate of an heir is an undivided interest in each and every tract of land owned by the ancestor at the time of his death. Subject to the debts of the ancestor, it may be levied upon by execution or attachment, and sold as the property of the heir.
The estate of the widow embraces one-third in value of all the real property owned by the husband at any time during the marriage which has not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which she has made no relinquishment of her right. It cannot be defeated by will. It is not liable for the debts of the husband. It must be so set off as to include the ordinary dwelling-house, unless she prefers a different arrangement. It may all be assigned and set off in one or more tracts.
It is, therefore, obvious that the levy of an execution or attachment upon the lands of which the husband died seized,
We do not determine what, if any, remedy the creditor of a widow may have as against her unassigned dower. The question is not presented in- this record. We only determine that the settled rule that dower unassigned is not liable to execution or attachment in a suit at law was not changed by the statute of 1862 above cited.
Affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. — As I understand, a widow at common law cannot before assignment convey her dower to a stianger by any of the ordinary modes of conveying freehold estates, so as to vest the legal interest in her grantee. Tompkins v. Fonda, 4 Paige’s Ch., 448. A widow’s dower before assignment is a mere right in action and nothing more. Rayner v. Lee, 20 Mich., 384. She cannot maintain ejectment before assignment. Shields v. Batts, 5 J. J. Marsh., 12. It may be released, but the widow cannot invest another with the right of action. Cox v. Jagger, 2 Cow., 638. She had no right of entry until her dower was assigned. Stedman v. Fortune, 5 Conn., 464, citing Litt., §§ 36, 53; 2 Black. Com., 134, 139; Bac. Abr., title “Dower B.”
The widow was entitled to possession during her quarantine, a period of forty days after her husband’s death, and the dower, being unassigned, could not be set up against one holding the fee after the expiration of the quarantine. Cavender v. Smith, 8 Iowa, 360. The right of the widow to sell her dower before it has been assigned has been usually, if not universally, recognized in equity, and such interest set apart to her grantee or assignee. Huston v. Seely, 27 Iowa, 183, and authorities there cited.
• If she is in possession and entitled to an immediate assignment, and has received the whole income of the premises, either as guardian of the heir at law, or otherwise, she, upon taking an account thereof, will be entitled to retain her third,
It will be readily seen that tire widow’s right under the statute is very different from what it was at common law. There is no -substantial difference between the law of 1862 and the Code, and it was said by Beck, J., in Mock v. Watson, 41 Iowa, 241, that the rules and principles found in the books applicable to the estate of dower are inapplicable here. Such is the rule in Indiana, where there is a similar statute. Gaylord v Dodge, 31 Ind., 41.
In 1864 the defendant, under the statute, became entitled to an estate in fee simple, which at once on the death of her husband became a vested interest. It was unnecessary for the full and complete protection of that interest that it should be assigned or set apart. She and the heirs of her husband, from the moment of his death, became tenants in common, and partition could be had by either. She could sell and convey her interest to a stranger, although no assignment had been made, and her grantee would become entitled to all her rights. If no partition was had she would be entitled to her share of the rents and profits, whether in possession or not.
Being invested with such an estate as this, the defendant contracted debts, for aught that appears for her support, to enable her to live, and it may well be assumed credit was ■extended to her on the faith of said estate.
Why drive the creditor into equity ? The estate is legal— there is nothing of an equitable nature pertaining thereto. The Code provides that any property of the defendant not exempt from execution may be attached (section 2949), and the same is true as to executions. From the time of the levy of ■either a lien is created. The statute further provides that
There is, then, according to the opinion of the majority, a .fee simple or legal estate which cannot be attached or levied on under an execution against the owner, and on which a judgment against such owner is not a lien. To my mind the mere statement of such a proposition is the strongest possible argument against it.
In Connecticut it is held that the statute gives the widow the right of possession, and that her right of entry does not depend upon an assignment, and that she and the heirs are tenants in common, and that the - unassigned dower of a widow can be taken on execution for her debts. Stedman v. Fortune, before cited, and Wooster v. Lyman Iron Company, 38 Conn., 256; Greathead’s Appeal, 42 Id., 374. These decisions are based on the construction given the statute as to the right of entry and possession before assignment, and are the logical results of such ruling. These decisions, it seems to me, are clearly applicable to our statute.
It having been held that the right of the widow, whether called dower or distributive share, vests in her free from 'the debts of her husband, her rights are amply protected, and when she succeeds to the estate it should be held liable for her debts.
The fact that she may have her right assigned from the aggregate of the lands and not in each particular tract can make no difference, because the creditor only gets, in the tract attached or levied on and sold, whatever right the widow had therein. If she had none he gets nothing. If she had an interest, and her right is afterward set apart, it will prove an easy matter to adjust her interest. Her rights of homestead, of course, cannot be affected by any levy or attachment. But it is useless to discuss these matters, as the record fails to disclose that the husband died seized of any other lands than