RAUL TERRAZAS-HERNANDEZ, Petitioner v. WILLIAM P. BARR, U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent
No. 17-60522
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit
May 16, 2019
BARKSDALE, SOUTHWICK, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals; FILED May 16, 2019; Lyle W. Cayce Clerk
Before BARKSDALE, SOUTHWICK, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
Raul Terrazas-Hernandez claims the Department of Homeland Security‘s reinstatement in August 2012, pursuant to
I.
Terrazas is a Mexican citizen. In general, the parties dispute when, and at what ages, Terrazas entered the United States illegally. It appears he did so approximately four times between 1985 and 1994, usually by falsely claiming American citizenship. (Because Terrazas has given conflicting testimony over the years regarding his various entries, the exact number is unclear.)
In any event, prior to 1985, Terrazas’ father, on a date not found in the record, filed an I-130 visa petition on his son‘s behalf. It was approved in 1984. Based on that approval, Terrazas presented himself at the United States consulate in Juarez, Mexico, in May 1992, seeking a visa to enter as the son of a lawful permanent resident (LPR). But, his misdemeanor marihuana conviction in June 1988 and arrest record apparently required the denial of his visa.
Terrazas was arrested in Texas in 1993 and convicted of driving with a suspended license. Following that conviction, he was discovered by immigration officials during a jail check in Midland, Texas, and turned over to Border Patrol custody in April 1993. While in custody, he admitted to Border Patrol that he had entered the United States illegally with his girlfriend; and, because he had no documentation supporting his lawful presence in the United States, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) initiated deportation proceedings.
Terrazas was ordered deported in October 1993 by an immigration judge (IJ). Although the IJ denied voluntary departure, concluding it would be “a fruitless effort“, Terrazas nevertheless voluntarily removed on the day he was ordered to be deported. He asserts he reentered the United States two days later.
Beginning in 1995, Terrazas filed for adjustment of status (adjustment-application), Form I-485, three times. In its Notice of Decision letter denying his second adjustment-application in 2011, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) warned Terrazas that his 1993 removal order was subject to reinstatement. DHS reinstated the prior deportation order on 25 August 2012.
Nevertheless, Terrazas apparently expressed fear of being returned to Mexico, and, as a result, in June 2017 was granted a reasonable-fear interview with an asylum officer to evaluate whether he was entitled to discretionary withholding of removal. (But, when arrested in 2012—after the 1993 order was reinstated—at his home in Midland, Texas, by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officers, the ICE officer noted in his summary of the arrest that Terrazas had stated he “[did] not fear harm or persecution if . . . returned to Mexico“. In any event, as noted, in June 2017 he was granted the reasonable-fear interview.)
In June 2017, the asylum officer found Terrazas credible, but concluded he did not establish a reasonable fear of persecution or torture if returned to Mexico. Terrazas requested review of the officer‘s determination by an IJ.
Terrazas appeared before the IJ that June. (His counsel was not present, but the IJ commented that counsel “sent his significant other to kind of take notes on his behalf with the [c]ourt‘s permission“.) The IJ affirmed the asylum
officer‘s reasonable-fear determination, explaining that he otherwise did not “have the legal authority to terminate the case against [Terrazas]“. Terrazas was removed from the United States in July 2017.
II.
An order reinstating a prior removal is not subject to review by the BIA; therefore, as stated in
If the Attorney General finds that an alien has reentered the United States illegally after having been removed or having departed voluntarily, under an order of removal, the prior order of removal is reinstated from its original date and is not subject to being reopened or reviewed, the alien is not eligible and may not apply for any relief under [the Immigration and Nationality Act], and the alien shall be removed under the prior order at any time after the reentry.
Instead, Terrazas challenges the lawfulness of reinstating the BIA‘s initial removal order, making this a petition for a review of an order of the BIA. And, for a petition for review of the reinstatement of a final removal order, our court has jurisdiction pursuant to
First, we evaluate whether IIRIRA is impermissibly retroactive as applied to
At oral argument, Terrazas’ counsel attempted to claim the original 1993 removal was improper. In the alternative, counsel claimed: Terrazas had an
approved I-130 application in 1984; but, he was prevented from raising his entitlement to adjustment because the visa “wasn‘t available yet“. Oral Argument 6:27–:37; 7:27–29; 8:59–9:06; 9:40–56. The propriety of the original 1993 deportation order, however, was not raised in Terrazas’ brief here. Therefore, that issue will not be decided because “we do not consider an issue first raised at oral argument” to our court. Arsement v. Spinnaker Expl. Co., 400 F.3d 238, 247 (5th Cir. 2005).
A.
Terrazas contends: IIRIRA is impermissibly retroactive because, under the previous statutory scheme, he would have been granted a second removal proceeding with an IJ before being removed, rather than DHS’ simply reinstating the prior removal order in August 2012, pursuant to
In 1995, while unlawfully present in the United States, Terrazas filed his first adjustment-application, contending his marriage to a United States citizen made him eligible for adjustment to resident status. The INS, in August 2001, denied the adjustment-application for failure to prosecute. Terrazas and his alleged wife were twice requested to appear before an IJ to demonstrate eligibility for adjustment of status, but they failed to appear. Terrazas claims this adjustment-application was pending before IIRIRA‘s 1 April 1997 effective date, rendering the statute impermissibly retroactive as applied to him.
“Review of final reinstatement orders is extremely limited“, and encompasses only “the lawfulness“, “but, in general, not the merits[,] of the underlying order of removal“. Ponce-Osorio, 824 F.3d at 504 (citing Ojeda-Terrazas, 290 F.3d at 295). “Whether the reinstatement provision of IIRIRA may be applied retroactively . . . is an issue of law that this court reviews de novo.” Silva Rosa v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 403, 406 (5th Cir. 2007) (citing Requena-Rodriguez v. Pasquarell, 190 F.3d 299, 302 (5th Cir. 1999)). We reject
the Government‘s invitation to defer to the agency‘s interpretation of retroactivity, “[b]ecause . . . for Chevron purposes, [there is] no ambiguity . . . for an agency to resolve“, I.N.S. v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 320 n.45 (2001).
“Congress has the power to enact laws with retrospective effect.” Id. at 316 (citation omitted). In that regard, the Supreme Court has recognized a “presumption against retroactive legislation“, Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 265 (1994), advising courts to read statutes “as prospective in application unless Congress has unambiguously instructed retroactivity“, Vartelas v. Holder, 566 U.S. 257, 266 (2012) (citing Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 263). In Landgraf, the Court provided a two-part test for evaluating whether a federal statute applies retroactively.
First, reviewing courts must “determine whether Congress has expressly prescribed the statute‘s proper reach“. Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 280. If Congressional intent of retroactivity is
Regarding Landgraf‘s step one, the Court in 2006 held Congress’ intent regarding the retroactivity of IIRIRA § 241(a)(5),
With the enactment of IIRIRA‘s § 241(a)(5),
As noted, our court in 2002 in Ojeda-Terrazas, 290 F.3d at 301–02, rejected a retroactivity challenge to
Subsequently, in Fernandez-Vargas in 2006, the Supreme Court held
Terrazas asserts his challenge falls within this narrow factual scenario reserved by the Court. As explained infra, it does not.
In the light of Fernandez-Vargas, our court reevaluated, in Silva Rosa, 490 F.3d at 405–07, the retroactivity of
framework. There, the alien had married a LPR and filed a visa petition that had been approved before the effective date of IIRIRA, and asserted the reinstatement of his removal was impermissibly retroactive. Id. at 405. Our court disagreed, holding that, because his visa was not immediately available, his “rights to an adjustment of status could not vest before IIRIRA‘s effective date“. Id. at 408.
We hold the statute may be applied retroactively to Terrazas because such an application is not impermissible. Terrazas’
Under either version of the law (pre- or post-effective date), Terrazas was required to appear before the IJ when requested to support his adjustment-application—he twice chose not to do so. See Matter of Pearson, 13 I. & N. Dec. 152 (BIA 1969) (concluding failure to prosecute is a valid ground for denial pre-IIRIRA). The root cause of Terrazas’ claimed “injury” is not the enactment of IIRIRA, but rather his failure to appear before the IJ to seek adjustment of status.
Further, the necessary facts supporting Terrazas’ alleged marriage (the grounds for his 1995 adjustment-application) are not found in the administrative record. We are, of course, not permitted to look outside it.
Terrazas purporting to support his marriage-claim states he entered the country “with a girlfriend, SALINAS, Lilly“, not a wife who is an American citizen or LPR. (Emphasis added.)
When asked at oral argument about any evidence in the record supporting his marital status or his alleged wife‘s citizenship-status, Terrazas’ counsel responded “there is something in the record that [Terrazas] has the approved I-130” petition from 1984. Oral Argument 9:50–52. That answer is entirely inapposite: as discussed supra, the 1984 I-130 approval was based on a petition filed by his father on Terrazas’ behalf; it has no relation to his marital status or the citizenship-status of his alleged wife.
After filing the 1995 adjustment-application, it was Terrazas’ obligation to appear before the IJ and supply the requisite information to support finding he was married to a United States citizen and qualified for adjustment of status. He did not do so.
B.
As discussed supra, at the 1993 removal proceeding: the IJ determined Terrazas was ineligible for suspension of removal based, in part, on his criminal history; and, given Terrazas’ history of illegal entries, the IJ concluded allowing voluntary self-removal would be a “fruitless effort“. Nonetheless, following the IJ‘s decision, Terrazas apparently self-removed in October 1993, because, as stated in the DHS 2012 Notice of Decision letter again denying adjustment of status, there is “no indication in Service records that the removal order against [him] ha[d] been executed“.
In a sworn statement at an interview with an immigration officer in 2012, Terrazas said he returned to the United States two days later, “on October 24, 1993“, as a passenger in a vehicle driven by his alleged wife. He claims to have entered the United States legally because he crossed at the
Bridge of the Americas Port of Entry in El Paso, Texas, where he was allegedly waved through—without any questions—by border officials.
Review of reinstatement orders must be consistent with the “scope and standards” provided in
The Attorney General is authorized by
Terrazas cannot show his reentry into the United States was lawful, and, therefore, his legal-reentry claim fails, because the dispositive factor in determining whether a reentry was lawful is whether the alien received permission from the Attorney General to reapply for admission to the United States. See
counsel conceded at oral argument that Terrazas did not have such permission to reenter. Oral Argument 5:05–:07.
Terrazas’ challenge is also foreclosed by both Anderson, 611 F.3d at 278, and Martinez, 740 F.3d at 1043, where each petitioner challenged the reinstatement of a prior removal order. In Anderson, petitioner claimed her reentry was lawful because her passport was stamped by a border official at a checkpoint, indicating she was legally “admitted“. 611 F.3d at 277. In Martinez, petitioner had illegally crossed the border, then reapplied to DHS under a different identity, and received a new immigration card without revealing he had been deported previously. 740 F.3d at 1043. In both instances, our court rejected the contention petitioners had been lawfully admitted into the United States, because there, as here, the Attorney General did not give prior consent.
Terrazas’ claim further fails because he applies the wrong statutory language. He urges that we look to Matter of Quilantan, 25 I. & N. Dec. 285, 290–91 (BIA 2010), and Matter of Areguillin, 17 I. & N. Dec. 308, 310 (BIA 1980), where the BIA held that, to meet the requirement an alien was “inspected and admitted or paroled into the United States“, the alien need only show “procedural regularity” in his admission. Quilantan, 25 I. & N. at 286–88 (citing
Neither BIA decision addressed the operative statute and regulation in this matter, however; nor do the opinions concern the same textual interpretation. The operative statute and regulation in this matter use the word “reentered“, not “admitted“. See 8 C.F.R. § 241.8(a)(3) (“Whether the alien unlawfully reentered the United States.” (emphasis added)); see also
Terrazas did not have permission from the Attorney General to reenter the country. Therefore, his reentry was unlawful.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the petition is DENIED.