MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
Plаintiffs, a putative class headed by several former residents of Boston’s Old West ■ End neighborhood and the Old West End Housing Corporation (“OWEHC”), an organization devoted to the resettlement of former West End residents, seek among other things a declaration that they are entitled to preference for all of the new dwelling units soon to become available in the buildings now being constructed at West End Place. Plaintiffs have named as defendants numerous parties who, for purposes of identification and representation, can be categorized into four groups: (1) the Boston Redevelopment Authority and its Director, Marisa Lago, (collectively the “BRA”); (2) the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) and its Secretary, Henry Cisneros, (collectively the “Federal Defendants”); (3) the City of Boston and its Mayor, Thomas Menino, the Boston Fair Housing Commission and its Director, Victoria Williams, and the Boston Housing Authority, and its Director, Sandra Henriquez, 1 (collectively the “City Defendants”); and (4) Keen Development Corporation and its President, Robert Keuhn, Jr., who is also a Trustee of the Lowell Square Nominee Trust, the Planning Office of Urban Affairs, Inc., and its Director, Reverend Michael Groden, also a Trustee of the Lowell Square Nominеe Trust, Lowell Square Associates, Joint Venture, Lowell Square Cooperative L.P., and Maloney Properties, Inc., and its President Mark Maloney (collectively the “Developer Defendants”).
The court first encountered this case on October 21, 1996 in the form of an emergency motion for a preliminary injunction, which plaintiffs filed in an effort to halt the preliminary housing lottery for units' at West End Place scheduled for October 29, 1996. In a hearing held on October 28, 1996, plaintiffs withdrew their effort to enjoin the lottery because the Developer Defendants were willing to permit members of their putative class to be present and monitor the lottery process. See October 28, 1996 Transcript at 3.
The Developer Defendants, however, informed the court that the mere pendency of this case constitutes an event of default under the terms of their loan agreements and its perpetuation could imperil the project’s financing. Therefore, the court established a *689 schedule for the expeditious resolution of defendants’ then planned motion to dismiss. After an opportunity for discovery related to issues the defendants informed the plaintiffs they would raise in their motion to dismiss, on November 20, 1996 the court heard argumеnt on that motion which, to the limited extent it relies on information outside the Complaint (which incorporates a number of exhibits), is being treated as a motion for summary judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
As explained below, the court finds that plaintiffs may lack standing to litigate whether the BRA’s actions required the approval of the Boston City Council and, in any event, this claim is time-barred. The court has considered the merits of every other claim in the complaint and finds that plaintiffs have no statutory or contractual property right to an absolute preference to the units at West End Place. The absence of a state-created property interest eliminates plaintiffs’ claim, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, that they had a right to due process that has been violated.
Plaintiffs also appear to allege in Count III that the defendants’ plan to affirmatively solicit minority applicants for West End Place discriminates against them because they are predominantly white, in violation of their Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection under the law. To the extent that plaintiffs attack defendants’ affirmative marketing plan facially, them claim is deficient because it fails to allege that the defendants acted with discriminatory intent, and because the аffirmative recruitment of minority applicants is not itself a “benefit” subject to equal protection analysis; the plan for actual tenant selection does not provide for consideration of race or give minorities any preference. Plaintiffs’ claim under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is similarly deficient. Finally, plaintiffs’ allegation that the plan violates Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is being dismissed for failing to allege specific facts that would permit a finding that some practice disproportionately burdens a protected class.
To the extent, however, that the equal protection, Title VI, and Title VIII claims are meant to challenge an illegal divergence from the terms of the affirmative marketing plan during its operation, they appear to be premature. However, the court will provide the parties an opportunity to address whether plaintiffs should be afforded an opportunity to move to amend their complaint, or whether these claims should now be dismissed without prejudice.
II. FACTS
Except as otherwise noted, the facts of this case are taken from the Complaint and the exhibits it incorporates. In approximately 1959, as part of an urban renewal project, the City of Boston took title by eminent domain to a large swath of land in Boston known as the West End. Approximately three thousand households were displaced by this government action. Compl., ¶ 35. These residents were a largely immigrant community composed of a mix of different ethnic groups, including Irish, Italians, Jews, Greeks, Poles, Albanians, Ukrainians, Russians, Native Americans and African-Americans. Id. at ¶ 32. Defendants estimate that the displaced residents were approximately 98% white. Declaration of Merryl Gibbs (“Gibbs Deck”), Federal Def.’s Opposition to Pk’s Motion for Preliminary Injunctions and Orders (“Fed. Def.’s Opp. to P/I”), Exhibit 2, at ¶ 15. The plaintiffs evidently do not dispute the fact that the overwhelming majority of the displaced residents were white. 2 In any event, although numerous redevelopment projects over the years erected new residential structures in the West End, many of the displaced residents of the Old West End were unable to afford the new housing and, therefore, were unable to return to their old neighborhood. Id. at ¶ 33.
Under the original West End Plan of 1959, Charles River Park, Inc. (“CRP”) was designated the private redeveloper of the Plan Area. In 1990, a state court determined that *690 CRP had defaulted under the Master Lease Agreement. Id. at ¶36. Within the next year, the BRA designated Lowell Square Associates (“LSA”) as the redeveloper of the last remaining undeveloped parcel of the Old West End the land at the intersection of Causeway Street and Lomasney Way, known as “Lowell Square” or “Area E.” Id. at ¶ 44. In a grant proposal, LSA stated that “Lowell Square is the last opportunity for the City and State to assist former West Enders and other low and moderate income households to reclaim a corner of this community.” Id. at ¶ 50.
At about the same time that LSA was designated the redeveloper of Area E, United States District Judge Walter J. Skinner presided over the conclusion of a decade-long legal battle between the Boston Chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (“NAACP”) and HUD concerning the availability of public housing to minorities in Boston. In that litigation, Judge Skinner found that:
HUD had faded to satisfy the minimum levels of compliance required by [42 U.S.C.] § 3608(e)(5) in two respects. First, the agency did not require the City to establish an effective fair housing enforcement program in the face of its knowledge of pervasive racial discrimination in the City. Second, despite its knowledge that a housing emergency existed which had a disproportionate impact on low income black families, HUD did not condition its provision of federal funds ... on cоnstruction of affordable integrated public housing.
NAACP, Boston Chapter v. Kemp,
The Lowell Square project is, in part, fedv erally funded through several programs administered by HUD. 4 Among the criteria established by HUD to select recipients for such funding is whether the project will in-' crease housing choices and foster neighborhood diversity. 60 Fed.Reg. 5806, 5808 (January 30, 1995); see also Gibbs Deck, ¶ 8. In addition, as discussed infra, even without regard to the Consent Decree, federal law requires affirmative fair housing marketing to minorities in federally funded projects. See, e.g., 24 C.F.R. § 200.610 (1996). Thus, addressing this issue was essential to securing federal funding for West End Place. After much discussion, and a mediation, among those involved in the Lowell Square project about how to accommodate the requirements of federal law and the interests of former West Enders, on May 14, 1994, LSA entered into a Participation Agreement with OWEHC which states in part that “purchase (and/or rental) preference shall be afforded to former West Enders (subject only to applicable local, state, and federal laws ... ), both at initial occupancy and through turnover throughout the life of the development.” Participation Agreement, Pl.’s Mem. in Sup *691 port of Their Motion for Preliminary Injunctions (“Pl.’s P/I Mem.”), Exhibit K, at 7 (emphasis added).
On December 21, 1994, the BRA exercised its power of eminent domain to take title to the land in Area E. Compl., at ¶61. One week later, the BRA entered into a Land Disposition Agreement (“LDA”) with the developers and deeded the property to them. Id. at ¶ 63. These documents set the terms and conditions for the Lowell Square project. The LDA contains a provision which states: “Subject to the Affirmative Fair Housing and Marketing Plan attached hereto ... the Redeveloper agrees to give preference in the selection of Unit Lessees for dwelling units built on thе Property to displaced families ...” LDA, Compl., Exhibit D, at 29 (emphasis added). The adoption of this Affirmative Fair Housing and Marketing Plan (“AFHMP” or the “Plan”) was a requirement of federal law. Federal regulations require recipients of HUD assistance to “[cjarry out an affirmative program to attract buyers or tenants ... of all minority and majority groups to the housing for initial sale or rental.” 24 C.F.R. § 200.620 (1996); see also Fed. Def.’s Opp. to P/I, at 4 & n. 3. The AFHMP was also required by the Kemp Consent Decree. Consent Decree, at 6 (citing 24 C.F.R. § 200.620).
The AFHMP designed for West End Place states that its goals are:
to provide a community at West End Place that will reflect the racial and economic diversity of the City at large while housing as many West Enders displaced by Urban Renewaj as possible. The minority participation goal set forth in this plan is 41% which is also representative of the City’s overall minority population.
Affirmative Fair Housing and Marketing Plan, West End Place, Boston, Massachusetts, July 19, 1996, Exhibit A to Affidavit of Mark Maloney (“Maloney Aff.”), (Developer Defendants’) Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction (“Developers’ Opp. to P/I”), Exhibit C, at 11. Under the AFHMP, this “goal” is to be pursued primarily through an advertising strategy which targets minorities. Id. at 13-14.
At the same time, however, the Plan also provides “special outreach” efforts to former West Enders, including notification “by a letter whiсh requested that they indicate their interest in West End Place by contacting the Old West End Housing Corporation.” Maloney Aff., at ¶ 9. 5 The Developer Defendants also conducted additional marketing beyond that specified in the Plan. They sent information to more than 1500 people who had expressed an interest in West End Place, and they advertised to former West Enders through their newspaper, The West Ender. Id. at ¶¶ 6-7.
In an attempt to accommodate the interests of former West Enders and to leave ample units available to minorities and other applicants, in the AFHMP the Developers set aside 55% of the residential units for former West Enders. Maloney Aff., at ¶ 4; see AFHMP, at 21-22 (draw ratios reflecting set-aside). The residential component of West End Place consists of 183 cooperative apartments. AFHMP, at 1; Affidavit of Robert Keuhn, Jr. (“Keuhn Aff.”), Developers’ Opp. to P/I, Exhibit A, at ¶54. 58 of these are classified as low-income (Section 8-financed) units, 48 are moderate-income units, and 77 will be rented at market rates. AFHMP, at 8; Keuhn Aff., at ¶ 54. Of these the following are reserved for former West Enders: 33% (or 19) of the low-income units; 50% (or 24) of the moderate-income units; and 75% (or 58) of the market-rate units. Maloney Aff., at ¶4. In order to reserve a portion of the Section 8-financed units for former West Enders, the Developers sought and obtained special waivers from HUD’s Assistant Secretary of Housing. Gibbs Ded., ¶ 16.
According to the AFHNP as written, the actual tenant selection process consists of a series of steps. Throughout the affirmative marketing and outreach efforts, the Developers will accept written applications from pro *692 spective tenants. AFHMP, at 18 — 19. 6 In addition to requesting income information, the application forms provide boxes in which applicants can identify themselves as former West Enders and indicate their race. See Pl.’s Mem. in Opposition to Def.’s Motions to Dismiss (“PL’s Opposition”), Exhibit A. 7 After the deadline for accepting applications passes, an initial lottery is held which randomly assigns each applicant an overall rank for selection purposes. Id. at 21.
These preliminary stages of the tenant selection process have been completed. The developers sent out 3172 preliminary applications and received 1858 back, 308 from former residents of the West End. Supplemental Affidavit of Mark Maloney (“Suppl. Maloney Aff.”), at ¶ 11. Of these 308, 152 former West End residents have represented that they qualify for the 58 low-income units, 100 that they qualify for the 48 moderate-income units, and 56 that they can аfford the 77 market-rate units. Id. The number of applicants displaced from the West End, therefore, exceeds the number of spaces set aside for them within the development and, indeed, for two of the categories exceeds the total number of units. Id. at ¶¶ 5-6.
The applications also reveal the racial composition of the putative plaintiff class. Of the 308 applications reviewed from former West Enders, all but 19 applicants identified their race. Maloney Aff., at ¶ 12; Suppl. Maloney Aff., at ¶ 11. 276 applicants were white, 12 were African-American, and one was Latino. Maloney Aff., at ¶ 12. Thus, excluding the 19 who did not identify their race, it appears that the former West Enders interested in renting at West End Place are 95.5% white and 4.17% African-American.
The lottery for numerically ranking the applicants was conducted on October 29, 1996. Second Affidavit of Mark Maloney, Mem. in Support of Developer Def.’s Motion to Dismiss (“Developer’s Mem.”), Exhibit A, ¶ 2. Plaintiffs Alfred J. Raso and Frank La-vine were among those applicants, and they received lottery numbers 1686 and 1053 respectively. PL’s Opposition, Exhibit A.
The next step in the tenant selection process, according to the AFHMP, will be to separate the applicants into two pools: one for former West Enders and one for all other applicants. AFHMP, at 21; see also Maloney Aff., at ¶ 13. After they are so divided, the following step will be “to verify the income and other eligibility criteria for the highest ranked applications in the two pools.” AFHMP, at 21. 8 Finally, the highest-ranked applicants will be matched to apartments with the appropriate number of bedrooms in their income bracket according to a prescribed drawing ratio reflecting the set asides for West Enders in each income bracket. Id. Thus, for low-income units, the draw ratio is one West Ender to every two non-West Enders; for moderate-income apartments the ratio is 1:1; and for markets rate apartments the ratio is 3:1. Id. 9 The *693 matching of applicants to apartments continues until all of the apartments in a category are assigned. Id. at 22. The AFHMP also provides for the creation of a waiting list for future vacancies, id. at 20, procedures for accepting applicants from that list, id. at 23, as well as “continuing affirmative marketing objectives,” id at 15. The Developer Defendants have pledged that in “processing applications, selecting residents from among eligible applicants of [sic] the waiting list and assigning units,” they will not discriminate based on, among other things, race or color. Id. at 12.
As the foregoing indicates, the AFHMP does not provide for the consideration of race in establishing priorities or assigning units. Qualified African-Americans and other minorities may be included in the pool of applicants eligible for the 55% of the units reserved for displaced West Enders. Whites are eligible for the remaining units that are to be made available to applicants without roots in the West End. Within each pool,of applicants, priority for the assignment of units is, under the AFHMP, established by a lottery which does not take race into account. Rather, the Developer Defendants are depending solely on the efficacy of their affirmative recruitment of qualified minority applicants in seeking to achieve their goal of a tenant population that is as diverse as the City of Boston. If this effort fails, however, no. one will be assigned a unit in whole or inpart because of his or her minority status. As Plaintiffs have recognized, at this time it is too early to determine whether the Developer Defendants have deviated from the AFHMP in any way which may be material to the legality of their conduct. See November 20,1996 Transcript (“Tr.”) at 66-67. Accordingly, the court is addressing the legality of the AFHMP as written. The legality of the Developer Defendants’ actual conduсt at all.
III. SUMMARY OF COMPLAINT
The rather rambling complaint consists of six counts, several of which allege multiple causes of action. Count I seeks a declaratory judgment that a property right in the form of an equitable easement and servitude vested in the plaintiffs the moment the BRA took title to Area E and that members of the putative plaintiff class are entitled to exercise their statutorily conferred preference as a right of first refusal in West End Place. Compl., at 22. Count II seeks a declaratory judgment that the legislature created a trust for the plaintiffs in M.G.L. c. 121B, § 49, thus making the BRA and all of its successors in interest trustees who owe a fiduciary duty to members of the putative plaintiff class who are alleged to be the beneficiaries of the trust. Id. at 22-23. It also requests various forms of injunctive relief for alleged breaches of fiduciary duty, including the requirement.that the BRA obtain approval for the project from the Boston City Council and the Massachusetts Department of Community Affairs (“DCA”) pursuant to M.G.L. e. 121B, § 48. Id. at 23-24. Neither the Boston City Council nor the DCA are parties to this case, but the Council filed an amicus brief contending its approval was required. See generally Memorandum in the Nature of an Amicus (“Amicus”).
Counts III and IV are claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for the following acts: (1) failing to enforce plaintiffs’ claimed statutory preference according to M.G.L. e. 121B, § 49; (2) unlawfully mоdifying the content and subject matter of the original West End Plan; (3) permitting the original developer, CRP, to convert all rental units in the Plan Area to condominiums; (4) failing to obtain City Council and DCA approval of the changes to the Plan; and (5) applying the Consent Decree to the tenant selection process and “thereby depriving the Plaintiffs of a benefit on the basis of racial classifications.” Compl., at 25-26.
Count V alleges that the application of the terms of the Consent Decree and the AFHMP to the tenant selection process discriminates against plaintiffs on the basis of their race in violation of the Fair Housing *694 Act, Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Id. at 26. Finally, Count VI makes a similar allegation arising under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Id. at 27.
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Standard for Deciding Motion to Dismiss
“In considering a motion to dismiss, a court must take the allegations in the complaint as true and must make all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiffs.”
Watterson v. Page,
The standard for stating a claim upon which relief can be granted is not, however, “toothless.”
The Dartmouth Review v. Dartmouth College,
If, as in some respects here, on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted matters outside the pleadings are considered, the motion is treated as one for summary judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Summary judgment is appropriate only if the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, “show[s] that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c);
National Amusements. Inc. v. Town of Dedham,
B. Plaintiffs’ Claims Are Time-Barred Under M.G.L. 121B, § 18
The defendants initially challenged plaintiffs’ standing to raise their § 1983, Title VI, and Title VIII claims. However, subsequent to named plaintiffs Raso and Lavine’s filing of residence applications for West End Place, they retracted that contention. See Tr. at 30. 11 Nevertheless, defendants continue to maintain their opposition to plaintiffs’ standing to bring a claim based upon M.G.L. e. 121B, § 48. 12
*695 Plaintiffs assert that a series of BRA decisions related to the Lowell Square project were “ultra vires” because they were made without DCA and City Council approval under § 48 or its predecessor, M.G.L. c. 121, § 26KK. See, e.g., PL’s Mem. in Support of Their Motion for Preliminary Injunctions (“Pl.’s P/I Mem.”), at 13-15. 13 Defendant BRA responds that § 48 does not require City Council approval of its action in this case, that there is no private right of action under § 48, and in any event plaintiffs’ effort to secure judicial review is time-barred. See BRA Mem. in Support of Motion to Dismiss (“BRA Mem.”), at 3-8. The court agrees that, it is questionable whether § 48 provides a right of action for рrivate parties, like plaintiffs, to challenge BRA decisions. In any case, the court finds that plaintiffs’ action under § 48 is time-barred.
Section 48 details the approval process a proposed urban renewal plan must go through, but it does not mention judicial review of BRA actions alleged not to conform to its requirements. Indeed, M.G.L. c. 121B as a whole contains no judicial review provision. Typically, where an administrative agency’s enabling statute contains no judicial review provision, the Massachusetts Administrative Procedure Act '(“MAPA”) supplies a default method of review.
See
M.G.L. c. 30A, § 14. However, MAPA review is unavailable for the decisions of a redevelopment authority because an authority is not an “agency” for the purposes of the MAPA,
Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks, Lodge No. 65 v. Planning Bd. of Lawrence (“Elks Lodge”),
This does not mean, however, that all BRA actions are unreviewable. Under Massachusetts law, a plaintiff has standing to sue if, among other things, he or she “can allege any injury within the area of concern оf the statute or regulatory scheme under which the injurious action has occurred.”
Elks Lodge,
403 Mass, at 545,
The question presented in this case is whether private citizens may sue under M.G.L. e. 121B, § 48. In
Elks Lodge,
the Supreme Judicial Court permitted a private plaintiff to sue the Lawrence Redevelopment Authority to challenge the Authority’s decision to take the plaintiffs land for a M.G.L. c. 121B urban renewal project.
the legislative nature of the [Authority’s] findings ... and the absence of a statutory requirement that the [DCA] explain its findings, see G.L. c. 121B, § 48, do not indicate a legislative intent to preclude review. These factors indicate a legislative scheme which provides for less rigorous judicial scrutiny, rather than no judicial scrutiny.
Id.
at 537,
The case at bar differs from
Elks Lodge
in that the challenge, properly construed, is not
*696
to the initial taking of Area E, but to BRA decisions which plaintiffs allege result in improper
modifications
to the West End Plan approved in the 1950s.
14
The BRA contends that this difference is critical.
See
Tr. at 12. Arguably, because the legislature vested in the BRA “primary responsibility for ... supervising the
execution
of the plan,”
Commissioner of the Dept. of Community Affairs v. Boston Redevelopment Authority,
However, it is not necessary to decide whether this distinction is material for standing purposes because even if plaintiffs had a private right of action, their complaint would be time-barred. When the Supreme Judicial Court has found an implied right of action in M.G.L. c. 121B, it has borrowed the relevant provision from M.G.L. c. 121A, which governs privately conducted “Urban Redevelopment Corporations”.
See Boston Edison Co. v. Boston Redevelopment Authority,
The BRA correctly contends that the absence of judicial review at this time is not merely a “technical” point. BRA Mem., at 7. The limited window for judicial review of decisions concerning urban renewal projects “reflects a legislative determination that challenges to governmental proceedings [must] be sufficiently prompt so that neither the public body nor private parties working with it are in significantly changed positions when the attack on the underlying proceedings is made.”
Cumberland Farms,
In the interest of completeness, however, the court notes that even had plaintiffs brought suit in a timely fashion, it is unlikely they would have prevailed on the merits of their § 48 claim. The Supreme Judicial Court has held that Bostоn city Council approval is not necessary for modifications to the West End Plan.
DCA,
362 Mass, at 613,
Any assessment of the magnitude of the ... revisions must be made with reference to the affected parcel. The plan has been developed as a comprehensive scheme for a Large, integrated area; even a change which totally altered one small parcel might have only a negligible effect on the overall nature of the development.
Id.
at 619,
Plaintiffs’ strongest argument on the issue of whether a fundamental change has occurred concerns the effect of the use of cooperatively owned, as opposed to rented, residential units at West End Place. Compl., ¶ 69;
see
Developer’s Mem., at 17 (describing ownership structure). However, assuming without deciding that the West End Plan did not originally envision cooperative ownership, the court would still be likely to find that these changes were not “fundamental.” The changes to Area E appear less drastic than those deemed not fundamental in
DCA
itself.
See
362 Mass, at 619,
Furthermore, the court would be unlikely to accept plaintiffs’ contention that an agreement between the BRA and CRP, which permitted the conversion of many existing CRP-owned apartments into condominiums in exchange for an easement from CRP for parking and delivery access next to West End Place, greatly broadens the extent of the condominium or cooperative-conversion. PL’s Opposition, at 7. The impact of this agreement on the “affected parcel,”
DCA,
362 Mass, at 619,
C. M.G.L. c. 121B, § Ip9 Does Not Provide Former West Enders With a Right to All New Units
Plaintiffs also claim that displaced West End residents have a statutory right to preference in the assignment of all units at West End Place and, indeed, that this constitutes a property interest created by state law. While these claims are rooted in certain statutory language, when viewed in the context of the complete relevant statute and the applicable federal law, it is evident that these contentions are incorrect.
As plaintiffs understandably observe, M.G.L. c. 121B, § 49 does state in part that:
If an urban renewal agency shall sell or lease any property acquired by it for an urban renewal project, the terms of such sales or leases shall obligate the purchasers or lessees ... (c) to give preference in the selection of tenants for dwelling units built in the project area to families displaced therefrom because of clearance and urban renewal activity who desire to live in such dwelling units and who will be able to pay [the required] rents.
This provision, however, is immediately followed by subsection (d), whiсh states that purchasers or lessees of property acquired for an urban renewal project shall also be obligated:
(d) to comply with such other conditions are deemed necessary to carry out this chapter, or requirements of federal legislation or regulations under which loans, grants or contributions have been made or *698 agreed to be made to meet a part of the cost of the project. 17
Therefore, an ambiguity is created by the interaction of subsections (e) and (d) of M. G.L. c. 121B § 49. Subsection (c), if looked at in isolation, would in this case seem to grant an absolute preference to displaced West End residents, but subsection (d) requires conformity with federal law, which in this case does not permit such an unqualified preference.
The BRA interprets subsection (d) as qualifying and limiting the preference granted by subsection (c).
See, e.g.,
Tr. at 28; Developer’s Mem., at 3. As the agency charged with administering the statute, its reasonable interpretation of legislative intent deserves some deference from the court.
See National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Boston and Maine Corp.,
As described earlier, the development of West End Place is in part- federally funded. The federal Fair Housing law, 42 U.S.C. § 3601 et seq., explicitly applies to such projects. 42 U.S.C. § 3603(a)(1)(B). This law provides, among other things, that: “It is the policy of the United States to provide, within constitutional limitations, for fair housing throughout the United States.” 42 U.S.C. § 3601.
This means, among other things, that it is unlawful to discriminate against any person in the sale or rental of a federally funded dwelling based on race. 42 U.S.C. § 3604(b). As Justice Stephen Breyer, then writing for the First Circuit, recognized in 1987, the ending of discrimination is intended to be a “means toward truly opening the nation’s housing stock to persons of every race and creed.”
N.A.A.C.P. v. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,
Accordingly, there is now a statutory mandate that all federal agencies administer their programs “in a manner affirmatively to further” the purpose of the Fair Housing law. 42 U.S.C. § 3608(d). HUD has addressed its affirmative duties in regulations promulgated pursuant to the authority of this statute. Those regulations state in part:
It is the policy of the Department to administer its FHA housing programs affirmatively, as to achieve a condition in which individuals of similar income levels in the same housing market area have a like range of housing choices available to them regardless of their race [or] color____ Each applicant for participation in FHA subsidized and unsubsidized housing programs shall pursue affirmative fair housing marketing policies in soliciting buyers and tenants, in determining their eligibility, and in concluding sales and rental transactions.
24 C.F.R. § 200.610 (1996). These regulations have -the same force as statutes under
*699
the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution.
See City of New York v. F.C.C.,
It would obviously be a charade to affirmatively market the units at West End Place to attract minority applicants and then give former West End residents an absolute preference to all of those units because the vast majority of them are white. In any event, the federal government could not legally, and as a practical matter would not, contribute to the project in the absence of a meaningful plan to market the units affirmatively to minorities. See, e.g„ Gibbs Decl., ¶ 15. Thus, ironically, if plaintiffs were correct in contending that § 49 creates an enforceable right that former West End residents be assigned all of the units, it appears that vital federal funding would be forfeited, West End Place would not be constructed, and the opportunity it will afford for a meaningful number of former residents to return to the West End will be lost.
Section 49 does not, however, require this result. Subsection (d) expressly requires that urban renewal projects comply with the requirements of the federal law relating to federal funding. The BRA has given effect to both subsections (c) and (d) by requiring the Developer Defendants to affirmatively seek minority applicants while also recruiting former West End residents and reserving many of the units solely for them. Thus, the BRA has construed the statute in a manner consistent with its language, common sense, and the requirements of federal law.
If, however, the BRA instead interpreted § 49(c) as intending to give an absolute preference to former West End residents, it would still be obliged to obey the federal law and would have the power to modify that absolute preference. Under Article VI, Clause 2 of the Constitution, the laws of the United States are the “Supreme law of the land, binding on every citizen and every court and enforceable whenever jurisdiction is adequate for the purpose.”
Miles v. Illinois Central R. Co.,
Accordingly, the court concludes that the BRA properly construed § 49 in interpreting it in this case as creating a preference for former West End residents which is qualified by the requirements of federal law. 18 Therefore, Count I must be dismissed.
1. M.G.L. C. 121B, § Jp9 Does Not Create a Trust
Count II alleges that § 49 has the effect of creating a trust for the benefit of people displaced by urban renewal. This claim too is incorrect. Massachusetts law requires three elements to create an express trust: an intent to create a trust; a clearly
*700
identifiable trust
res;
and identifiable beneficiaries.
Curran v. LeRoux,
First, “[b]ecause the creation of an express trust depends on the intention of the parties, an express trust can never be created by statute alone.”
BAMCO 18 v. Reeves (In re. Reeves),
Second, it is well-settled in Massachusetts law that “an interest which has not come into existence cannot be held in trust.”
New England Trust Co. v. Sanger,
Accordingly, Count II is being dismissed.
D. Plaintiffs’ § 1983 Allegations Fail to State a Claim on Which Relief Can Be Granted
1. Plaintiffs Do Not Have a Right to Due Process in the Allocation of Units
Counts III and IV seek relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In order to state a claim for relief under § 1983, a plaintiff must first show that he or she has “been deprived of a right ‘secured by the Constitution and the laws’ of the United States,” and second, that the defendants deprived them of that right while acting under the color of state law.
Flagg Bros., Inc. v. Brooks,
Plaintiffs claim, in part, that they are being deprived of their property without due process. Compl., ¶¶ 96, 101. The property interests protected by the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments do not derive from the Constitution itself, but from an independent source such as state law.
Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill,
2. Plaintiffs Have Not Adequately Alleged a Denial of Equal Protection
Athough not clearly articulated, Count III of the complaint also alleges that the BRA (but not the other defendants) violated plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection of the laws. It states that the BRA:
By applying the Consent Decree of March 8, 1991, to the tenant selection process at West End Place thereby depriving the Plaintiffs of a benefit on the basis of racial classifications; [sic] interfered with, denied, and deprived the plaintiffs of their ... equal protection rights contrary to the *701 Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States and 42 U.S.C. Sec.1983.
Compl., ¶ 101 (emphasis added). 20 It is clear that the reference to the Consent Decree refers to the AFHMP required by that Order, as well as by otherwise applicable federal law. Consequently, the essence of their allegation is that the AFHMP prescribes discrimination against plaintiffs in the allocation of a “benefit” based upon their race.
Plaintiffs, however, have failed to allegе a viable equal protection claim for two reasons. First, their allegations are merely conclusory and fatally fail to allege, let alone set forth facts showing, the intent to injure the plaintiff class that is required to establish an equal protection violation.
See, e.g., Coyne v. City of Somerville,
With regard to the adequacy of the Complaint:
[Pjlaintiffs are obliged to set forth in their complaint factual allegations, either direct or inferential, regarding each material element necessary to sustain recovery under some actionable legal theory. The need is perhaps greater where allegations of civil rights violations lie at the suit’s core.
The Dartmouth Review,
The Complaint in this ease does not allege the required discriminatory animus. This is material because “ ‘[d]espite the highly deferential reading ... [courts] accord a litigant’s complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), [courts] need not credit bald assertions ... (or) unsubstantiated conclusions ...”
Coyne,
If this were the only defect in plaintiffs’ equal protection claim, the court might afford them an opportunity to amend their complaint. There is, however, a more fundamental flaw in plaintiffs’ theory.
Contrary to their contention, the AFHMP does not use race as a factor in allocating any “benefit.” Nor does the AFHMP provide any “preference” in the assignment of units at West End Place based on race. Indeed, ironically, the only group preference is given to former West End residents who are overwhelmingly white. Thus, plaintiffs do not, and cannot, allege that the AFHMP as written “single[s] them out for unlawful oppression.”
The Dartmouth Review,
These conclusions derive from the equal protection jurisprudence developed following the Supreme Court’s decision in
City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson. Co.,
Adarand
was a case brought by a contractor who lost a guard rail subcontract on a
*702
federally funded highway project to a competitor who was designated by the United States Small Business Administration as “disadvantaged” because of his race. 515 U.S. at---,
More specifically, as explained by the Supreme Court in
Adarand, Croson
established that “‘any [state or local]
preference
based on racial or ethnic criteria must necessarily’ ” be subject to strict scrutiny and “ ‘the standard of review under the Equal Protection Clause is not dependent on the race of those burdened or benefitted by a particular classification.’” 515 U.S. at -,
Plaintiffs here seem to suggest that the AFHMP for West End Place must be subject to strict scrutiny and that it cannot, as that test requires, be proven that the Plan is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest,
id.
at -,
Following
Croson,
however, similar affirmative marketing, outreach, and recruitment programs directed at minorities have been characterized as “race neutral” and have not been subject to strict scrutiny analysis.
See Ensley Branch, N.A.A.C.P. v. Seibels,
Although the affirmative recruitment of minority applicants is race-conscious conduct, as a recent decision from the Middle District of Alabama has cоgently explained, such conduct alone does not constitute a “preference” within the meaning of
Croson
and
Adarand
that is subject to strict scrutiny because: “The crucial distinction, is between expanding the applicant pool and actually selecting from that pool. Expanding the pool is an inclusive act. Exclusion (based on race)____ can only oceur at the selection stage.”
Shuford,
The court recognizes, however, that it is possible that a facially permissible outreach effort might operate in an illegally exclusionary manner.
See South-Suburban Housing Center,
In this case, it does not appear that plaintiffs allege that defendants are deviating from the AFHMP. However, when asked at the November 20, 1996 hearing whether there was additional discovery perceived to be necessary for the motion to dismiss to be fairly treated as one for summary judgment, plaintiffs’ counsel identified discovery concerning the manner in which units were actually being assigned as the only issue. Tr. at 66-67.
Therefore, while the court is dismissing plaintiffs’ equal protection challenge on the basis of the AFHNP, and tenant selection process it includes, as written, it is not clear whether this should result in the dismissal of this case without prejudice to a filing of a new action if plaintiffs later discover a proper basis, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, to allege that the AFHMP is intended to operate, and is actually operating, in an illegally discriminatory manner, or whether an amended complaint and discovery to address this issue in this case are appropriate. Accordingly, the court will afford the parties an opportunity to confer and to inform the court: (a) whether they have reached some agreement to resolve the issue and, if not; (b) of their respective positions concerning it.
E. Counts V and VI Fail to Allege Viable Title VI and Title VIII Claims
Counts VI and V respectively allege that all defendants violated Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d, and Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 3604. Each of these counts fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Count VI asserts that defendants violated Title VI by, among other things, “denying Plaintiffs benefits, and subjecting them to racial discrimination under a program receiving Federal financial assistance.” Compl., ¶ 109.
22
As described previously, the AFHMP, including its tenant selection process, does not grant or deny any “benefit” based in whole or in part on race. Moreover, plaintiffs again have failed to plead the specific discriminatory intent required to establish a violation of Title VI.
See Latinos Uni-dos De Chelsea En Accion v. Secretary of H.U.D.,
As indicated earlier, the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has:
consistently required plaintiffs to outline facts sufficient to convey specific instances of unlawful discrimination____
... It is only when ... conclusions are logically compelled, or at least supported, by the stated facts, that is, when the inference rises to what experience indicates is an acceptable level of probability, that “conclusions” become “facts” for pleading purposes.
The Dartmouth Review,
The facts alleged in the Complaint, including the terms of the AFHMP to which it *704 refers, would not if proven permit a finding of discriminatory intent. The Developer Defendants were responding to the requirements of federal law in adopting the AFHMP. More significantly, that Plan includes a special waiver from HUD permitting the BRA and the developer to set aside 55% of the units at West End Place for the overwhelmingly white former West End residents. Thus, the AFHMP plainly provides plaintiffs a preference rather than discriminating against them based on race. Therefore, they have not stated a viable Title VI claim with regard to the AFHMP as it is written.
Plaintiffs also fail to allege a sufficient Title VIII claim. Title VIII prohibits discrimination in the “terms, conditions and privileges in the sale or rental of a dwelling, or in the provision of services or facilities in connection therewith ...” 42 U.S.C. § 3604(b). In order to state a cause of action under this statute, plaintiffs need not allege discriminatory intent, but must at least allege some “practice” which “results in a disproportionate burden on members of a class protected by Title VIII.”
Casa Marie, Inc. v. Superior Court of Puerto Rico,
As with the equal protection claim, it is possible that any deviations from the AFHMP might provide a proper basis for a Title VI or Title VIII claim. This question, however, is not now properly presented. Therefore, like the equal protection claim, the Title VI and Title VIII claims will be dismissed without prejudice to a possible motion to amend the complaint, if there is now a proper basis to do so under Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, or to the filing of a new ease in the future if the evolution of events provides a proper basis to do so.
V. ORDER
In view of the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED that:
1. Plaintiffs’ claims under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 are DISMISSED without prejudice to the possible filing of a motion to amend the complaint or the filing of a new case to assert that there has been, or will be, conduct which deviates from the West End Place Affirmative. Fair Housing Marketing Plan as written and which violates any of these provisions. The remaining claims are DISMISSED with prejudice.
2. Judgment shall not enter immediately. Counsel for the parties shall confer and inform the court by January 31, 1997, whether plaintiffs wish to file a motion to amend the complaint aimed at curing the deficiencies in their equal protection, Title VI and Title VIII claims.
3. This case is otherwise hereby STAYED.
Notes
. Plaintiffs have voluntarily dismissed the Boston Housing Authority. See November 20, 1996 Transcript, at 4.
. Indeed, plaintiffs attached to their Complaint a preliminary marketing analysis conducted by the Developers in April 1996 which showed that of the former West End residents who were "definitely interested'' in living at West End Place, 433 were white, 19 were Black, 4 were Latino, and 12 cheched “Other." Preliminary Marketing Analysis, April 10, 1996, Compl., Exhibit H.
. 42 U.S.C. § 3608(e)(5) requires HUD and its grantees to "administer the programs and activities relating to housing and urban development in a manner affirmatively to further the policies of this subchapter [entitled ‘Fair Housing'].”
. Federal funding derives from several sources including the Section 8 Community Investment Demonstration Program, enacted by the HUD Demonstration Act of 1993, P.L. 103-20, § 6, 107 Stat. 1148, reprinted in 42 U.S.C.S. § 1437f, at 50 (Supp. May, 1996), and the HOME Investment Partnership Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. . §§ 12741 et seq. See Federal Defendants’ Reply to Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, at 2.
. The AFHMP also provides for additional marketing and outreach efforts to two other groups not defined by race: "people living with AIDS,” and "physically challenged” people. AFHMP, at 11.
. Advertisements for West End Place direct interested people to call Maloney Properties, which then sends out application forms. AFHMP, at 19.
. The West Ender preference box is titled "ELIGIBILITY FOR PREFERENCE STATUS” and prompts the applicant to answer yes or no to the following statement: “You were living in the West End of Boston and displaced by urban renewal after March 1, 1953. Displacees are defined as heads of household, their spouses, children and/or other person for whom any member of the household had a legal obligation to provide care." If an applicant checks "Yes,” he or she must write in the year of the displacement. Id.
The race/national origin box, which provides various оptions for the applicant to check, states: "Race/National Origin information will be used for statistical purposes only, and will not affect the status or selection of applicants. Answering this question is completely optional.” Id.
. The. other "eligibility criteria" are defined earlier in the Plan to include household size and various risk factors, based on indicia such as past behavior, landlord recommendations, and criminal record, that would suggest, among other things, that the applicant would not pay rent or would endanger other residents. See AFHMP, at 16-18.
. The AFHMP describes the mechanics of this process. For example, in the low-income category the selection would proceed as follows:
The first eligible applicant based on the lottery ranking in Pool A [former West Enders] will be selected followed by the first two applicants in Pool B [non-West Enders]. This process is repeated, one draw versus two draws, until all *693 one bedrooms reserved in [the] low-income category are assigned, and the same procedures will be followed to assign the two and three bedroom apartments in this income category. If at any time Pool A or Pool B is exhausted of eligible applicants, selection will then be made solely from the remaining pool.
Id. at 22.
. The Complaint refers to the AFHMP either directly or by inference in paragraphs 68(b), 101, 105, 107, and 109, but does not include a copy. Defendants placed a copy of the Plan into the record. See Fed. Def.'s Opp. to PA, Exhibit 3; Developer's Opp. to PA, Exhibit C.
. Because Raso and Lavine's standing is uncontested on these issues, the court will not address the distinct and more difficult issue of organizational standing presented by OWEHC’s status as a plaintiff.
See, e.g„ United Food and Commercial Workers Union Local 751 v. Brown Group,
Inc.,-U.S.-,
. Section 48 states in pertinent part: "No urban renewal project shall be undertaken until (1) a public hearing relating to the urban renewal plan for such project has been held after due notice before the city council ... and (2) the urban renewal plan therefor has been approved *695 by the municipal officers and the department as provided in this section." M.G.L. c. 121B, § 48. The definitions section of the statute makes clear that "municipal officers” refers to “the city council with the approval of the mayor” and that "department” means the relevant “department of community affairs.” Id. at§ 1.
. Plaintiffs, and amicus Boston City Council, also assert that thе BRA acted without proper formal votes as it is required to do. Compl., at ¶ 70; Amicus, at 5. This contention does not require separate treatment because, as discussed infra, plaintiffs' challenge to the BRA's actions is time-barred.
. Even if the complaint could be viewed as challenging the taking of the land, plaintiffs would not satisfy the traditional injury-in-fact ' requirement of standing because Area E is not
their
land.
See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife,
. The primary difference between c. 121A plans and c. 121B plans is that c. 121A plans are privately run.
Boston Edison,
374 Mass, at 52-53,
. Plaintiffs contend that judicial review should be available under a "fundamental fairness” theory which they erroneously derive from
Palmer v. Rent Control Bd. of Brookline,
. At the time of the original sale to CRP, a predecessor statute, M.G.L. c. 121, § 26LL, applied. In contrast to M.G.L. c. 121B § 49(d), Section 26LL(d) referred only to federal "legislation,” rather than to federal "legislation or regulations.” In view of the currently applicable federal legislation, described infra, this distinction between the two statutory provisions is immaterial.
. Indeed, plaintiff OWEHC evidently understood that federal law limited the preference which could be given to former West End residents when it entered into its Participation Agreement with LSA, which provides that such preference will be subject to "application ... federal laws.” Participation Agreement, Pl.'s P/I Mem., Exhibit K, at 7.
. In addition, as described previously, in this case there are far more former West End residents who have applied for low and moderate-income units at West End Place than total units. It is evident that they could not all have a property right to a unit.
. The Fifth Amendment is not applicable because Count III pertains only to the BRA, rather than to the Federal Defendants.
. In view of the Kemp litigation and Consent Decree the AFHMP might survive strict scrutiny, but the court need not now decide this question.
. The statute states: “No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000d.