Simon (Sam) Bartus experienced financial difficulties as a result of rebuilding an automobile race track in Oregon, Wisconsin, in 1969. After foreclosure of the race track property was commenced, defendant Bank of Oregon was appointed receiver. In 1972, Bartus arranged for refinancing of the track, and hired Attorney George W. Corning to form Rascar, Inc. and to complete the refinancing arrangements. Bartus was president and Corning was secretary of Rascar, Inc. Bartus owned, and still owns, all the stock in Rascar, Inc.
On June 6, 1972, Rascar, Inc. opened a checking account with the Bank of Oregon. The signature card listed Sam Bartus as one of two required signatures, and either George W. Corning or G. Kent Corning as the required second signature. All business receipts were deposited into this account.
During July, 1972, the bank paid two checks drawn upon it totaling $3,500.00, each payable to George W. Corning. Each check was signed only by George W. Corning. During August through October, 1972, the bank paid nine checks, made payable to George Corning, totaling $9,046.91, each bearing the signature of George W. Corning and the forged signature of Sam Bartus.
Within not more than thirty days after each payment, the bank mailed the cancelled checks and a bank statement to Rascar’s address, which was Corning’s office.
In November, 1972, a creditor called Bartus to complain about a $200 check which was dishonored by the
The issues are:
(1) Where a customer requires two signatures on a check, is a check bearing a single signature an “unauthorized signature,” requiring the customer to commence an action against the bank within one year from the date the paid check is returned to the customer?
(2) Did the bank know that Corning was a fiduciary empowered to draw checks on the Rascar account, making the bank liable to Rascar by virtue of the Uniform Fiduciaries Act (sec. 112.01(9), Stats.) ?
The trial court found that checks drawn on the Rascar Inc. account which did not bear Bartus’ signature were unauthorized, that no report of the unauthorized or forged checks was made to the bank prior to 1974, that Corning was not a fiduciary empowered to withdraw funds from the Rascar, Inc. checking account, and that the bank did not know that Corning was committing a breach of a fiduciary obligation. The trial court concluded that Rascar was barred from recovering on the forged checks and had not established a case under the
Rascar appealed from the entire judgment as entered. Its brief, however, attacks the judgment only with respect to the one-signature checks.
Uniform, Commercial Code
Section 404.406, Stats., part of the Uniform Commercial Code, deals with the general subject of the customer’s duty to discover and to report unauthorized signatures or alterations on its checks. Section 404.406(4) provides that when a bank sends a statement of account accompanied by items paid,
[w]ithout regard to care or lack of care of either the customer or the bank a customer who does not within one year from the time the statement and items are made available to the customer . . . discover and report his unauthorized signature or any alteration on the face or back of the item ... is precluded from asserting against the bank such unauthorized signature ... or such alternation.
If the absence of Bartus’ signature results in an “unauthorized signature,” then Rascar cannot recover from the bank under the U.C.C. because it did not report the unauthorized signature within the one-year time period required by sec. 404.406 (4), Stats.
Section 404.406, Stats., refers to the signature of the “customer.” A customer is any person having an account with a bank. Section 404.104(1) (e), Stats. Under the U.C.C., “person” includes an individual or an organization. Section 401.201(30), Stats. The customer is Rascar, Inc. An unauthorized signature is one made without actual, implied, or apparent authority. Section 401.201 (43), Stats.
The authorities are split on the question of whether the absence of a required signature constitutes an un
The courts in
G & R
and
Wolfe
focus upon each separate signature of the two required signatures, and find that a single signature check contains no forgeries or alterations, and that the single signature was authorized by the customer. They conclude that “absence of one of two or more necessary signatures does not constitute an unauthorized signature
. ...” G & R,
The two cases which held that the absence of a required signature constitutes an unauthorized signature are more persuasive. The courts in
King of All
and
Pine Bluff
find that the meaning of “unauthorized signature” encompasses more than forgeries or alterations. In
King of All,
The court’s conceptualistic analysis of the signature of a limited partnership defeats the purpose of Section 4-406, which imposes upon bank customers the duty to inspect bank statements and cancelled checks and give timely notice of irregularities there. . . .
The court avoided application of these sections by ruling that the absence of the second essential signature on the check did not render the present single signature an “unauthorized signature.” The court’s analysis is somewhat strained. No single agent had the authority to ne
. . . Section 4-406 (4) provides a finality which is important for the security of banking institutions. It should not be circumvented by too fine an interpretation of what constitutes an “unauthorized signature.”
When a bank’s customer directs the bank to pay only those checks which bear two signatures, a two signature check is the “authorized signature” of the customer. The customer has not authorized the bank to pay one signature checks, so a check with only one signature does not have an authorized signature.
Because Rascar, Inc. did not report its unauthorized signature to the defendant within the one-year period provided in the statute, its claims under the U.C.C. are barred. 1
Uniform, Fiduciaries Act
Rascar alleges a second claim under the Uniform Fiduciaries Act (sec. 112.01, Stats.). Section 112.01(9) reads:
(9) DEPOSIT IN NAME OF PRINCIPAL. If a check is drawn upon the account of his principal in a
A fiduciary includes an officer of a corporation. Section 112.01(1) (b), Stats. George W. Corning was the secretary of Rascar, Inc. Rascar’s claim is that the bank breached a fiduciary duty in paying the one-signature checks.
The bank first contends that sec. 112.01(9), Stats., is inapplicable because Corning was not “empowered to draw checks upon his principal’s account.” The trial court found that Corning was not so empowered and Ras-car does not challenge that finding. Instead, it argues that the bank treated Corning as if he were empowered and is therefore estopped from presenting its defense.
Equitable estoppel is not available to Rascar. Equitable estoppel denies a party the right to show the fact as it exists (here, that Corning was not empowered to withdraw funds) on the ground that equity and justice will thereby be promoted.
Sparks v. Kuss,
Had Rascar exercised diligence it would have promptly discovered that Corning was withdrawing funds from the Rascar account. 2 Bartus, as president of Rascar, Inc., had access to the same facts as the bank. Thus, even assuming facts sufficient to create a defense of equitable estoppel, Rascar because of its own lack of diligence would be barred from asserting it.
Corning was not “empowered to draw checks” on the Rascar, Inc. account. Therefore, the bank is not liable to Rascar, Inc. under sec. 112.01(9), Stats.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.
Notes
The trial court found that plaintiff did not report the unauthorized signature within one year of the time the bank statement and cancelled checks were made available to plaintiff. The trial court’s decision and this decision discuss the absolute bar that §404.406(4), Stats., provides under these circumstances. Because other parts of §404, Stats., also pertain to the relationship between a bank and its customer, we limit the holding in this case to our interpretation of §404.406(4) and §112.01, Stats.
A depositor cannot be excused from its duty to examine its bank statements by pleading that it entrusted this duty to a person whose dishonesty caused the depositor’s loss.
Huber Glass Co. v. First National Bank,