Case Information
*2 THOMPSON , Circuit Judge
. Petitioner Juan Ramirez Matias ("Ramirez") challenges the Board of Immigration Appeals's ("BIA") denial of his motion to exercise its sua sponte authority to reopen his case and grant his request for cancellation of removal. We find that even if we have jurisdiction to consider his appeal, we must still deny Ramirez's petition.
BACKGROUND
Ramirez is no stranger to this court: in 2014, he
petitioned for review of the BIA's denial of his application for
cancellation of removal (as well as some other forms of relief
that are not relevant to this appeal). Ramirez-Matias v. Holder,
Ramirez was served with a notice to appear in 2008,
alleging that he was removable because he was "[a]n alien present
in the United States who has not been admitted or paroled." See
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Through counsel, he conceded the
point but applied for cancellation of removal under the Nicaraguan
Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ("NACARA"), Pub. L. No.
105-100, §§ 201-204, 111 Stat. 2160, 2196-2201 (codified as amended
in scattered sections of 8 U.S.C.).
[1]
NACARA applicants must make
*3
a handful of showings by a preponderance of the evidence to be
eligible--most relevant here is that the applicant be "a person of
good moral character," 8 C.F.R. § 1240.66(b)(3)--and even then
"the applicant must . . . persuade the immigration court that he
merits a favorable exercise of its discretion." Ramirez-Matias,
Ramirez's application was denied in 2012 after the Immigration Judge ("IJ") found that Ramirez had not shown either. Specifically, the IJ noted that Ramirez was arrested twice: once in 1994 and once in 2006 for "very serious assaultive behavior towards the mothers of his children." Both women testified that Ramirez did not hit them, and Ramirez himself denied the "assaultive behavior," claiming that the police lied and both incidents were misunderstandings. But for his part, the IJ thought it more likely that Ramirez was the one telling a lie. Ramirez appealed, but the BIA affirmed: there was no "clear error" in the IJ's "finding that the police reports were more reliable than his or his witness[es] statements."
Ramirez petitioned this court for review of that finding. Id. at 324. Because NACARA relief is a discretionary determination, we usually do not have jurisdiction to review a BIA order denying such relief. Id. at 326. There is an exception to this general rule "when the claim presented to a federal court embodies colorable constitutional claims or questions of law." *4 Id. Ramirez's petition contained neither. Instead, we found his claim boiled down to a "disagreement with the agency's view of the relative credibility of the police reports and the testimony proffered to contradict them. That is a factual determination and, therefore, a determination that we have no jurisdiction to review." Id. So, it was back to the drawing board for Ramirez. In 2016, over a year later, Ramirez fired his next shot at the IJ's decision, and this time he had an argument bearing the "constitutional" label at the ready. In his "Motion to Reopen Pursuant to this Board's Sua Sponte Authority," Ramirez argued that his procedural-due-process rights to a fair hearing were violated because of translation difficulties. We will get into the details of the claim a little later, but for now here's the gist: Ramirez and his wife, Lucia Ahilon Pablo ("Ahilon"), are native speakers of Todos Santos Mam, but he used a Spanish interpreter and Ahilon's interpreter spoke a different dialect of Mam. As a result, some things, he says, were "lost in translation." According to Ramirez's argument, the IJ's adverse credibility finding (that is, the IJ's decision to trust the police reports over Ramirez's story) resulted from these mistranslations, so he should get a do-over with an interpreter who speaks Todos Santos Mam. Ramirez conceded his motion was untimely--and he offered no explanation for his nearly four-year delay in bringing *5 these alleged hearing-level translation difficulties to the BIA's attention. The BIA denied the motion:
The motion is untimely filed and has not been shown to come within an exception to the time limits imposed by law on motions to reopen or reconsider removal proceedings. The respondent has offered no explanation for the delay in making the due process and other arguments now being made. Further, we do not find that exceptional circumstances warranting the sua sponte reopening of these proceedings have been demonstrated. Accordingly, the untimely motion is denied.
(citations omitted).
Undeterred, Ramirez appealed again, and so here we are today.
ANALYSIS Ramirez renews his mistranslation-based due-process claim on appeal, and adds one more: the BIA abused its discretion by failing to give a reasoned explanation of its decision not to exercise its sua sponte authority. [2] The government counters that this court does not have jurisdiction to review either claim. We briefly address the question of our jurisdiction, but find it's *6 not as clear-cut as the government says--so, we dodge it and explain why Ramirez still cannot prevail.
I. Jurisdiction
We start with the jurisdictional issue. Ramirez
appealed to the BIA's sua sponte authority under 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.2(a), which provides that "[t]he Board may at any time
reopen or reconsider on its own motion any case in which it has
rendered a decision." As the government points out, we have
repeatedly held that we do not have jurisdiction to review
challenges to the BIA's failure to exercise its sua sponte
authority because such decisions are "committed to its unfettered
discretion." Luis v. INS,
But Ramirez claims that our case law precluding our jurisdiction over the BIA's failure to exercise its sua sponte authority should not stop us from exercising jurisdiction in this case. He seems to give us two reasons why. First, he claims-- without explanation--that the Supreme Court's decision in Kucana *7 v. Holder, 558 U.S. 233 (2010), gives us jurisdiction to review appeals to the BIA's sua sponte authority. His Kucana-based argument is a non-starter: we have already rejected the contention that Kucana, 558 U.S. at 252 n.18, in which the Supreme Court explicitly took no position on the Courts of Appeals' practice of declining to exercise jurisdiction over sua sponte matters, has any impact on our no-jurisdiction rule. Neves, 613 F.3d at 35. Ramirez gives us no reason to change course now.
Second, even if our pre-Kucana no-jurisdiction rule still holds sway, Ramirez says we have jurisdiction by statute: 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) provides that "[n]othing in . . . any . . . provision of this chapter (other than this section) which limits or eliminates judicial review, shall be construed as precluding review of constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a petition for review filed with an appropriate court of appeals in accordance with this section." His claims are constitutional, he says, ergo we have jurisdiction to consider them on the merits under § 1252(a)(2)(D).
Unlike his first argument, there might be some meat on
these bones. Our no-jurisdiction rule originated with Luis, 196
F.3d at 40, but that case was decided years before the 2005 passage
of § 1252(a)(2)(D), so the fact that we announced such a blanket
rule then does not decide whether § 1252(a)(2)(D) gives us
jurisdiction today. See REAL ID Act of 2005, 119 Stat. 231; 14A
*8
Arthur R. Miller, et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 3664
(4th ed. 2008). Furthermore, we have previously identified
§ 1252(a)(2)(D) as a potential jurisdiction-restorer over
constitutional claims brought in motions for sua sponte relief.
Guerrero v. Holder,
(8th Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (same). On the other hand, in
examining its own Luis-based no-jurisdiction rule, the Sixth
Circuit has found that § 1252(a)(2)(D) creates no such
constitutional-claim toehold. Rais v. Holder,
Although Ramirez's briefs bring this jurisdictional
point to our attention, he does not explain what we should do about
it (other than take jurisdiction to favorably decide the merits of
his appeal, of course). In fact, Ramirez's arguments do not
transcend his bald assertions that Kucana, Zambrano-Reyes, and
§ 1252(a)(2)(D) give us jurisdiction here. The government, for
its part, argues that we never have jurisdiction over appeals to
the BIA's sua sponte authority, but makes no mention of this
constitutional-claim wrinkle. But we don't have to decide what to
*10
do about the issue now. See Seale v. INS,
II. Mistranslation-Based Due-Process Claim Ramirez is a native speaker of Todos Santos Mam, but he elected to use a Spanish interpreter at his hearing. According to Ramirez, he and the interpreter did not always understand each other, so parts of his testimony were "lost in translation." [3] Ramirez claims that Ahilon's testimony (Ramirez's wife and witness) was also infected by translation errors because she is a native speaker of Todos Santos Mam but the interpreter spoke a different Mam dialect. Between the two, Ramirez claims that the translation services provided at his hearing were so inadequate *11 that they violated his due-process rights. First, we present the relevant facts and Ramirez's argument, then we give our take.
a) Background Ramirez testified first at his hearing. His primary mistranslation-related contention is about who he said called the police on the night of one of his arrests. When asked by his attorney to explain what happened, Ramirez says that he explained in Spanish, "my mother-in-law was dead so my father-in-law called the police, my wife was yelling in Mam and they didn't know what was going on." Although this version of events also appears in the transcript, he claims in his appellant brief that the audio recording of the hearing shows that the translator mistranslated this statement as: "my father-in-law was dead so my mother-in- law called the police." [4] In his affidavit, Ramirez gives a different version of events, claiming that the translator erred because "I did not state anything about my father-in-law contacting *12 the police." His appeal brief does not explain the discrepancy between his affidavit and his argument on appeal. However, it does point out that Ramirez later testified that he "never knew who called the police."
Immediately after Ramirez explained (according to the transcript and his argument to us, anyway) that his father-in-law called the police, his Spanish-language interpreter asked to address the Judge, then said: "Would it be okay to ask him if he feels more comfortable in Mam than in Spanish? It may not be the case, but I have the feeling that it could be." The interpreter asked Ramirez, then said, "Spanish is okay." In his affidavit, Ramirez claims that "there were also points in which the interpreter sought to clarify some of the things I was saying in response to the questioning--as if she were unable to understand the Spanish that I was speaking." No such requests for clarification appear in the transcript.
As for Ramirez's wife, Ahilon testified subsequent to Ramirez and through a Mam interpreter. She avers in an affidavit filed in support of Ramirez's motion that she had "difficulty understanding the interpreter," and she thinks the interpreter had difficulty understanding her, too. As a result "I surely expressed to the interpreter . . . my difficulties either by asking for repetition and/or rephrasing." According to Ramirez's brief, the audio recording of the hearing shows that the interpreter asked *13 Ahilon to repeat herself twice during her testimony. These instances do not appear in the transcript. Neither Ramirez nor Ahilon objected to the translations rendered at the hearing, nor did Ramirez air this argument in his first round of appeals--as the BIA pointed out in its order denying sua sponte relief.
Nevertheless, Ramirez now argues that these aggregated translation difficulties violated his due-process rights. Had he "been afforded a competent translation of his testimony as is his due process right," he argues, "he would have been found credible by the Immigration Judge"--meaning the IJ would have believed his story about what happened the nights he was arrested, in lieu of the police reports--so the IJ would have found him to be a person of "good moral character" and granted his request for NACARA relief. The government disagrees.
b) Mistranslation Analysis
We review Ramirez's mistranslation-based due-process claim de novo, bearing in mind that "not every procedural misstep or difficulty raises anything like a constitutional issue. Procedural due process protects a right to a fundamentally fair proceeding; but few proceedings are perfect and one can have real errors, including ones that adversely affect a party's interests, without automatically violating the Constitution." Teng v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d 12, 17 (1st Cir. 2008). To prevail on a translation-based due-process claim, allegations of translation *14 difficulties are not enough; the petitioner must show that "a more proficient or more accurate interpretation would likely have made a dispositive difference in the outcome of the proceeding." Id. at 17-18 (quoting Harutyunyan v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 64, 70 (1st Cir. 2005)); see also Chan v. Ashcroft, 93 F. App'x 247, 252-53 (1st Cir. 2004) (rejecting translation-based due-process claim where the petitioner made no objection at the hearing, identified no specific mistranslations, and presented no evidence that alleged mistranslations affected outcome). Ramirez has not done so.
Ramirez's mistranslation claim finds next to no support in the record. Ramirez only points to one specific instance of (a potential) mistranslation--the issue of who called the police. But he does not explain how that translation error about a minor detail in his story (assuming that mistranslation did, in fact, occur) could have made a "dispositive difference in the outcome of the proceeding." Teng, 516 F.3d at 17 (internal citations omitted). Ramirez and Ahilon generally aver that they believe that their translators did not always understand them, but they point to nothing in the record to indicate that these alleged misunderstandings had any impact on their testimony--in other *15 words, they do not demonstrate that these difficulties had any impact on the outcome, either. [5]
Without an outcome-influencing mistranslation, our work
here is done. In his motion to the BIA for sua sponte relief, and
in his brief to us, he contends that the IJ misweighed the evidence
and should have credited his testimony and evidence over the police
reports. But, as we have already explained to Ramirez himself in
appeal number one, that type of fact-based claim is one we cannot
review. Ramirez-Matias,
III. Explanation Error
The mistranslation claim down, we have one to go:
Ramirez says the BIA's explanation of its refusal to exercise its
sua sponte authority was so paltry that it violated his due-process
rights. Recall, the BIA gave two reasons for denying his motion:
it said that Ramirez failed to explain his delay in offering his
translation-based due-process argument, and found that Ramirez had
not shown that exceptional circumstances warranted reopening his
case. But even if we deemed the BIA's explanation lacking in
sufficient detail (which we doubt), a petitioner, regardless,
cannot state a colorable due-process claim if he does not have a
*16
cognizable property or liberty interest at stake. Mejia-Orellana
v. Gonzales,
492 (1st Cir. 2005)); see Chun Xin Chi v. Holder,
CONCLUSION
Ramirez's petition for review is denied.
Notes
[1] We note here that Ramirez has been represented at every stage of these proceedings.
[2] If Ramirez thinks this was a motion under 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.2(c)(2) or some other provision of the immigration laws (he
notes in his appellate brief that the "title of a motion is not
dispositive" and his motion was not directed "simply" to the BIA's
sua sponte authority) we consider the argument waived for lack of
developed argumentation--he doesn't do us (or himself) the favor
of explaining what else the motion could have been based on. See
Caldero-Guzman v. Holder,
[3] According to his brief on appeal, Ramirez "specifically chose to proceed with a Spanish interpreter because he had heard and noticed mistranslations with the Mam interpreter during his wife's testimony, and therefore decided it would be safer to proceed in Spanish, which is not his native language." The brief cites nothing in the record to support this contention--and the hearing transcript reveals that Ramirez testified before his wife. According to his affidavit, Ramirez elected to proceed in Spanish because he believed he "was more than capable [of] speaking in Spanish" and "knew how few people spoke Mam--particularly the Todos Santos dialect," so "it made sense for [him] to proceed with a Spanish interpreter." In any case, we take the gist of his argument to be that miscommunications arose from his decision to use a Spanish interpreter because he is not a native Spanish speaker.
[4] We include this point here to explain the basis of Ramirez's argument on appeal. But Ramirez did not provide us with a copy of the recording or an alternative transcript to show that this so- called misinterpretation occurred. It is his duty to support his claims with record evidence. See Fed. R. App. P. 10(c), 11(a); De Araujo v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 146, 155 (1st Cir. 2006) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1)); United States v. One Motor Yacht Named Mercury, 527 F.2d 1112, 1113 (1st Cir. 1975) ("The burden is on the appellant to provide this court with an appendix sufficient to support its points on appeal."). Because he did not, we cannot evaluate this part of his claim. But as we will explain, even if we assume the events occurred as described in his brief, he still cannot make out a due-process claim.
[5] Indeed, the stories presented in Ramirez and Ahilon's post- hearing affidavits--the stories Ramirez claims the IJ should have credited in lieu of the police reports--are the same as the stories the parties presented to the IJ at the hearing.