Aрpellant seeks to enjoin the appellee from practicing veterinary medicine in violation of a contract between the parties. The Court of Appeals, relying upon Extine v. Williamson Midwest (1964),
I
In Briggs v. Butler (1942),
In Briggs, an employee signed a contract with The Welcomе AVagon Service Company, promising not to engage in similar employment for five years following termination, either in Toledo, Ohio, or anywhere else in the United States or Canada where the employer did business. The Court of Cоmmon Pleas applied the “blue pencil” test, and struck all territorial restrictions beyond Toledo. This court affirmed.
In Extine, an employee signed ,a contract providing that, for two years following termination of employment,he would not engage in the same line of business as his employer, on his own or in concert with other former employees, nor attempt to direct business from his employer, especially customers with whom he had dealt. This court, finding thе prohibition on engaging in the same line of business to contain no limitation as to space, applied
We applied the “blue pencil” test in Extine, however, with reluctance. We recognized that a growing minority of courts had abandoned the rule, and were holding all employment contracts valid if modification made them reasonable. We now recognize that application of the “blue pencil” test has produced both arbitrary and inconsistent results, and believe it is time to reexamine the doctrine.
Originally, all agreements in restraint of trade without consideration therefor were held presumptively void. Mitchel v. Reynolds (1711), 1 P. Wms. 181, 24 Eng. Rep. 347. Working men entered skilled trades only by serving apprenticeships. Mobility was minimal. Restrictive covenants either destroyed a man’s means of livelihood, or bound him to his master for life. Later, as the character of the work-a-dav world bеcame more flexible, courts sought a means to lift the blanket prohibition on employment restrictions. One result was the “blue pencil” test, which promised simplicity and clarity, and allowed courts to claim they were not actually “rewriting” private contracts.
In practice, however, the test has not worked well. Because it precludes modification or amendment of contracts, the entire contract fails if offending provisions cannоt be stricken. Because divisible provisions sometimes contain integral parts of the agreement, “blue penciling” those provisions may render the contract useless. Because employers seek to ensure that provisions are not unreasonable, and therefore severed, employees may gain the benefit of overly-lenient employment restrictions.
Thus, many courts
Among the factors properly to be considered are: “ [t]he absence or presence of limitations as to time and space, * * * whether the employee represents the sole contact with the customer; whether the employee is possessed with confidential information or trade secrets; whether the covenant seeks to eliminate competition which would be unfair to the еmployer or merely seeks to eliminate ordinary competition: whether the covenant seeks to stifle the inherent skill and experience of the employee; whether the benefit to the employer is disproрortional to the detriment to the employee; whether the covenant operates as a bar to the employee’s sole means of support; whether the employee’s talent which the employer sеeks to suppress was actually developed' during the period of employment; and whether the forbidden employment is merely incidental to the main employment.” Extine, supra, at 406. See Arthur Murray Dance Studios of Cleveland v. Witter (1952),
Appellee argues that adoption of a rule of reasonableness would allow employers to dictate restraints without fear, knowing that judges will rewrite contracts if they are taken to court. Such a contention is without merit. Most employers who enter contracts do so in good faith, and seek only to protect legitimate interests. In fact, relatively few employment contracts reach the courts..
“In determining the validity of a convenant or agreement in restraint of trade, each case must be decided on its own facts * * #.” Extine, supra, at 403. We hold that a covenant not to compete which imposes unreasonable restrictions upon an employee will be enforced to the
II
Appellant’s complaint sought relief “for a period of three years from his [appellee’s] termination of his employment under the employment contract. ’ ’ The trial court enjoined appellee for three years from the date of the court’s entry. The Court of Appeals reversed.
Civ. R. 54(C) provides, in part:
“ * * * Except as to a party against whom a judgment is entered by default, every final judgment shall grant the relief to which the party in whose favor it is renderеd is entitled; however, a demand for judgment which seeks a judgment for money shall limit the claimant to the sum claimed in the demand unless he amends his demand not later than seven days before the commencement of the trial. # * *”
Appellеe urges that ‘ ‘ a demand for a specific length of time is the same as a demand for a specific amount of money,” and thereby seeks to limit appellant’s relief to that sought in the complaint.
■Under the Ohio Civil Rules, procedural matters are vastly changed from the days of code pleading. Cases are now “tried on the proofs rather than the pleadings.” De Loach v. Crowley’s (C. A. 5, 1942),
Experience under F.R.C.P. 54(c) has been similar. "Wright, in his treatise, Law of Federal Courts (2 Ed.), 437, Sectiоn 98, states:
“* * * [T]he judgment is not limited in kind or amount by the demand for relief, but may include whatever relief the successful party is entitled to, regardless of the demand. This is in accord with the general theory of Rule 15(b), that in a contested case the judgment is to be based on what has been proved rather than what has been pleaded.* * *
“Thus the rule provides that the demand for judgment loses much of its restrictive force if the case is at issue. Particular legal theories of сounsel then are subordinated to the court’s right and duty to grant the relief to which the prevailing party is entitled whether demanded or not. The party may be awarded damages in excess of those he has demanded in his pleading, or may be awarded a different kind of relief than he requested.* * *”
For similar analyses, see 6 Moore’s Federal Practice (2 Ed.), paragraphs 54.60-54.62; 10 Wright and Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure; Civil, Sections 2662-2664; and the hundreds of cases cited' therein.
Ohio Civ. R. 54(C) differs from F.R.C.P. 54(c) in one important respect. In Ohio, judgments of money may not exceed the dollar amount claimed in the complaint. F.R.C.P. 54(c) provides that a party may recover a money judgment of any amount, regardless of what is claimed in the pleadings. Thus, under F.R.C.P. 54(c), a party is not limited to the relief claimed in the complaint except when judgment by default is awarded. In Ohio, a party is not limited to the relief claimed in the complaint, except when judgment by default is entered or when a judgment for money is sought and awarded. See 5 Milligan, Ohio Forms of Pleading and Practice, Form 54:21.
In the present case, appellant sought injunctive relief
In framing its judgment entry, the Court of Common Pleas restricted enforcement of the covenant to a radius of 18 miles, and enjoined appellee for three yеars from the date of said entry. The record, however, does not indicate how such determination was made. Because this court holds, for the first time, that a trial court may enforce a covenant “to the extent necessary to protect an employer’s legitiniate interests,” we direct that this cause be remanded to the Court of Common Pleas, so that court may ascertain if its initial finding conforms with the test established today.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, with instructions to remand the cause to the Court of Common Pleas.
Judgment reversed.
Notes
Among the recent decisions discarding the “blue pencil” test are Ehlers v. Iowa Warehouse Co. (Iowa, 1971),
We intimate no view as to the reasonableness of the trial court’s initial determination.