delivered the opinion of the Court.
The petitioner in this case, Ken S. Radovsky, was convicted of two counts of burglary and one count of theft. The evidence at trial included inculpatory statements and actions by him during two days of custodial interrogation by the police. The interrogation of the petitioner occurred subsequent to his request for counsel and outside of counsel’s presence. We issued a writ of certiorari in this case to determine whether Radovsky’s federal constitutional right to have counsel present during the interrogation was violаted.
On September 15, 1980, Radovsky was arrested by the Montgomery County police in connection with the police’s investigation of a series of burglaries, and he was charged with being a rogue and vagabond. 1 Upon being advised of his Miranda rights, 2 he refused to waive them. Radovsky was taken before a District Court Commissioner at approximately 3:00 a.m. on September 16, 1980. As he was unable to post the bond set by the Commissioner, Radovsky was placed in the Montgomery County Detention Center.
*388 , On the evening of September 16th, the police obtained a warrant for Radovsky’s arrest on the charge of attempted burglary, and, at approximately 3:00 p.m. on September 17th, he was transported from the detention center to the Rockville police station where he was formally arrested on the attempted burglary charge. At the time, the arresting officer, Terry Judith, advised Radovsky of his Miranda rights. The accused refused to waive these rights, as well as the right to prompt presentment before a District Court Commissioner. In addition, Radovsky specifically requested the assistance of counsel; however, he was unable to contact his attorney after repeated attempts over the next two days. Although Officer Judith stated that he did not "question” Radovsky after the request for counsel, the officer testified that, after the request for counsel, he told Radovsky that he "was investigating numerous burglaries,” and "I told him that I believed he was involved in more than just what I had him for there at the time.”
Following the arrest on the attempted burglary charge and Radovsky’s request for counsel, Officer Judith telephoned the "Crimes Against Property Unit” of the Montgomery County Police Department and spoke with Detective Gary Rademaker, informing Rademaker of the accused’s arrest and Judith’s suspicions that Radovsky was involved in other Montgomery County burglaries. Officer Judith also told Detective Rademaker that Radovsky wished to remain silent. Judith asked Rademaker to come to the Rockville police station for the purpose of questioning Radovsky.
At approximately 6:00 p.m.' on September 17th, three hours after the arrest for attempted burglary, Detectives Rademaker and Donald Deаton arrived at the Rockville police station where they conferred with Judith. According to Detective Rademaker’s testimony, Officer Judith at that time "indicated [that] Mr. Radovsky attempted to call an attorney several times, and [that] he could not reach him.”
After conferring with Officer Judith, Detectives Rademaker and Deaton approached Radovsky who was *389 handcuffed to a table in the interrogation room of the police station. Detective Deaton described the encounter as follows (emphаsis added):
"We approached Mr. Radovsky and we identified ourselves as detectives from Crimes Against Property and basically stated to him that he knew why he was there, and we wanted to talk to him about any involvement that he might have.”
"At that time, we related to him that if he didn’t want to talk to us, we would leave . . . .”
Detective Rademaker’s testimony, to the same effect, was as follows (emphasis added):
"Q. ... Specifically, when you went into the room where Mr. Radovsky was seated, handcuffed to the table, who spoke to him first, you or Deaton?”
"A. I believe I did.”
"A. I asked how he was and I indicated that he had not changed in appearance for the last five years. I asked about his father and how things were going.”
"Q. Why did you do that? What was your purpose in doing that?”
"A. To make for a relaxed situation.”
"Q. In the hope you could get him to speak to you and tell you about criminal involvement?”
"A. So we could set the content of the interview in a relaxed state.”
"Q. Did you then unhandcuff him?”
"A. I don’t recall whether I did or not.”
*390 "A. I asked him if he wanted to talk to us about his involvement in burglaries and that we certainly weren’t going to beat him or anything else. If he wanted to talk with us, that was great, and if not, we were going to leave.”
Later Detective Rademaker reiterated:
"We had said that we understood he was in a jam about some burglaries and peeping tom charges; would he like to talk to us about them. If he did not wish to talk to us, we would leave.”
In response, Radovsky indicated to the detectives that he would talk to them. Radovsky then signed a form waiving his right to have counsel present, to remain silent and to an immediate appearance before a commissioner. According to the detectives’ testimony, they then began to interrogate the accused about unsolvеd Montgomery County burglaries in general, not having any particular burglaries in mind.
During the course of interrogation, Radovsky made inculpatory statements about his involvement in several burglaries and stated that some of the property from these burglaries was in his apartment. After signing a consent to search form, Rodovsky accompanied Deaton, Rademaker and Judith to his apartment where various articles of property were identified, removed and transported to the police headquarters. The police officers then drove the accused around Montgomery County, asking him to identify the residences from which the property had come.
Later in the evening of September 17th, between 11:00 p.m. and midnight, Radovsky was taken before a District Court Commissioner on the attempted burglary charge for which he had been arrested earlier that day.
On September 18th, Radovsky was again interrogated by Judith and Rademaker while riding throughout the county in a police car, and again he identified residences from which he had taken property. They also returned to Radovsky’s apartment where he identified additional articles of stolen property.
*391 Radovsky was eventually charged with burglary and related offenses in six individual cases. Prior to the date set for trial, he moved to suppress all of his incriminating statements and all of the physical evidence seized by the police. In support of this motion, he argued that the interrogation by the police on September 17th violated his constitutional right to have counsel present during interrogation. He further argued that his statutory right of prompt presentment before a commissioner, pursuant to Maryland District Rule 723 a, was violated.
Following testimony and arguments at the suppression hearing, the judge ruled that the delay in presenting Radovsky to a commissioner after his arrest on the 17th was impermissible .under Maryland District Rule 723 a. Consequently, the judge suppressed all statements made by the defendant and all evidence seized prior to his appearance before a commissioner on the evening of September 17th. The judge ruled, however, that the evidence seized and statements made on September 18th, subsequent to his appearance before a commissioner, should not be excluded from trial.
At trial Radovsky renewed his motion to suppress all of his incriminating statements and the physical evidence seized by the police, but the trial judge overruled the motion, refusing to disturb the ruling at the prior suppression hearing. Following a nonjury trial, the defendant was convicted on two counts of burglary and one count of theft, and he was sentenced to eight years imprisonment.
Radovsky appealed to the Court of Special Appeals which affirmed the conviction in an unreported opinion. Radovsky then filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, which we granted. He argues that after he had requested the assistance of counsel, the police improperly initiated custodial interrogation, thus resulting in a violation of his constitutional right to have counsel during interrogation. Consequently, according to Radovsky, the incriminating statements and evidence obtained after the request for counsel should not have been admitted at the trial. Reliance is
*392
placed on
Edwards v. Arizona,
Because we shall hold that the defendant’s right to have counsel during interrogation was violated, under the principles of Edwards and Miranda, and thus all evidence obtained from Radovsky subsequent to his request for counsel should have been suppressed, it is unneсessary for us to address Radovsky’s argument based on Maryland District Rule 723 a.
In arguing that there was no violation of Radovsky’s right to have counsel during interrogation, the State concedes that Radovsky, after he invoked his right to counsel, did not initiate renewed contact with the police, and that it was the police who initiated further questioning about the accused’s "involvement in burglaries.” Nevertheless, the State argues that the Supreme Court cases do not establish a
per se
rule precluding police initiated interrogation after an аrrestee has expressed a desire to have counsel present. Instead, the State contends, the question is whether the arrestee, after invoking his right to counsel, thereafter waives that right. Whether there is a waiver, according to the State, depends upon all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the case. In arguing that Radovsky waived his right to have counsel present at interrogation, the State chiefly relies upon his signing a waiver form after Detectives Rademaker and Deaton initiated further communication. The State, attempting to minimize the fact that the police initiated this further communication, asserts that the questioning by the two detectives related to different crimes than the attempted burglary for which Radovsky had been arrested, and that the questioning related to crimes "for which he was not even a suspect” (State’s brief, p. 8). As support for its argument, the State relies upon Justice Powell’s concurring opinion in
*393
Edwards v. Arizona,
In
Miranda v. Arizona, supra,
the Supreme Court held that under the Fifth аnd Fourteenth Amendments, the prosecution generally may not introduce at trial statements made by the defendant, which stem from custodial interrogation of the defendant, unless certain procedural safeguards are employed. The procedural safeguards are that, prior to questioning, the defendant must be advised that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used against him, and that he has a right to the presence of counsel. The Court pointed out that these rights may be waived if the waiver is voluntary, knowing and intelligent. The Court then set forth an important caveat: if the defendant indicates in any manner that he wants the presence of an attorney,
all
questioning must cease. The Court thus stated (
"Prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed. The defendant may waive effectuation of these rights, provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently. If, howеver, he indicates in any manner and at any stage of the process that he wishes to consult with an attorney before speaking there can be no questioning. Likewise, if the individual is alone and indicates in any manner that he does not wish to be interrogated, the police may not question him.”
In
Michigan v. Mosley, supra,
"The present case does not involve the procedures to be followed if the person in custody asks to consult with a lawyer, since Mosley made no such request at any time. Those procedures are detailed in the Miranda opinion as follows:
'If the individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present. At that time, the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning. If the individual cannot obtain an attorney and he indicates that he wants one before speaking to police, they must respect his decision to remain silent.’ ... Id, at 474.”
Later, in
Fare v. Michael C.,
*395 "The rule in Miranda, however, was based on this Court’s perception that the lawyer occupies a critical position in our legal system because of his unique ability to protect the Fifth Amendment rights оf a client undergoing custodial interrogation. Because of this special ability of the lawyer to help the client preserve his Fifth Amendment rights once the client becomes enmeshed in the adversary process, the Court found that 'the right to have counsel present at the interrogation is indispensable to the protection of the Fifth Amendment privilege under the system’ established by the Court. Id., at 469 [,86 S.Ct., at 1625 ]. Moreover, the lawyer’s presence helps guard against overreaching by the police and ensures that any statements aсtually obtained are accurately transcribed for presentation into evidence. Id., at 470, [86 S.Ct., at 1625 ].
"The per se aspect of Miranda was thus based on the unique role the lawyer plays in the adversary system of criminal justice in this country. Whether it is a minor or an adult who stands accused, the lawyer is the one person to whom society as a whole looks as the protector of the legal rights of that person in his dealings with the police and the courts. For this reason, the Court fashioned in Miranda the rigid rule that an accused’s request for an attorney is per se an invocation of his Fifth Amendment rights, requiring that all interrogation cease.”
See also Rhode Island v. Innis,
Fifteen years after
Miranda,
and three years after
Fare v. Michael C., supra,
the Supreme Court applied the above-quoted principles in
Edwards v. Arizona, supra.
The critical facts of
Edwards
are quite similar to those in the present case,
3
and the holding in
Edwards
is dispositive
*396
here. The dеfendant Edwards and several others were arrested in connection with the investigation of a robbery and death at a bar in Tucson, Arizona. Upon his arrest, Edwards was informed of his
Miranda
rights, stated that he would submit to questioning, was interrogated by a detective, and gave a taped statement presenting an alibi defense. Edwards then indicated that he wanted to "make a deal.” After some further discussion, Edwards stated that he wanted "an attorney before making a deal,” and at that time (6:30 p.m.) all the questioning stopped. The next morning (9:15 a.m.), two other detectives, who did not know that Edwards had made the statement about an attorney, arrived at the jail and asked to see Edwards. The detention officer told Edwards that the detectives were there to see him; Edwards told the officer that he did not wish to speak to anyone; the detention officer replied "that he had to,” and Edwards was thereupon taken to see the detectives. The two detectives identified themselves, stated that "they wanted to talk to him,” and "[a]t that point they explained to him that he had the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney and the other
Miranda
rights” (
The reasoning of the Supreme Court of Arizona, in holding that Edwards’s inculpatory stаtement was admissible, largely parallels the State’s argument in the present case. The Arizona court indicated that
Miranda
does not create a
per se
rule precluding a defendant "from responding to subsequent inquiries from police after the right to an attorney has been invoked so long as the waiver is otherwise
*397
voluntary” (
In reversing the deсision of the Arizona court, the United States Supreme Court in
Edwards
set forth its holding as follows (
"[A]lthough we have held that after initially being advised of his Miranda rights, the accused may himself validly waive his rights and respond to interrogation, ... the Court has strongly indicated that additional safeguards are necessary when the accused asks for counsel; and we now hold that when an accused has invoked his right to have counsel present during custodial interrogation, a valid waiver of that right cannot be established by showing only that he responded to further police-initiated custodial interrogation even if he has been advised of his rights. We further hold that an accused, such as Edwards, having expressed his desire to deal with the police only through counsel, is not subject to further interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been made available to him, unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police.”
The Court went on to say that this holding was indicated by the opinion in
Miranda,
and it quoted
Fare v. Michael C., supra,
that
Miranda
created a "rigid” and "per se” rule when an arrestee requests an attorney (
*398 "We reconfirm these views and, to lend them substance, emphasize that it is inconsistent with Miranda and its progeny for the authorities, at their instance, to reinterrogate an accused in custody if he has clearly asserted his right to counsel.”
Applying these principles to the facts, the Supreme Court indicated that if Edwards had initiated the meeting with the two detectives on the morning following his invocation of the right to counsel, "nothing in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments would prohibit the police from merely listening to his voluntary, volunteered statements and using them against him at trial” (ibid.). But because it was "the police [who] returned to him the next day,” and "not at his suggestion or request,” and because "the detectives told Edwards that they wanted to talk to him” (id. at 487), the Supreme Court concluded:
"We think it is clear that Edwards was subjected to custodial interrogation on January 20 within the meaning of Rhode Island v. Innis, supra, and that this occurred at the instance of the authorities. His statement, made without having had access to counsel, did not amount to a valid waiver and hеnce was inadmissible.” (Ibid.)
Turning to the present case, Radovsky, like Edwards, requested counsel after arrest, and the questioning stopped.
4
In both cases, sometime later (3 hours in
Radovsky
and over 12 hours in Edwards) two other detectives came to see the defendants for the purpose of questioning them. In neither case did the defendant request or suggest such contact. In both cases, the teams of detectives initiated the communications about the criminal activity, indicating simply that they wanted to talk about the defendants’ involvement, and then giving new
Miranda
warnings.
5
The two cases cannot
*399
be distinguished on any principled bаsis. The rule set forth in
Edwards,
that when an arrestee expresses his desire to have counsel present all interrogation must cease "unless the accused himself initiates further communication” (
If there could remain any possible doubts about the applicable rule after
Edwards,
they were laid to rest by the very recent opinions joined by eight Supreme Court Justices in
Oregon v. Bradshaw,
U.S. ,
"We think the Oregon Court of Appeals misapprehended the test laid down in Edwards. We did not there hold that the 'initiation’ of a conversation by a defendant such as respondent would amount to a waiver of a previously invoked right to counsel; we held that after the right to counsel had been asserted by an accused, further interrogation of the accused should not take place 'unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police.’451 U.S., at 485 . This was in effect a prophylactic rule, designed to protect an accused in police custody from being badgered by police officers in the manner in which the defendant in Edwards was. We recently restated the requirement in Wyrick v. Fields, U.S. , (1982) (per curiam), to be that before a suspect in custody can be subjected to further interrogation after he requests an attorney there must be a showing that the 'suspect himself initiates dialogue with the authorities.’
"But even if a conversation taking place after the accused has 'expressed his desire to deal with the рolice only through counsel,’ is initiated by the accused, where reinterrogation follows, the burden remains upon the prosecution to show that subsequent events indicated a waiver of the Fifth Amendment right to have counsel present during the interrogation.
*401 "Thus, the Oregon Court of Appeals was wrong in thinking that an 'initiation’ of a conversation or discussion by an accused not only satisfied the Edwards rule, but ex proprio vigore sufficed to show a waiver of the previously asserted right to counsel. The inquiries are separate, and clarity of application is not gаined by melding them together.
"There can be no doubt in this case that in asking, 'Well, what is going to happen to me now?’, respondent 'initiated’ further conversation in the ordinary dictionary sense of that word.”
The opinion, while pointing out that certain routine inquiries, such as a request for water or to use the telephone, would not amount to the initiation of conversation in the Edwards sense, stated that a "generalized discussion relating... to the investigation” did constitute the initiation of conversation in the Edwards sense, and that Bradshaw’s query was sufficient (ibid.). The dissenting opinion of four other justices in Bradshaw agreed with the principles set forth in the plurality opinion, but disagreed that the defendant’s inquiry indicated a "desire to discuss the subject matter of the criminal investigation.” 51 L.W. at 4944. 7
*402 The principles set forth in the above-discussed cases require that Radovsky’s convictions be reversed.
Judgment of the Court of Special Appeals reversed, and case remanded to that Court with directions to reverse the judgments of the Circuit Court for Montgomery County and remand the case to that Court for a new trial.
Costs to be paid by Montgomery County.
Notes
. See Maryland Code (1957, 1982 Repl. Vol.), Art. 27, § 490.
. Miranda v. Arizona,
. The Supreme Court in
Edwards
took the facts, for the most part, from
*396
the opinion of the Supreme Court of Arizona,
. Although, as previously pointed out, in the present case Officer Judith continued to speak briefly about the matter.
. In two respects, the action of the detective team in the present case was *399 a more serious breach of the Miranda rule requiring that interrogation cease after a request for counsel. In the present case the detectives were informed that the defendant was trying to obtain counsel, whereas the detectives in Edwards had no knowledge that the defendant wanted counsel. Also the police-initiated communicаtions were somewhat more extensive in the present case. On the other hand, in Edwards, the detention officer had told the defendant that he must see the detectives.
.
See also
the extensive discussion of
Edwards
and the other pertinent Supreme Court cases by Chief Judge Gilbert for the Court of Special Appeals in Bryant v. State,
. If the defendant’s statement in Bradshaw constituted the initiation of communication for purposes of the Edwards rule, clearly the statements of Detectives Rademaker and Deaton in the instant case constituted the initiation of communications about the subject matter of the criminal investigation.
Bradshaw
also disposes of the State’s assertion in the present case, which is unsupported by any authority, that the
Edwards
rule does not apply if the subsequent police questioning, after the right to counsel has been invoked, relates to a different offense than that for which the defendant was earlier arrested. In
Bradshaw
the defendant was initially arrested for serving liquor to a minor, but the later questioning concerned offenses associated with driving the vehicle.
See also
United States Ex Rel. Kimes v. Greer,