delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith and Justice Howse concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
Plaintiff, Scott Rabin, appeals the trial court’s dismissal of his second amended complaint for retaliatory discharge (the Complaint) pursuant to section 2 — 615 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2—615 (West 2008)). He maintains the trial court erroneously found the Complaint fails to state a cause of action. For the reasons below, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
In July 1997, defendant Karlin & Fleisher, LLC (the Firm), hired plaintiff to perform several duties acting as an investigator for its contingency fee cases. Although plaintiff was a salaried employee, the Firm billed its clients allegedly $40 per hour for plaintiff’s work without disclosing his employment status or his actual wages, which were less than $40 per hour. Plaintiff did not initially record his hours at the Firm. However, in 1998 Ronald Fleisher, one of the Firm’s attorneys, allegedly advised him to bill the Firm for his hours on “invoices” dating back to the beginning of his employment. Plaintiff complied, initialing billing as:
“Scott Rabin, Investigator
Karlin & Fleisher
111 W Washington, Suite 1505
Chicago, Illinois 60602”
Ronald allegedly then instructed him to remove the Firm’s name from the invoices, in order to disguise the fact that he was an employee.
On July 10, 2007, Ronald allegedly asked plaintiff to alter an invoice in a case by adding plaintiff’s name and address. Plaintiff declined, for “he felt it was improper or otherwise wrong.” He then refused to provide any more “bogus ‘investigation’ invoices” to the Firm, complaining that “creating invoices that made it look like [he] was not a fulltime paid employee of the Defendants *** was improper and may have been a violation of the law and the Rules of Professional Conduct.” He also claimed defendants’ “conduct amount[ed] to fraud on the clients and a fraud on the courts because the so-called expenses [for his services] were deducted from settlement proceeds paid to contingent fee clients and said sums were retained by the Defendants *** without the full knowledge and consent of the clients.”
In February 2008 the Firm terminated plaintiffs employment. He then filed the instant lawsuit against Ronald, the Firm, and Richard Fleisher, a firm attorney. After the trial court dismissed plaintiffs original complaint with prejudice pursuant to section 2 — 615 and section 2 — 619 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2—619 (West 2008)), he filed a motion to reconsider that was denied. The trial court granted him leave to amend, however, pursuant to which he filed the Complaint claiming:
“15. In approximately February of 2008 the Plaintiff was terminated from his job. The termination was in retaliation of Plaintiff complaining about the fact he was asked to create and alter or amend ‘invoices’ that would make it appear as if he was not an employee of the Defendant firm and otherwise complained about charging clients for work he performed as a paid employee of the Defendants.
16. Defendants violated public policy by using ‘invoices’ that made it appear Plaintiff was not an employee, by not informing the clients that the Plaintiff was a fulltime employee, by charging the clients $40.00 per hour for the work performed without adequately informing the clients about th[e] fact that Defendant [sic] was an employee, by misleading clients and the courts about the expenses incurred and falsely characterizing overhead as expenses and overcharging clients for the expenses actually incurred.
17. The conduct of the Defendants violated public policy in at least 3 respects:
A. The Defendants [sic] conduct violated the crime fighter exception as stated by the Illinois Supreme Court in Palmateer v. International Harvester Co.,85 Ill. 2d 124 , 130 (1981). The Plaintiff had a reasonable belief that the actions of the Defendants were in violation of criminal statutes and he reported this conduct to the Defendant and was fired in retaliation for reporting his reasonable belief that criminal activity had occurred. The Plaintiff had a reasonable belief that the actions of the Defendant were in violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct.
B. The Defendants [sic] conduct violated the Rules of Professional Conduct which include[ ] but [are] not limited to the Preamble, Rule 1.4(b), Rule 8.4 and Rule 1.5[.]
C. The Defendants [sic] conduct was also in direct violation of the Illinois criminal statutes which include but are not limited to 720 ILCS 5/16—1(2), 720 ILCS 5/17—1(b)(a) and 720 ILCS 5/8—2. The defendants [sic] action were [sic] criminal in nature based on false statements made to clients which induced the client to pay monies to the defendants when in fact the defendants did not incur any expenses, when the defendants improperly charged clients for overhead when such was not recoverable, when the defendants falsely stated to clients and courts that the expenses incurred were $40.00 per hour when in fact the amounts paid to plaintiff in salary was [sic] far less than $40.00 per hour and the Defendants otherwise misled clients and courts and collected at least approximately $250,000 in monies unlawfully and illegally and because they conspired to obtain monies under false pretenses and otherwise acted in a criminal manner.
18. The conduct of the Defendants is against public policy and because of their positions in society as attorneys whose duty is to uphold the law and act with scrupulous honesty and fidelity their firing Plaintiff for complaining about the conduct is actionable.”
The trial court dismissed the Complaint with prejudice pursuant to section 2 — 615, finding, inter alia, that the Complaint failed to support plaintiffs claims of illegality and the trial court’s previous ruling barred the professional responsibility claims. The court earlier held, in dismissing plaintiffs original complaint:
“The two situations in which Illinois courts have recognized retaliatory discharge are when an employee is terminated for making a worker’s compensation claim, or for reporting or refusing to engage in illegal conduct. [Citation.]
*** [W]e follow the Supreme Court in Jacobson[ v. Knepper & Moga, P.C.,185 Ill. 2d 372 (1998),] in declining to extend retaliatory discharge to apply to attorneys, who are already subject to the Rules of Professional Conduct. Even if we found that retaliatory discharge could be so extended, however, Plaintiff does not have a claim. As neither party alleges that Plaintiff filed a worker’s compensation claim, Plaintiff must establish that he objected to illegal activity on the part of the Defendants in order to be considered a whistle blower. However, no such illegal activity existed. The ARDC 1 found no violations of the Supreme Court Rides of Professional Conduct in Defendants’ conduct as alleged in Plaintiff s complaint, thus there is no illegal activity. As Plaintiff is not a whistle blower, and as we will not extend the tort of retaliatory discharge, Plaintiffs claim *** [is] dismissed for failure to state a claim.”
Plaintiff now appeals, contending the Complaint states a retaliatory discharge claim.
ANALYSIS
“When reviewing the dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a cause of action, all well-pleaded facts and inferences drawn therefrom are accepted as true.” Paskarnis v. Darien-Woodridge Fire Protection District,
“A reviewing court should interpret the facts alleged in the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. [Citation.] A complaint should not be dismissed unless it clearly appears that no set of facts could be proved under the pleadings which would entitle the pleader to relief. [Citation.] Pleadings are to be liberally construed with a view to doing substantial justice between the parties.” Id.
Nevertheless, “Illinois is a fact-pleading jurisdiction. [Citation.] While the plaintiff is not required to set forth evidence in the complaint [citation], the plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to bring a claim within a legally recognized cause of action [citation], not simply conclusions [citation].” Marshall v. Burger King Corp.,
An Illinois employer may generally fire an at-will employee for any or no reason. Jacobson v. Knepper & Moga, P.C.,
As for the Firm, “to state a valid retaliatory-discharge cause of action *** plaintiff must allege that he was discharged in retaliation for his activities and that his discharge violates a clear mandate of public policy.” Barr v. Kelso-Burnett Co.,
“While there is no precise definition of what constitutes clearly mandated public policy, a review of Illinois case law reveals that retaliatory discharge actions are allowed in two settings. The first situation is when an employee is discharged for filing, or in anticipation of the filing of, a claim under the Workers’ Compensation Act (820 ILCS 305/1 et seq. (West 1992)). [Citations.] The second situation is when an employee is discharged in retaliation for the reporting of illegal or improper conduct, otherwise known as ‘whistle blowing.’ ” Jacobson,185 Ill. 2d at 376 .
Case law also reveals that retaliatory discharge claims have been disallowed between licensed attorneys previously employed as such and their former firms. Id. at 378. Here, plaintiff, a nonattorney, maintains he was fired by the Firm for complaining about, and refusing to participate in, criminal conduct that violates the Rules of Professional Conduct (Rules), namely, the Firm’s alleged policy of
“using ‘invoices’ that made it appear Plaintiff was not an employee, *** not informing the clients that Plaintiff was a fulltime employee, *** charging the clients $40.00 per hour for the work performed without adequately informing the clients about the fact that Defendant [sic] was an employee, *** misleading clients and the courts about the expenses incurred and falsely characterizing overhead expenses and overcharging clients for the expenses actually incurred.”
We will address these in turn, beginning with the Firm’s rate for plaintiffs services.
While plaintiff maintains the Firm improperly charged its clients more than the actual cost of his investigation services, he does not dispute the clients signed agreements, one of which is attached as exhibit 1 to the Complaint, agreeing to pay investigation expenses “based on the cost and/or prevailing rates for such services in the Chi-cagoland area.” (Emphasis added.) Plaintiff does not maintain the Firm did not charge the prevailing rate for his services, that the rates were unreasonable, or that he did not perform the work billed. He argues instead that the investigation charges were improper because they are “overhead which an attorney cannot charge for in a contingency fee case.” This conclusory allegation fails on its face. Johnson v. Thomas,
“I agree to pay my attorneys a fee, pursuant to the Illinois Statute, for their services only if recovery is obtained and then based upon the following schedule:
RECOVERY
A. 331/s% of the gross amount recovered by settlement if a lawsuit is not filed.
B. 40% of the gross amount recoverable if a lawsuit is filed and/or a demand for arbitration/mediation is filed.
COSTS
In addition to the fee, client agrees to pay all expenses such as investigation, medical records, court costs, etc. incurred in the handling of said claim. Said expenses will be incurred at the discretion of KARLIN & FLEISHER, L.L.C. and will be charged based on the cost and/or prevailing rates for such services in the Chicago-land area.” (Emphasis added.)
This provision also belies plaintiffs claim that the Firm was required to inform its clients that its investigator was a salaried employee as opposed to a third party. Plaintiff has not cited any authority prohibiting such an agreement and does not address the fact that the Firm’s clients agreed to much of the conduct of which he complains. “The law and the public policy of Illinois permit and require that competent parties be free to contract with one another.” Liccardi v. Stolt Terminals, Inc.,
Plaintiff also maintains defendants actively misled their clients and the court by requiring him to create invoices for his services that disguised he was a firm employee. Such conduct, while distasteful, is not manifestly illegal. Plaintiff may nevertheless succeed on his retaliatory discharge claim by showing that the Firm’s termination of his employment for complaining about and refusing to participate in the Firm’s alleged misconduct “violates a clear mandate of public policy.” Barr,
As for the Rules, plaintiff alleges in a conclusory and unsupported fashion that defendants violated public policy by violating “the Rules of Professional Conduct which include [ ] but [are] not limited to the Preamble, Rule 1.4(b), Rule 8.4 and Rule 1.5.” This court has held, albeit in a different context, that “where attorney conduct is at issue, we look to the supreme court rules for expressions of public policy.” Richards v. SSM Health Care, Inc.,
“The tort of retaliatory discharge ‘seeks to achieve “a proper balance *** among the employer’s interest in operating a business efficiently and profitably, the employee’s interest in earning a livelihood, and society’s interest in seeing its public policies carried out.” ’ [Citation.] In the absence of a clearly mandated public policy, ‘the employer retains the right to fire workers at will.’ [Citations.] A broad, general statement of policy is inadequate to justify finding an exception to the general rule of at-will employment. Corbin v. Sinclair Marketing, Inc.,684 P.2d 265 , 267 (Colo. App. 1984) (collecting cases). Indeed: ‘Any effort to evaluate the public policy exception with generalized concepts of fairness and justice will result in an elimination of the at-will doctrine itself.’ Fitzgerald,613 N.W.2d at 283 .
Further, generalized expressions of public policy fail to provide essential notice to employers. The phrase ‘clearly mandated public policy’ implies that the policy will be recognizable simply because it is clear. ‘An employer should not be exposed to liability where a public policy standard is too general to provide any specific guidance or is so vague that it is subject to different interpretations.’ [Citations.]
Accordingly, an employee has a cause of action for wrongful discharge when the discharge is contrary to a clear mandate of public policy. However, unless an employee at will identifies a ‘specific’ expression of public policy, the employee may be discharged with or without cause. [Citation.] For example, insufficient allegations of public policy include ‘right to marry’ a coworker (McCluskey v. Clark Oil & Refining Corp.,147 Ill. App. 3d 822 , 825-26 (1986)); ‘product safety’ (Geary v. United States Steel Corp.,456 Pa. 171 , 183,319 A.2d 174 , 180 (1974)); ‘promoting quality health care’ (Hrehorovich v. Harbor Hospital Center, Inc.,93 Md. App. 772 , 796,614 A.2d 1021 , 1033 (1992)); and ‘the Hippocratic Oath’ (Pierce,84 N.J. at 76 ,417 A.2d at 514 ). Unless the employee identifies a clear mandate of public policy that is violated by the employee’s discharge, the complaint will not state a cause of action for retaliatory discharge.” Turner,233 Ill. 2d at 502-03 .
The Complaint here fails to state a cause of action. Although attorney honesty and fidelity are vital to the legal system and a matter in the public interest, we do not believe that a former law firm employee can be immune from the general rule of at-will employment merely by complaining to the Firm and its attorneys prior to being fired about deceitful but seemingly legal billing practices he no longer wishes to participate in. While we do not condone the Firm’s alleged misconduct here, we are not persuaded that plaintiffs allegation of “honesty and fidelity” in the legal system satisfies the supreme court’s “narrow definition of public policy” in retaliatory discharge cases. Id. at 507-08 (holding that, “[b]ased on the narrow scope of a retaliatory discharge action, the general concept of ‘patient safety,’ by itself, is simply inadequate to justify finding an exception to the general rule of at-will employment”). We affirm the dismissal of the Complaint.
CONCLUSION
The trial court properly dismissed the Complaint for failure to state a retaliatory discharge claim. Plaintiff has not pled an exception to the general rule of at-will employment.
Affirmed.