INTRODUCTION
R&S Investments (R&S) hоlds an easement on the property of Auto Auctions, Ltd., for the use of two sanitary sewer lagoons and all necessary piping and connections to the lagoons. After acquiring the property on which R&S’ easement lies, Auto Auctions relocated the easement by filling one of the original lagoons with dirt, constructing a new lagoon for use by both property owners, and providing R&S with the necessary connections to the new lagoon. R&S filed suit against Auto Auctions and Phil B. Durst, the president of Auto Auctions, in the district
court for Lancaster County, Nebraska, seeking a declaration of the parties’ rights with respect to the easement, restoration of the original lagoon to its condition prior to being filled with dirt, and an injunction enjoining the defendants from interfering with R&S’ use of the easement. George R. Day and Barbara D. Day, predecessors in interest to both R&S and Auto Auctions, were later named as third-party defendants. During trial,
BACKGROUND
R&S and Auto Auctions are the owners of certain adjacent tracts of real property located in Lancaster County. Both tracts were originally owned by the Days. The property was then partitioned by the Days and sold. The Days sold the tract currently owned by R&S (Lot 32) to Skelly Oil Company in 1966. R&S acquired title to Lot 32 in 1983. The Days sold the other tract (Lot 31) to Auto Auctions in 2001.
At the time оf their conveyance of Lot 32 to Skelly Oil, the Days executed an agreement granting an easement across Lot 31 to Skelly Oil “for a sanitary sewer lagoon and all necessary piping and connections thereto and [agreeing] to construct said lagoon for [Skelly Oil].” The agreement provided:
1. [The Days agree] to construct a sanitary sewer lagoon system on property owned by [the Days], said lagoon to be located no more than 500 feet from the south or east property lines of the parcel. . . conveyed to [Skelly Oil].
2. [The Days agree] that [Skelly Oil], its agents or employees, or any persons or entities under contract with it may enter onto said premises for the maintenance of said lagoon and for the purpose of constructing all portions thereof not agreed to be constructed by [the Days].
3. [Skelly Oil] agrees to provide its own piping from said lagoon to be constructed by [the Days] to the property line of [Skelly Oil].
4. [The Days agree] that said sanitary sewer lagoon to be constructed by [the Days] shall be constructed and built in accordance with the plans and specifications prepared and approved by [Skelly Oil] and presented to [the Days] for said purpose. [The Days agree] to begin said construction within ten (10) days after said plans and specifications are so presented by [Skelly Oil].
5. [The Days agree] to grant a permanent easement no less than 15 feet in width across [the Days’] property for the location, installation, maintenance and repair of the necessary pipes and fittings from [Skelly Oil’s] property ... to the location of said sanitary sewer lagoon, as well as an easement covering the property owned by [the Days] where said lagoon is located, authorizing [Skelly Oil’s] continued use of said property for the maintenance and operation of a sanitary sewer lagoon.
[6] The legal description of the property to be covered by said easements shall be prepared by [Skelly Oil] at its sole expense.
The lagoon, consisting of two separate cells, was constructed per thе agreement between the Days and Skelly Oil sometime in the late 1960’s and was in use by R&S at the time of Auto Auctions’ purchase of Lot 31.
In October 2001, counsel for the Days corresponded with R&S, indicating the pending purchase of Lot 31 by Auto Auctions and the Days’ intent to close the lagoon based upon alleged concerns of the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). The sale of Lot 31 to Auto Auctions took place in November 2001. A condition of the purchase agreement between the Days and Auto Auctions was that the Days were to relocate the lagoon
The south cell of the old lagoon was filled in with dirt in approximately March 2002. In April, a sewerline was installed running from the old lagoon to the new lagoon. During its construction, the new line was plugged and the sewage from Lot 32 continued to flow into the north cell of the old lagoon. Later in 2002, the plug was removed from the new sewerline, at which time the sanitary waste from Lot 32 began flowing to the new lagoon. Thе construction of the new lagoon and sewerline was completed at the expense of Auto Auctions. The new lagoon is located approximately 900 to 1,000 feet from the nearest corner of Lot 32.
R&S filed the present action against Auto Auctions and Durst on June 6, 2002. R&S alleged that the defendants, knowing that R&S had an easement expressly granted by deed, had interfered with R&S’ use of such easement by filling part of the old sanitary sewage lagoon with dirt, reducing the capacity of the lagoon, and hindering R&S from full enjoyment of the lagoon as originally constructed. R&S sought an order declaring its rights as owner of the dominant estate to an easement for use of, access to, and maintenance of the lagoon which existed at the time R&S acquired title to the dominant estate and declaring Auto Auctions’ land servient to R&S’ estate. R&S also sought an order requiring the defendants to restore the lagoon to its condition prior to the time the defendants began filling the lagoon with dirt. Additionally, R&S sought an order enjoining the defendants from interfering with R&S’ enjoyment of the easement for access to and use and maintenance of the old lagoon. R&S also asked for reimbursement of costs and such other relief as the court deemed just.
At some point prior to trial, the Days were named as third-party defendants in the case. The matter was bifurcated, and trial was held before the district court on December 9 and 10, 2003, with respect to the petition filed by R&S.
Evidence was presented at trial concerning the use and maintenance of the old lagoon and the construction and capacity of the new lagoon. Evidence was also presented concerning a meeting between Durst, the president of Auto Auctions, and a partner in R&S to discuss the old lagoon. The record shows that Durst proposed the construction of a new lagoon on Lot 31 for the disposal of waste from both Lots 31 and 32. The evidence is conflicting as to whether the partner in R&S “voiced no opposition or objection to this plan.” There is nothing in the record to suggest that the disposal of waste from Lot 32 was interrupted in any way by the construction of the new lagoon or that, as of thе time of trial, the new lagoon had proved in any way to be inadequate for the disposal of waste from either lot.
The district court heard testimony from Jeremy Williams, an employee of Design Associates, the firm employed by Auto Auctions to design and construct the new lagoon. Williams testified that typically a lagoon is designed for a maximum “life” of 20 years, after which time liquid would need to be pumped from the lagoon and the sludge disposed of before continued use. Williams testified that considerations in designing the new lagoon included the flow rate of water coming into the lagoon from the contributing source or sources, as well as rates of precipitation, seepage of water from the bottom of the lagoon, and evaporation. Williams testified that there are restrictions on the allowable rate of seepage because of the danger of ground
Williams testified that in the original calculations by Design Associates, a zero seepage rate was used because Design Associates did not receive clarification from the DEQ as to the particular seepage rate that the DEQ would require on the project. The original calculation also contemplated a waterflow rate into the new lagoon of 825 gallons per day and considered that the new lagoon would be used only by Auto Auctions. The rate of 825 gallons per day was derived from water bills for the previоus business facility located on Lot 31, using an average rate over approximately 6 months. The calculations also contemplated that the new facility on Lot 31 would double its business in the first 5 years and maintain that level of business for the remaining 15 years of the life of the new lagoon. The calculations resulted in a design calling for a new lagoon of over 26,000 square feet.
Williams testified that plans were resubmitted for the new lagoon in order to accommodate input of wastewater from both Lots 31 and 32. The new calculations assumed a seepage rate of one-sixteenth of an inch per day, halfway between the “two extremes that are allowed.” Design Associates contemplated waterflow from Lot 32 of 600 gallons per day, which figure was derived from a flowmeter installed on the well for Lot 32 over a period of about 2 to 3 months. Williams testified that due to the different seepage rate used, the new calculations encompassing wastewater input from both properties yielded a required lagoon size of approximately 23,000 square feet. Nonetheless, the new lagoon was constructed based on the dimensions originally calculated of over 26,000 square feet. Williams testified that the design of the new lagoon was specifically intended to meet all of the requirements for both properties and, as he understood it, had sufficient capacity to meet those requirements. Williams testified that because the size of the lagoon as constructed was greater than required by the new calculations, the new lagoon might have sufficient capacity to accommodate input of an additional 400 gallons of water per day from Lot 32, still assuming a seepage rate of one-sixteenth of an inch per day, but that the question of whether the new lagoon would accommodate such additional input from Lot 32 would be “fairly close.”
Curtis Christiansen, an employee of the DEQ, was involved in reviewing the plans for the new lagoon submitted by Design Associates and in investigating the condition of the old lagoon. Christiansen said that the DEQ had several concerns about the propеr construction and operation of the old lagoon, including whether it had “proper separation between ground water and the bottom of the lagoon.” Christiansen was asked to answer a hypothetical question concerning a two-cell lagoon, constructed approximately 40 years ago, with maintenance problems throughout its life; with weeds, trees, and other vegetation growing on the sides and bottom of the lagoon; and with one cell being unused for a substantial period of time. Christiansen testified that such a lagoon would likely no longer function properly under the rules and regulations of the DEQ.
The individual who laid the new pipeline to connect Lot 32 to the new lagoon was also involved in closing the old lagoon. He testified that before the south cell of the old lagoon was filled in, he ensured that the sewage from Lot 32 would divert to the north cell. He cleaned out the “channel” so water would flow into the north lagoon and used a skid loader to clean the weeds from the bottom of the north cell.
[C]hanges [Auto Auctions] made in relocating the lagoon were reasonable and done to permit normal use and development of its property. All expenses associated with relocating the lagoon and connecting [R&S] to it were born by [Auto Auctiоns] and . . . the relocation did not lessen the utility of the easement, increase [R&S’] burden’s [sic] with respect to its use and enjoyment or frustrate the purpose for which the easement was created.
[R&S] is not entitled to the relief it seeks. At most it is entitled to have the relocated easement set forth in a new conveyance from [Auto Auctions]. The document conveying the relocated easement should set forth the rights and responsibilities of the parties respecting the relocated easement consistent with the Restatement. In my judgement an easement as described by [Auto Auctions] in its Offer to Compromise would be appropriate and [Auto Auctions] is ordered to execute said easement.
Because I am ordering some relief I believe I need to enter judgement for [R&S]. It is customary to tax costs to the party against whom a judgement has been entered. In this case, however, I believe it appropriate that the costs of this action be taxed to [R&S]. This is a lawsuit that never had to be brought. The relief I am granting is no more than what [Auto Auctiоns] told [R&S] it proposed to do in August of 2001 and [that] to which [R&S], at the time, voiced no objection. Restoring the pre-existing lagoons to the same condition they were in just before they were relocated is, in all probability, an impossibility given current DEQ requirements. Even if that were not the case, [R&S’] insistence that [Auto Auctions] do so, when there is no evidence it had been harmed in any way by the relocation of the lagoon[,] was, in my judgement, completely unreasonable.
The court stated that any further relief requested by R&S from Auto Auctions or by Auto Auctions from R&S not specifically granted by the court’s order was denied. The cоurt gave Auto Auctions 30 days to file a motion to set the third-party petition for trial before the petition would be dismissed.
The district court entered an order on September 7, 2004, dismissing the third-party petition. R&S subsequently perfected its appeal to this court.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
R&S asserts, consolidated and restated, that the district court erred in (1) making certain findings of fact, (2) determining the proper remedy in this case, and (3) taxing costs to R&S.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
An action for declaratory judgment is sui generis; whether such action is to be treated as one at law or one in equity is to be determined by the nature of the dispute.
Smith v. City of Papillion,
An action for injunction sounds in equity.
Denny Wiekhorst Equip. v. Tri-State Outdoor Media,
ANALYSIS
Findings of Fact.
R&S asserts that the district court erred in making certain findings of fact. Specifically, R&S asserts that the court erred in finding that (1) the original lagoon was inadequate, (2) R&S voiced no opposition to Auto Auctions’ plans to construct a new lagoon, (3) R&S suffered no damage due to Auto Auctions’ actions, (4) Auto Auctions’ actions resulted in reasonable changes in the easement, and (5) restoration of the original lagoon was impossible. To the extent that the district court made these findings of fact based upon conflicting evidence, we give weight to the fact that the cоurt observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the facts over another. See Rauscher v. City of Lincoln, supra. In general, these findings are consistent with our own de novo review of the record, and we decline to disturb these factual findings on appeal.
Remedy.
R&S asserts that the district court erred in determining the proper remedy in this case. More specifically, R&S asserts that the court erred in finding that the proper remedy was the conveyance of a new easement rather than the injunctive relief requested.
R&S directs our attentiоn to the Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes § 8.3(1) at 492-93 (2000), which provides as follows:
A servitude may be enforced by any appropriate remedy or combination of remedies, which may include declaratory judgment, compensatory damages, punitive damages, nominal damages, injunctions, restitution, and imposition of liens. Factors that may be considered in determining the availability and appropriate choice of remedy include the nature and purpose of the servitude, the conduct of the parties, the fairness of the servitude and the transaction that created it, and the costs and benefits of enforcement to the parties, to third parties, and to the public.
The district court in this case found that R&S was entitled to have the relocated easement set forth in a new conveyance from Auto Auctions and ordered Auto Auctions to execute such a conveyance. In reaching this conclusion, the court found the approach and reasoning of the Supreme Court of Colorado in
Roaring Fork Club, L.P.
v.
St. Jude’s Co.,
The Restatement, supra, § 4.8(3) at 559, provides:
Unless expressly denied by the terms of an easement... the owner of the servient estate is entitled to make reasonable changes in the location or dimensions of an easement, at the servient owner’s expense, to permit normal use or development of the servient estate, but only if the changes do not
(a) significantly lessen the utility of the easement,
(b) increаse the burdens on the owner of the easement in its use and enjoyment, or
(c) frustrate the purpose for which the easement was created.
A comment to this section further discusses the servient owner’s right to change the location or dimensions of an easement and provides in relevant part:
This rule applies unless expressly negated by the easement instrument. If the purchaser of an easement wishes to retain control over any change in location, the instrument should be drafted to accomplish that result.
This rule is dеsigned to permit development of the servient estate to the extent it can be accomplished without unduly interfering with the legitimate interests of the easement holder. It complements the rule that the easement holder may increase use of the easement to permit normal development of the dominant estate, if the increase does not unduly burden the servient estate. [Citation omitted.] This rule is not reciprocal. It permits unilateral relocation only by the owner of the servient estate; it does not entitlе the owner of the easement to relocate the easement. The reasons for the rule are that it will increase overall utility because it will increase the value of the servient estate without diminishing the value of the dominant estate and it will encourage the use of easements and lower their price by decreasing the risk the easements will unduly restrict future development of the servient estate. In addition, permitting the servient owner to change the location under the enumerated circumstances providеs a fair trade-off for the vulnerability of the servient estate to increased use of the easement to accommodate changes in technology and development of the dominant estate.
Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes § 4.8 comment f, at 563 (2000).
Nebraska case law provides that the owner of a servient estate and the owner of a dominant estate enjoy correlative rights
to use the subject property, and the owners must have due regard for each other and should exercise that degreе of care and use which a just consideration for the rights of the other demands.
Kovanda v. Vavra,
The rule set forth in § 4.8 of the Restatement,
supra,
is not inconsistent with these principles of Nebraska law. An injunction is an extraordinary remedy and ordinarily should not be granted except in a clear case where there is actual and substantial injury.
Lambert
v.
Holmberg,
The easement in the present case was conveyed to Skelly Oil by the Days in 1966. The conveyance document provides that thе easement was for a sanitary sewer lagoon and all necessary piping and connections thereto. Although the conveyance provides that the Days were to construct a lagoon on their property “to be located no more than 500 feet from the south or east property lines of the parcel,” the right to move the location of the easement is not expressly denied by the terms of the document. There is nothing in the conveyance document specifying that the grantee, Skelly Oil, wished to rеtain control over any change in location of the easement. We agree with the district court’s assessment that the changes Auto Auctions made in relocating the lagoon were reasonable, especially given the environmental concerns. The record shows that the changes were made at Auto Auctions’ expense and were done in the interest of normal development of the servient estate. There is nothing in the record to show that the changes significantly lessen the utility of the easement, increase the burdens on R&S in its use and enjoyment of the easement, or frustrate the purpose for which the easement was created. See Restatement, supra, § 4.8(3). The original easement was granted in order to provide R&S’ predecessor the use and enjoyment of a sanitary sewer lagoon and all the necessary piping and connections thereto located on what is now Auto Auctions’ property. The remedy fashioned by the district court ensures that R&S still has an easement for the use and enjoyment of a sanitary sewer lagoon on Auto Auctions’ property with all the necessary connections. While the new lagoon is farther away from R&S’ property than the old lagoon, R&S has not shown that the new lagoon is inadequate to meet its needs. The record also shows that continued viability of the old lagoon was in question. We conclude that the district court did not err in ordering the conveyance of a relocated easement or in failing to grant the relief requested by R&S.
Taxation of Costs.
R&S asserts that the district court erred in taxing costs of the action to R&S. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1708 (Reissue 1995) provides that “[w]here it is not otherwise provided by this and other statutes, costs shall be allowed of course to the plaintiff, upon a judgment in his favor, in actions for the recovery of money only, or for the recovery of specific real or personal property.” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1711 (Reissue 1995) provides, in relevant part,
CONCLUSION
We decline to disturb the factual findings of the district court. The district court did not err in ordering the conveyance of a relocated easement or in failing to grant the relief requested by R&S. The district court did not abuse its discretion in taxing costs to R&S.
Affirmed.