[11] Aрpellants, R.C.R., Inc., and Jon R. Gray (hereafter Gray), assert that the district court erred: (1) In finding that the Appellees, Robert and Annabelle Deline (De-lines), were not violating the terms of a 1979 easement they had across Gray's lands; (2) in concluding that an Affidavit Affecting Title filed by Gray in the Carbon County Clerk's Office was void and had no affect on the Delines' property interests; and (8) in enjoining Gray from posting signs along the disputed easement to the effect that the Delines' use of the easement was very limited, as well as enjoining Gray from frustrating the De-lines' use of the easement by the locking of easement gates. We will affirm.
ISSUES
[12] Gray states these issues:
A. Whether principles against splitting causes of action, of judicial estoppel, of collateral estoppel and of res judicata, as applied to the facts contained in the pleadings, evidence, findings, conclusions and rulings in the easement litigation and the private road litigation,] bar the Delines' claims?
B. Whether the district court erroneously applied Lozier v. Blattland Investments, LLC,2004 WY 132 ,100 P.3d 380 (Wyo.2004), without regard to the factual differences in that the Delines do not own the Rainbow Canyon Fishing Club property and no common source of title for the lands at issue, or the applicable rules against splitting causes of action, of judicial estoppel, of collateral estoppel and of res judicata?
C. Whether controlling legal principles prohibit the unilateral expansion of the size of the dominant estate to be served by the 1979 Hill easement? [Emphasis in original.]
The Delines did not do a formal statement of the issues, but we glean this from the summary of their arguments:
A. The claims of the [Delines] are not barred by res judicata or collateral estop-pel because no issue of interpretation of the 1979 easement was raised until after RCR I and RCR II were litigated.
B. The trial court properly interpreted the 1979 easement to give effect to the intent of the parties according to the principles of easement interpretation found in Lozier v. Blattland Investments.
C. The Delines and their predecessors in title have not used the Hill easement to serve other "non-dominant" properties, but rather have only enjoyed their right as owners of Lot 5 to usе the lands of Rainbow Canyon, Inc., for recreational purposes.
1. The Delines have not added to the dominant estate because they do not own the adjacent parcels that are allegedly being added.
2. RCR's interpretation of the 1979 easement is overly formalistic because the Delines own an independent private road easement over the RCR property to access Lot 3.
3. RCR's interpretation of the 1979 easement increases the burden on the ser-vient estate and the Delines' interpretation decreases the burden.
4. Gray and RCR should be estopped from arguing the dominant estate has been expanded because of their knowledge that Hill was using the estate to fish in the Encampment River.
5. The trial court's ruling best gives effect to the intent of the parties concerning the reasonable use of the dominant estate.
In his reply brief, Gray perceives the Delines to have raised these additional issues:
A. Despite the trial court in the easement litigation having rejected any access rights for the fishing club or its members based on prescriptivе use for failure to overcome the presumption of permissive use, Hill's prior ownership of Rainbow Canyon stock conferred access rights on the Delines upon purchase of the Hill lot to the De-lines' riverside lot, the 118-acre fishing club and the 40% addition to the Hill lot. B. [The Delines'] suggested application of Lozier v. Blattland Investments, LLC, 100 P.3d 380 (Wyo.2004) will require each and every owner of a servient estate to litigate each easement to determine what properties constitute the dominant estate.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
[13] This case has become quite complicated because of its long history, because of the many parties involved in it and the historical roles played by those parties' predecessors in interest and successors in interest, and because of the two prior trips it has had to this Court in order to settle other aspects of this bitterly disputed case (not to mention other pending cases and issues). At the outset, it is useful to know that Rainbow Valley, Inc., is a Fishing Club and the De-lines are members of that Club. The Club is a corporation and each member of the Club held stock in it. However, the Fishing Club itself has not been a party in most of this litigation. In addition to the Delines, there were three other members when the Club was founded. However, as is revealed more fully below, one of those members (Mr. Hill) lost his interest in the Club in an unrelated legal proceeding. That interest was acquired by Gray, albeit indirectly. See Hill v. Value Recovery Group, L.P.,
[T4] In the case R.C.R., Inc. v. Rainbow Canyon, Inc.,
In 1959, Rainbow Canyon, Inc. (Rainbow Canyon) purchased land adjacent to the Encampment River in Carbon County, Wyoming. Rainbow Canyon was incorporated by George B. Kelley, Stephen G. Burg, Edwin F. Deline, and Walter W. Deline as a fishing club, and each held one share in the corporation. Each shareholder also received a one-half acre lot on the Rainbow Canyon property. The individual plaintiffs in this case are the successors in interest to the original Rainbow Canyon shareholders. (*).
The property was originally аccessed by a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) road, which required fording the Encampment River from the west to the east side of the river. In 1960, Walter Deline asked Kermit Platt, who owned land adjoining the Rainbow Canyon property to the south, about purchasing a parcel of his land on the east side of the river so the property could be accessed from the county road. Mr. Platt did not wish to sell; however, he agreed to an access road across his land and suggested a contractor to blade a road through the sagebrush. No other individual directly sought permission to cross Mr. Platt's property at that time, but each of the original owners, and their successors in interest, used the road.
In 1969, the Hills [James C. Hill and his wife] purchased an interest in Rainbow Canyon. Around 1976, they decided to build a home. The bank, which financed a portion of the Hills' construction costs, required a valid, recorded access easement to the Hills' property. On February 20, 1979, in a document entitled "Easements," Mr. and Mrs. Platt granted the Hills an easement for ingress and egress from the county road to the Hills' property across the Platts' property. The document was properly executed and recorded.
The document provides, in pertinent part:
FOR AND IN CONSIDERATION OF THE SUM OF Ten Dollars ($10.00) and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, Kermit C. Platt and Barbara P. Platt, husband and wife, hereinafter called the Grantor (whether one or more), hereby grants unto James C. Hilland Sandra L. Hill, husband and wife, P.O. Box 6, Encampment, Wyoming, their heirs and assigns, hereinafter called Grantee (whether one or more),
* * * a perpetual right of way and easement to maintain, inspect, operate and travel upon an access road from the existing county road to the Grantees' tract of land situate in the SE 1/48E 1/4 of Section 9, Township 15 North, Range 83 West of the 6th P. M., over, across and upon the lands owned by the Grant- or in the E 1/2 of Section 16, Township 15 North, Range 83 West of the 6th P. M., together with the right of ingress and egress to and from said land for any and all purposes necessary and incident to the exercise by the Grantee of the rights granted by this easement and right of way.
Grantor shall have the right to use and enjoy the above described premises and the Grantee shall nоt interfere with the Grantors' use and occupancy of said land and shall not build, create or permit any obstructions or excavations or ditches which would interfere with the safety or grazing of livestock; provided, however, Grantor shall not exercise such use and enjoyment in a manner that will impair or interfere with the exercise by Grantee of any of the rights herein granted.
The terms, conditions and provisions of this agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto, their heirs, executors, administrators, successors, assigns and legal representatives. - All - rights - herein granted may be released or assigned in whole or in part.
In 1990, Jon R: and Martha K. Gray purchased the northern 90 acres of the Platt's property, and, in 1992, they acquired the remaining 280 acres of the parcel. The warranty deeds included language indicating that the deeds were subject to all easements, reservations, restrictions, and rights-of-way of record or apparent on the grounds. The recorded Hill easement was thus excepted from the deeds, and the title insurance policy also exсepted the Hill easement. Title to the entire parcel was eventually transferred to R.C.R., Inc., a corporation owned by the Grays. R.C.R., Inc. subsequently sold the southern 280 acres to Alex J. Horst.
In 1993, Mr. Gray wrote the Rainbow Canyon shareholders a letter, proposing to give them a written easement for either: 1) a conveyance of some Rainbow Canyon land to him and cross-fishing rights, or 2) an equal share of ownership in Rainbow Canyon, Inc. and certain amendments to its bylaws. On June 11, 1994, R.C.R., Inc. and Mr. Horst granted Rainbow Canyon an easement across a portion of the Gray and Horst lands. That easement did not follow the route of the existing access road and, by its own terms, bas now expired. In the fall of 1994, Mr. Gray sent the shareholders an invoice for trespassing fees in the amount of $4,800 for six months.
Rainbow Canyon, Inc. and its shareholders brought a quiet title action, alleging, under various theories, their rights to access across the property owned by the defendants, RC.R., Inc. and Mr. Horst. The defendants counterclaimed, also seeking to have their title quieted. The trial court granted a partial summary judgment, concluding that the Hills have a valid, appurtenant easement across the defendants' property, but leaving for trial the issue of the precise location of the easement. A two and one-half day bench trial was held June 5 through June 7, 1996. On January 17, 1997, the trial court entered its Judgment, quieting title in R.C.R., Inc. and Mr. Horst, subject to the Hill easement. The court reiterated its previous ruling that the Hill easement is valid, and set the exact location of the easement. The court determined that the other plaintiffs took nothing in the action; they have not appealed.
On January 31, 1997, R.C.R., Inc. and Mr. Horst filed a Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment pursuant to W.R.C.P. 59(e). They noted that the trial exhibit attached to the court's judgment and delineating the fixed location of the Hill easement as "the purple road" (Exhibit 83) was
On February 26, 1997, the Hills filed their Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment based on a clerical mistake in the judgment, pursuant to W.R.C.P. 60(a). The Hills pointed out that Exhibit 83 did not depict the southern part of Mr. Horst's property or the county road, and thus the Judgment did not locate the entire Hill easement which, by its terms, provides aceess from the county road to the Hill property. The Hills offered a substitute map, Exhibit A, which included the county road and all of Mr. Horst's property.
The court held a hearing on the parties' motions to alter or amend. As of May 30, 1997, no decision had been rendered on the outstanding motions, and R.C.R., Inc. and Mr. Horst filed a Notice of Appeal from the Judgment, which was docketed in this court as No. 97-225.
On June 4, 1997, the trial court entered its Amended Judgment, granting the Hills motion, and granting the R.C.R., Inc/ Horst motion in part. Specifically, the judgment was altered to substitute Exhibit A as the attachment which shows the location of the Hill easement. 'The court delineated the easement with Xs, and clarified that the easement accessed only the Hills' lot. Finally, the court ordered the parties to share the cost of a metes and bounds survey of the fixed location of the Hill easement. On June 30, 1997, R.C.R., Inc. and Mr. Horst filed a Notice of Appeal from the Amended Judgment, which was docketed in this court as No. 97-226.
Docket Nos. 97-225 and 97-226 were consolidated on appeal. We subsequently granted Mr. Horst's motion to dismiss him as an appellant.
(FN1.) The Kirk Company acquired Mr. Kelley's interest; the Palmers acquired Mr. Burg's interest; Robert and Annabelle Deline acquired Edwin Deline's interest; and the Hills acquired Walter Deline's interest.
[Other footnotes omitted.]
[T5]' We went on to approve, as well, the district court's amendment of its original judgment, which dealt with what we will hereafter call the "Hill Easement:"
Location of Hill Easement
Having determined that the Hill easement is a valid, appurtenant easement, we turn to the matter of its location. 'The trial court, applying the principles set out in Edgcomb v. Lower Valley Power and Light, Inc.,922 P.2d 850 (Wyo.1996), determined that the easement was a floating easement which had been located by historic use. R.C.R., Inc. contends the Hillg easement is a permanently floating servitude and, therefore, thе court erred when it fixed the location of the easement. Their position is that Edgcomb is factually different from, and should not control the outcome of, the case at bar. In the alternative, R.C.R., Inc. argues that the ser-vient estate should be allowed to fix the permanent location in the first instance.
The "Easements" document does not specify the location of the easement. An express easement which does not state the . location of the easement is called a floating easement. Edgcomb,922 P.2d at 855 ; Bruce & Ely, supra, 17.022]. Floating easements, because they are not limited to any specific area on the servient tenement, burden the entire servient estate. Bruce & Ely, supra, 17.023]. Although R.CR., Inc. uses the term "permanently floating servitude," they do not argue that the Hill easement should remain indefinite and unfixed in its location. Their argument is that the "Easements" document reserves a right in the servient estate to locate and relocate the easement periodically.
In support of. its position, R.C.R., Inc. directs our attention to the following language in the granting instrument:
Grantor shall hаve the right to use and enjoy the above described premisesand the Grantee shall not interfere with the Grantors' use and occupancy of said land and shall not build, create or permit any obstructions or excavations or ditches which would interfere with the safety or grazing of livestock{[.]
They believe that the above language, along with the use of the term "an" access road as opposed to "the" access road, demonstrates the parties' intent that the easement not be permanently located but, instead, subject to periodic relocation by the servient estate. While the above language limits the Hills' use of the easement so as not to interfere with the Grantors use and occupancy, we do not find that language susceptible to the broad interpretation assigned by RCR, Inc. The instrument does not reserve to the servient estate either the right to locate the easement in the first instance, or the right to unilaterally relocate the easement.
Onee a court concludes that the location or the dimensions of an easement are not adequately described in the instrument, it generally examines the surrounding circumstances to determine the intent of the parties. Edgcomb,
The trial court, relying on this court's decision in Edgcomb, determined that the location of the Hill easement was fixed by historic use. Edgecomb involved a floating easement for a power transmission line. Applying the principles set out in the preceding paragraph, this court held that the parties' intent, evidenced by the granting instrument, was that the easement would become definitely located onee the line was constructed.
R.C.R., Inc. believes the case at bar is distinguishable from Edgcomb because multiple routes have been used over the years to access the Rainbow Canyon property. However, at the time the Hill easement was granted in 1979, only one road traversed the Platt property, the road that was constructed around 1960 to provide Mr. Deline access to his land in Rainbow Canyon. That road was referred to as the "orange road" throughout the proceedings. When Mr. Platt was asked, during his deposition, whether he gave Mr. Hill permission to use a particular road in the written easement, he responded, "There was no particular road, because there was only one road." Mr. Platt's testimony is strong evidence that the parties intended the easement to be located on the one and only access road in existence at the time the easement was granted-the orange road.
R.C.R., Inc. argues that the servient estate should designate the location of the easement in the first instance. A number of courts hold, where the location of an easement has not been defined, that the servient estate should designate the location of the easement in the first instance. 4 Richard R. Powell & Patrick J. Rohan, Powell on Real Property § 34.12]2] n. 19 and cases cited therein; Bruce & Ely, supra, 17.02]2][al. However, as discussed above, the intent of the parties in this case is that the easement was defined by the access road in existence at the time the easement was created. In any event, Mr. Platt, the Grantor and original servient estate holder, was involved in the construction of the original access road.
The fact that the permanent location designated by the court, the purple road, deviated slightly from the original route, is inconsequential considering that both parties were in agreement with the move. "An easеment holder and the servient estate owner may relocate the easement by mutual consent." Ericsson v. Braukman,
fully supports the court's decision. Mr. Hill testified that he was not notified about the relocation beforеhand, and the new road required him to enter the Rainbow Canyon property through his back yard instead of through his front entrance, which had been specially designed and landscaped.
We hold that the trial court properly applied the law to the facts of this case to determine the location of the Hill easement." The Judgment entered by the trial court is affirmed except to the extent it was amended as described in the following section. :
RCR, Inc.,
[16] Over the years prior to Gray's acquisition of his lands, all Fishing Club members had access to the Fishing Club lands across the lands owned by Gray's predecessors in interest. However, Gray would not allow such access, and in RCR I the district court found that the Fishing Club members had no "right" (by prescriptive easement or otherwise) to cross Gray's lands. Thus, the Fishing Club members sought a private road. In R.C.R., Inc. v. Deline,
[17] Because of financial and other problems, eventually Hill found it necessary to sell his home and the lot it was on. The Delines purchased it. Of course, Deline also acquired the Hill Easement across Gray's lands with that purchase. The neсessity for Hill's sale was brought about by an involuntary bankruptey proceeding initiated by a company controlled by Gray. Gray acquired Hill's stock in the Fishing Club from his bankruptey estate. Gray has used his position as a stockholder in a manner that the other stockholders objected to, and that matter is now before this Court in GOB, L.L.C. v. Rainbow Canyon, Inc., et al., Case No. S-08-0035.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[T8] "Final orders and judgments entered in declaratory judgment proceedings may be reviewed as in other civil actions." Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-37-109 (LexisNexis 2007). "When a declaratory judgment proceeding involves the determination of an issue of fact, the issue may be tried and determined as in other civil actions." Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-87-111 (LexisNexis 2007):
Following a bench trial, this Court reviews a district court's decision using a clearly erroneous standard for factual findings, but a de novo standard for conclusions of law. Belden v. Thorkildsen,2007 WY 68 , ¶ 11,156 P.3d 320 , 323 (Wyo.2007). The issue in this case presents a question of law, so we do not defer to the district court's conclusion, and uphold it only if it is correct. Eklund v. Farmers Ins. Exch.,2004 WY 24 , ¶ 10,86 P.3d 259 , 262 (Wyo.2004).
Pinther v. Ditzel,
DISCUSSION
[19] As we begin this phase of our resоlution of this appeal, we summarize that the Delines had access to the Fishing Club land via the private road obtained by the members of that Club. They also had access to the property formerly owned by Hill via the easement obtained by Hill from Gray's predecessors in interest. The instant disputes arose, inter alia, because of an "Affidavit Affecting Title" that Gray caused to be recorded on July 13, 2004, in the Carbon County Clerk's Office. That document provided:
Jon R. Gray, of lawful age and being duly sworn and says that:
1. He is the President of R.C.R., Inc., a Wyoming corporation, with mail address at P.O. Box 747, Saratoga, Wyoming, 82331, and makes this AFFIDAVIT of his own personal knowledge.
2. R.C.R., Inc. is the owner of certain lands lying and being in Carbon County, Wyoming, described in Exhibit A, attached hereto.
8. Robert E. Deline and Annabelle De-line, husband and wife, (The Delines) are the owners of a residence lying and being on certain lands in Carbon County, Wyoming described in Exhibit B, attached hereto.
4. Access to the land in Exhibit B is over the lands in Exhibit A, by virtue of an EASEMENT, recorded in Book 694, Page 286, in the records of the Carbon County Clerk, confirmed by the Supreme Court of Wyoming.
5. The land described in Exhibit B is a lot 150 feet by 150 feet and the EASEMENT is appurtenant to and fоr the benefit only to this land and no other, and any attempt to use the EASEMENT to access other lands is a legal violation of the specific terms of the EASEMENT.
6. R.C.R., Inc. demands strict compliance with the terms of the EASEMENT and the Order of the Court.
7. The easement granted to The De-lines, Gary L. and Naney J. Palmer and Kirk Company, Applicants for a private road, and William Irvin, Kirk Company's successor in titled [sic], by virtue of the private road action before the Commission ers of Carbon County, by Order attached hereto as Exhibit C, does not allow access to the lands described in Exhibit B or any other lands except the "Benefited Lands" set forth in the Order.
[T 10] The Delines were interested in marketing the "Hill House." Gray believed that the Delines were exaggerating the extent of the easement across his lands to the Hill House. Therefore, he began locking gates and placed a sign on the easement to the Hill House that read:
NOTICE
BY COURT ORDER, THIS ROAD IS A 30 FEET EASEMENT RECORDED IN THE RECORDS OF THE CLERK'S OFFICE OF CARBON COUNTY, BOOK 694, PAGE 236. IT IS ONLY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE LAND DESCRIBED.
THE LAND IS A LOT 150 FEET X 150 FEET. WHITE FENCE POST ON THE LAND LOT LINES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE RED GATE INDICATES THE EAST AND WEST LOT LINES.
ANY ACCESS BY ANY MEANS BEYOND THESE LINES AND BEYOND 150 FEET TO THE BACK IS A TRESPASS. A VIOLATION MAY RESULT IN LEGAL ACTION OR THE GATE MAY BE LOCKED. IF QUESTIONS, CONSULT WITH YOUR ATTORNEY. STRICTLY ENFORCED.
[1T 11] It is Gray's position that the Delines could only use the Hill Easement to get to the Hill House, as well as the 150-foot square lot, i.e., 22,500 square feet, on which it was constructed. Gray contended that the Delines could not go off that lot to cross over lands owned by the Fishing Club, even though the House was entirely surrounded by Fishing Club lands. Indeed, there were "informal" roads within the boundaries of the Fishing Club that could be used to traverse those lands so as to reach the homes of other Club members and to reach the river for fishing and other recreational activities. Moreover, as one exited the Hill House, the Hill Easement crossed the private road that was available to the Delines and other Club members. It was Gray's position that the Delines could not use the easement and make a right turn off the easement in order to use the private road to go to the riverside properties and the fishing areas.
[112] For these reasons, the Delines filed a complaint for declaratory relief and for injunctive relief. The relief requested was that the district court declare that the De-lines could leave the boundaries of the 150-foot square Hill House lot so as to enjoy the Fishing Club lands and, furthermore, that they could use the Hill Easement and make a right turn onto the private road. In addition, they asked that the district сourt declare the affidavit set out above to be null and void and of no effect whatsoever. Finally, they asked the district court to enjoin Gray from improperly locking gates and from posting signs that served to cast doubt upon, or to otherwise defame, their title to the Hill Easement or the Hill House. As we noted in our introduction, the district court essentially granted the Delines all the relief they sought in their complaint.
[118] The district court conducted two days of hearings on August 14 and 15, 2005. One day of hearing was devoted to the pre
A dispute has arisen over the scope of the Delines' use of the 1979 Easement. At the time the Hill house was constructed in the late 1970's, certain improvements appurtenant to the house encroached beyond the boundaries of Lot 5 on the east and north onto the lands of Rainbow Canyon. Subsequently, after complaints were made by Gray, Rainbow Canyon granted an easement allowing use of Rainbow Canyon property for driveway access to the north side of the Hills property, for a septic system serving the Hill property, and for a propane tank. Exhibit 19. Gray asserts that these appurtenances to Lot 5 constitute a trespass, by means of an unsautho-rized expansion of the dominant estate as defined in the 1979 Easement.
[The Delines] seek a declaratory judgment that historical use of Lot 5 by Mr. and Mrs. Hill and now by Mr. and Mrs. Deline do not violate the terms of the 1979 Easement. Specifically they seek a declaratory judgment that they have the right to proceed from their property to the other lot that they own along the Encampment River (Lot 8), as well as to use all of the lands of Rainbow Canyon for recreational purposes. Specifically, they also request a declaratory judgment that proceeding to Lot 3 along the course of their Private Road, after having accessed Lot 5 by use of the 1979 Easement, does not constitute a trespass on RCR's property or an abuse of their rights under the 1979 Easement. They further sеek a declaratory judgment that an affidavit recorded by Gray on behalf of RCR in the real property records [of] Carbon County, Exhibit 6, does not affect title to their property.... Finally, Mr. and Mrs. Deline seek a permanent injunction barring Mr. Gray and RCR from placing signs on fences and gates on or near the easement which declare that the Delines or imply that the Delines are in violation of the terms of the easement and threatening to close the easement.
RCR and Gray deny that the Delines are entitled to a declaratory judgment and argue that: (1) any travel by the Delines past the boundary of Lot 5 constitutes a trespass on the RCR property and a violation of the Hill easement, as this would constitute use of the easement for another dominant estate not identified in the Hill easement; (2) that the encroachments on Rainbow Canyon land by the Delines as owners of Lot 5, consisting now of periodic use of a rough driveway around to the north side of the house on Lot 5 and use of the septic field on Rainbow Canyon property constitutes a violation of the Hill easement for the same reason; and (8) that any method of transportation by the Delines from the house on Lot 5 to their trailer on Lot 3, by means of the private road to Lot 3 or otherwise, constitutes a similar trespass and violation of the Hill easement.
The Court begins with the basic principles of the law of easements and interpretation. When construing an easement, we seek to determine the intent of the parties to the easement. "To determine the intent of the parties, the context in which the easement was drafted must be considered." - Lozier v. Blattland Investments, LLC,100 P.3d 380 , 383-84 (Wyo.2004). "Words are given the plain meaning and effect that reasonable persons would give them at the time and place of their use." Id.
Consistent with the holding of the Court in the Lozier case, this Court admitted extrinsic evidence at trial with regard to the context in which the Hill easement was drafted in 1979.
As one authority states,
The intention of the parties to an expressly created servitude [i.e., easement] is ascertained from the servitude's language interpreted in light of all the circumstances. Relevant circumstances include the locatiоn and character of the properties burdened and benefited by the servitude, the use made of the properties before and after creation of the servitude, the character of the surrounding area, the existence and contours of any general plan of development for the area, and the consideration paid for the servitude.
Restatement (THIRD) PropPERTY (SERVI TUDES), § 4.1, comment c (2000). The evidence here establishes that the 1979 casement was created in order to document an existing, historical right of access. Mr. Hill acquired his Lot 5 as a privilege of membership in the Rainbow Canyon fishing club. As he testified, his only reason for building a home on Lot 5 was to enjoy the privileges of membership in Rainbow Canyon, and specifically to fish in Eneampment River. His recreational activities were well known to Kermit Platt. They were friends and frequently fished together. The Court finds that Mr. Hill had historically accessed Lot 5 through the lands of RCR's predecessor, and that Mr. Hill went from the confines of his lot to use the lands of Rainbow Canyon and the adjoining lands of Rainbow Canyon for fishing and other recreational purposes with the full knowledge and approval of Mr. and Mrs. Platt.
The Court finds that Mr. Gray was also familiar with this use of the 1979 Easement to access Lot 5, and was familiar with the use of the Rainbow Canyon lands by Mr. Hill for recreational purposes. The Court finds that Mr. Gray made no objection to Mr. Hill's recreational activities until disputes arose in the late 1990's regarding the location of the access road for the 1979 Easement and use of the access road by other members of Rainbow Canyon.
In short, the context in which the Hill easement was drafted in 1979 was that of a simple agreement to document an existing way of necessity. There is no evidence to show that the parties intended that Mr. Hill and his family not be allowed to go beyond the 150 foot square confines of Lot 5, and there is no evidence to suggest that anyone intended that Mr. Hill not be able to fish on the lands of Rainbow Canyon while residing at this house. One cannot read such a limitation from the plain language of the easement.
Further, interpreting the easement to allow the owner of the dominant estate to use other property rights appurtenant to ownership of the land, such as a license to go fishing on Rainbow Canyon land and the easement for certain physical encroachments convenient to the use of the house on Lot 5, is not inconsistent with the express terms of the 1979 Easement. The Court finds that Mr. Platt and Mr. Hill and their spouses did not intend to limit the historically unrestricted use of the casement, and did not intend to limit the Hills use of Lot 5 to enjoy the fishing on adjoining lands. To suggest that Platt and Hill intended that Hill could legally access his property, but that he could not go fishing, is simply unreasonable under the cireum-stances of this case. Mr. Hill clearly intended to use his property, the dominant estate, to its full extent. To paraphrase the opinion of the Court in Lozier, the Court has been shown no reason, and can imagine none, why either Hill or Platt would have intended to prevent [Hill] from using his land as a base from which he could go fishing along the lands of the fishing club of which he was a member.100 P.3d at 380, 385 .
Gray and RCR argue that the beneficiary of an appurtenant easement is not entitled to use the servient estate (RCR's property) for the benefit of property other than the dominant estate, i.e., Lot 5. While this accurately states an accepted rule of the common law of easements, this rule does not support Gray's position here. The Delines do not wish to use the servient estate to benefit the lands of Rainbow Canyon. He does not argue that members of Rainbow Canyon at large can use the 1979 Easement, nor that the owners of Lots 1, 2 and 3 can use the 1979 Easement. No additional dominant estate is served by the 1979 Easement, nor is such proposed by [the Delines]. Rather, the Delines, as did the Hills before, simply use the lands of Rainbow Canyon, Inc., to increase their enjoyment of the dominant estate, Lot 5. The Court finds that no additional dominant estate is being attached to the Hill easement by virtue of the Delines' use of other easements or licenses appurtenant to their land or their membership in Rainbow Canyon, Inc.
The rule against using an easement for the benefit of property other than the dominant estate "reflects the likely intent of the parties by setting an outer limit of the potential increase in use of an easеment brought about by normal development of the dominant estate...." ReSTATEMENT, section 4.11, comment b. Applying this rule of law to prevent the Delines from traveling beyond the strict confines of Lot 5 to use the lands of Rainbow Canyon, Inc., would not serve the purpose of the rule. The Court finds that the Delines do not increase any use of the roads across RCR property when [the Delines] go fishing, travel to the homes of other Rainbow Canyon members, or engage in other recreational activities from their home. Indeed, if Mr. and Mrs. Deline decide to walk from their house on Lot 5 to their Lot 3, river [lot], taking a direct course across the land of Rainbow Canyon, rather than by driving along the course of the private road over RCR's property, they impose a lesser burden on the servient estate, not more.
The Court also finds that [the Delines] have an unlimited right of use of the private road easement to access Lot 3. Nothing in the private road decree limits the Delines{'] use of this road, or provides that this road cannot be used in combination with other access rights. It is the nature of a private road easement created pursuant to statute that its right of access is unrestricted.
Finally, the Court finds that the claims of [the Delines] are not barred by res judicata or collateral estoppel. No issue regarding the use of lands other than Lot 5 as a violation of the scope of the 1979 Easement was raised or considered in RCR I. See Bard Ranch Company v. Weber,557 P.2d 722 , 726-27 (Wyo.1976) ("former judgment not dispositive of any claim that might have been brought into the litigation but was not.").
Are the Delines' Claims Barred by:
(1) Splitting Causes of Action
[114] Gray contends that if the Delines wanted to litigate the issues resolved in this case, then they had to have raised those issues in RCR I, because the rule against splitting causes of action prohibits them from now pursuing any matters related to the Hill Easement. We agree that Wyoming has recognized the rule against splitting causes of action. Foianini v. Brinton,
(2) Judicial Estoppel
[115] Judicial estoppel is applied to foreclose a party from maintaining inconsistent positions in judicial proceedings. The doctrine is applied sparingly and not in a
is sometimes referred to as a doctrine which estops a party to play fast and loose with the courts or to trifle with judicial proceedings. It is an expression of the maxim that one cannot blow hot and cold in the same breath. A party will just not be allowed to maintain inconsistent positions in judicial proceedings....
Allen v. Allen,550 P.2d 1187 , 1142 (Wyo.1976). Judicial estoppel requires that "where a man is successful in the position taken in the first proceeding, then that position rises to the dignity of conclusiveness." Erhart v. Flint Engineering & Const.,939 P.2d 718 , 724 (Wyo.1997) (citing Hatten Realty Co. v. Baylies,42 Wyo. 69 ,290 P. 561 , 566 (1930)). There is no indication in the record or briefs that Berg was ever successful in the position at issue; but since the judicial estoppel argument is not supported by cogent argument or pertinent authority, we will not consider it. See May v. May,945 P.2d 1189 , 1191 (Wyo.1997)
Cross v. Berg Lumber Co.,
[N16] Gray's claim of judicial estop-pel is based upon his contention that the Delines should be estopped from claiming that the 1979 easement benefits Rainbow Canyon, Inc., lands because they did not seek to have Rainbow Canyon, Inc., added as a party to the private road litigation. The present litigation does not, however, seek to adjudicate the right of Rainbow Canyon, Inc., or any of its owners to use the 1979 casement. Rather, this litigation concerns the Delines' use of the 1979 easement as access to the former Hill property and, in turn, the appurtenant right to then enjoy the use of Rainbow Canyon lands. We conclude that judicial estoppel does not apply to the circumstances presented here. See Wilson v. Lucerne Canal and Power Co.,
(3) Collateral Estoppel
[T17] Collateral estoppel bars re-litigation of previously litigated issues (as contrasted with "claims"), as well as issues which could have been but which were not raised in the prior litigation. Pokorny v. Salas,
[118] The only one of those four factors that is met here is that the parties are the same. The issues are not identical, there was a determination on the merits but both the issues and the claims are entirely different here, and the Delines did not have an opportunity to litigate the issues now before us because they had not yet come to light. The Delines' action was not barred by the principles that constitute collateral estoppel.
(4) Res Judicata
[119] Res judicata bars the re-litigation of previously litigated claims or causes of action, as well as claims that could or should have been raised in the prior litigation. Pokorny, ¶¶ 12-20,
Erroneous Application of Lozier v. Blatt-land
[120] Gray contends that the interpretation the district court placed on Lozier v. Blattland,
[121] We need not set out our holding in Lozier here. It suffices to note that Gray grossly exaggerates the doom that the district court's application of that case, in these cireumstances, spells for owners of servient estates. To allay any lingering concerns, we do not. view the district court's decision in this case as altering/expanding/contracting the essence of our holding in Lozier in any way.
Unilateral Expansion of Size of Dominant Estate
[122] Gray also contends that the district court's order amounts to allowing the Delines to unilaterally expand the size of the dominant estate. We assume the word "size" is emphasized because Gray made no claim that the "burden" on the easement had been expanded and thе facts establish that the De-lines used the easement at issue only a few times a year. The Delines do not live on the Fishing Club property (either at the Hill House or their riverside property). Rather, they visit it for purposes of recreation (mostly fishing) a few times a year. However, Gray contends that when the Delines do visit their properties, the easement only allows them to go to the lot on which the Hill House is located. The expansion that Gray is concerned about is that the Delines have "persisted" in departing the lot on which the Hill House is located and going onto the lands of the Fishing Club. They also go to and from the Hill lot across a driveway to their house and that driveway is, at least in part, on Fishing Club land and not the Hill lot. In addition, the Delines go onto another bit of land that the Fishing Club allows them to use near the Hill House for a septic field. They also drive on the easement to get to the private road and then make a right turn to go down to the river on the private road, or a left turn to leave the area by way of the county road. Finally, they occasionally access their one-half acre riverside lot by going across the Fishing Club lands on informal roads that the Fishing Club members have created.
[¥23] We conclude that the district court did not err in taking evidence about the cireumstances which surrounded the creation of the easement and that none of its findings of fact is clearly erroneous. Indeed, the district court took a very sensible and rational approach to resolving this festering conflict by applying a process which very closely resembled the process, as described by Powell in his treatise on Property:
§ 34.12 Determining extent of Easements Created by Written Instrument
The "extent" of an easement includes not only its duration but also its constituent ingredients while it lasts. The constituent ingredients frequently include not only a primary right, such as a right to a way across the servient tenement, but also supplementary or secondary rights that serve to effectuate the primary right, such as the privilege of entering on a servient tenement for needed acts of repair or maintenance of the way. The resulting aggregation of privileges held by a dominant owner takes its basic framework from the kind of easement in question, differing greatly, for example, in an easement of way, an easement for irrigation, and an easement in a party wall. The most significant factor concerning the extent of an easement is the manner in which the easement is created. Most easements have as an ingredient in their creation a written instrument containing language that helps in determining the easement's extent. Others do not have this factor and their extent must be inferred wholly from the cireumstances surrounding their creation.
The most common situation within the seope of this section is the case in which a deed of conveyance purports to create a specific easement....
This ingredient brings into the picture all of the established techniques for the construction of written instruments (see § 24.08 above). Thus, with respect to the seope of the easement created, courts stress the primary control exercised by the language of the creating conveyance. They recognize also the imperfections of language, especially as it is found in thе instruments of conveyancers, and utilize for the resolution of ambiguities the circumstances of the instrument's formulation. Sometimes, these cireumstances are vtilized still more generously for the manufacture of an intent attributed to the conveyer. With respect to the scope of easements, five types of cireumstances are frequently important, namely:
(1) whether the easement was created by grant or by reservation;
(2) whether the conveyance was, or was not, gratuitous;
(3) the use of the servient tenement pri- or to the conveyance;
(4) the parties' practical construction of the easement's scope; and
(5) the purpose for which the easement was acquired.
There is considerable strength in the constructional preference for resolving ambiguities of a conveyance in favor of the conveyee. This tends to cause ambiguities as to the extent of an easement to be resolved in favor of the conveyee owner of the dominant tenement, but against conveyors who have reserved easements in their own favor. When the conveyance is gratuitous, the effort to give effect to the words as they were understood by the conveyee diminishes, and, within the lHmits set by the rules of evidence, the court seeks to ascertain the subjective intent of the conveyor.
When the conveyance affects only a part of the conveyor's land and, prior to the conveyance, there has been a quasi-casement as between parts of the conveyor's land (see § 34.08 above ). This prior use of the quasi-servient parcel can help in determining the scope of an easement incompletely described in the conveyance.
When a conveyance is unclear as to the scope of the intended easement, the subsequent behavior of the parties can constitute a practical construction furnishing the missing details.
Courts generally hold, where the scope of an easement is unclear, that the servient tenant in the first instance, and the dominant tenant secondarily, has the power to define the scope by reasonable action.
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It is often said that the parties are to be presumed to have contemplated such a seope for the created easement as would reasonably serve the purposes of the grant. This provides a factor of elasticity, which has been most useful. Under this presumption, many courts have liberally read in expansions of the permitted use caused by technological innovations, by subsequent developments of the locality, or by changes in the use of the dominant parcel said to have been "contemplated by the parties."
4 Powell on Real Property, § 34.12 (Michael Allen Wolf ed., LexisNexis Matthew Bender 2007-2008).
[T24] The language of the easement is set out in detail in our recitation of the decision we made in RCR I, above. The uses the Delines make of the easement are reasonable in every respect, given the language used in the written conveyance. Those uses are much the same as the uses made by Hill and contemplated by Platt (although perhaps somewhat less than the uses made by Hill). The district court did not err by going outside the four corners of the easement to ascertain its "extent" or "seope," and its con
CONCLUSION
[125] We find no merit in any of Gray's contentions. Therefore, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.