R & B HOLDING COMPANY, INC., a Florida corporation d/b/a/ Kendall Toyota, Appellant,
v.
CHRISTOPHER ADVERTISING GROUP, INC., a Florida corporation, Appellee.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Third District.
*330 Greenberg Traurig and Arthur J. England and Julissa Rodriguez and Brigid F. Cech Samole, Miami; Ruden, McClosky, Smith, Schuster & Russell and Peter L. Wechsler, Miami; Ruden, McClosky, Smith, Schuster & Russell and John H. Pelzer, Fort Lauderdale, for appellant.
Wetherington, Klein & Hubbart and Phillip A. Hubbart; Ross and Girten and Lauri Waldman Ross, Miami, for appellee.
Before COPE, CORTIÑAS, and SALTER, JJ.
CORTIÑAS, J.
We consider whether replacement cost is the proper method of valuation for commercial property that was converted over ten years ago where there is no showing of any need for the reproduction of the property and no intention to reproduce it. Because we conclude that replacement cost is not the proper method of valuation in such an instance, we reverse.
Appellant, R & B Holdings, Inc. d/b/a Kendall Toyota ("Kendall Toyota"), appeals a final judgment totaling $5,822,751.26 after a jury trial. Plaintiff, Christopher Advertising Group, Inc. (the "Agency") sued Kendall Toyota for conversion and civil theft of advertising materials and other property belonging to the Agency but kept by Kendall Toyota after their business relationship was terminated. In an earlier appeal, we determined that the proper measure of damages for reproduction of certain converted database materials that were necessary to the Agency to re-commence its business operations was the cost of recreating the database. Christopher Adver. Group, Inc. v. R & B Holding Co.,
Appellant argues that the Agency was foreclosed from seeking damages for the Unreturned Items under the doctrine of law of the case. The law of the case mandates that "questions of law actually decided on appeal must govern the case in the same court and the trial court, through all subsequent stages of the proceedings." See State v. McBride,
The Agency contends that this issue was not preserved for appeal because Appellant's primary basis for excluding evidence on replacement cost for the Unreturned Items was the "law of the case" doctrine. We disagree. Appellant properly preserved the issue of whether or not replacement cost was a proper methodology for valuation of the Unreturned Items by filing an extensive pre-trial motion in limine opposing the application of replacement cost as the basis for damages. The trial court heard argument on this motion and subsequently denied the motion. The very first ground cited in its motion in limine concerned "the proper measure of damages" and, throughout the motion, Kendall Toyota opposed replacement cost as a proper method of damages. As such, we find that the issue was properly preserved. See Fittipaldi USA, Inc. v. Castroneves,
Determining whether a particular methodology is a proper method for computing damages is a question of law and not a jury determination. The appropriate measure of damages, as compared with the amount of damages awarded, involves a legal question reviewable on appeal. See Haworth, Inc. v. Herman Miller, Inc.,
The correct measure of damages in conversion is the fair market value of the property on the date of the conversion, plus interest at the legal rate from the date of conversion until entry of the final judgment. Florida Farm Bureau Casualty Ins. Co. v. Patterson,
Our holding in Christopher I rested, in part, on the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which provides, in pertinent part:
§ 927 Conversion or Destruction of a Thing or of a Legal Protected Interest in it
(1) When one is entitled to a judgment for the conversion of a chattel or the destruction or impairment of any legally protected interest in land or other thing, he may recover either
(a) the value of the subject matter or of his interest in it at the time and place of the conversion, destruction or impairment ...
(2) His damages also include:
(a) the additional value of a chattel due to additions or improvements made by a converter not in good faith;
(b) the amount of any further pecuniary loss of which the deprivation has been a legal cause;
(c) interest from the time at which the value is fixed; and
(d) compensation for the loss of use not otherwise compensated.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 927 (1979) (emphasis added). Thus, compensation for pecuniary losses caused by the deprivation of the converted property is contemplated under the Restatement, as is compensation for loss of use not otherwise compensated. However, at the second trial of this case, no testimony was presented by plaintiff which tended to show any losses for the Unreturned Items. Nor was there any testimony that the decade-old advertising materials, for which plaintiff had been previously compensated by clients, was necessary for the Agency's ongoing business operations. Indeed, Paul Christopher, the Agency's principal, testified he had no intention to reproduce the Unreturned Items. Under these facts and in light of the testimony in this case, replacement cost is not the proper measure of damages for determining the value of the Unreturned Items.
Because there are no Florida cases which address the proper method for valuation of the Unreturned Items, we look to other jurisdictions which, under their respective facts, reject replacement cost as the proper methodology for valuation. For example, Long v. Arthur Rubloff & Co.,
Given its peculiar nature, we believe that the proper basis for determining compensatory damages is its actual value to [the employee], and that [the employee] was entitled to demonstrate its value to him by such proof as the circumstances admit. But the burden of proving the value of property converted is upon the plaintiff ... and the *333 evidence must afford some reasonable and proper basis for ascertaining value. At a minimum, it must rise to the dignity of proof, and supply such elements or standards for measuring value to enable the trier of fact to exercise its judgment.
Id. (emphasis added) (citations omitted). While the court held that the employee was entitled to recover the value of the leasing data appropriated by the real estate agency, it also held that the mere opinion of the employee as to the reasonable value of the leasing data was insufficient to establish damages. The court further noted that:
[O]ther than [the employee's] opinion, there was absolutely no testimony from which the trier of fact could determine the value of the leasing data to the [employee]. No testimony was offered to show what value the leasing data had been to [the employee] in the past, what commissions, if any, were made by use of the data, or other testimony to show how possession of the [converted property] economically benefited the plaintiff.
Id. (emphasis added).
Similarly, in the instant case, the record is devoid of any evidence adequately demonstrating the value of the Unreturned Items to the Agency. There was no evidence presented concerning the economic consequences, if any, that were directly tied to the Agency's possession of the Unreturned Items prior to conversion.
Because we conclude that replacement cost was not a proper measure of damages for valuation of the Unreturned Items, we reverse the damage award associated with these materials, including interest. We remand for a new trial on plaintiff's conversion claim concerning the Unreturned Items wherein plaintiff bears the burden of proving the value of the property converted.[*]See J.M. Young v. Ethyl Corp.,
With respect to the other issues raised on appeal, we affirm the trebling of $220,412.50 in civil theft damages for the converted items that were replaced as well as the interest award associated with these damages in the amount of $202,525.39. However, we reverse the trebling of the interest award. Greenberg v. Grossman,
Reversed and remanded.
SALTER, J., concurs.
Revised Opinion
COPE, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part).
I.
I concur that the law of the case doctrine did not preclude the plaintiff-appellee Christopher Advertising Group, Inc. ("the Agency") from asserting a claim for compensation for the value of unreturned advertising materials which were never replaced (the "Unreturned Items").
I agree that this court's prior opinion, Christopher Advertising Group, Inc. v. R&B Holding Co., Inc.,
I also agree that, under the circumstances of this case, replacement cost is not the correct measure of damages. The Unreturned Items were tapes of audio and video advertising commercials. Over a number of years prior to the 1996 lockout, the Agency had prepared these ads for its clients and the clients had paid for them. The Unreturned Items were the Agency's copies of those audio and video ads.
According to the testimony, radio and television stations do not keep copies of advertisements once they stop being played. Therefore, the Agency could not obtain replacement copies from the radio and television stations that had aired them.
Instead the Agency prepared a budget based on the premise that all of the 1996 and earlier commercials would be remade as if they were brand new commercials, using today's prices. The estimated cost was $4,409,592, and the jury awarded $2,240,368. At no time between 1996 and the retrial in 2006 had the Agency replaced any of the Unreturned Items, and it had no plan to do so. On those facts I agree that the cost of replacement was not the correct measure of damages.
II.
I respectfully disagree with that portion of the opinion which remands for another new trial on damages. On remand from Christopher I, the parties sharply disagreed about how to interpret this court's opinion. Kendall Toyota argued that this court's cost of replacement analysis applied only to the Returned Items because those were the only items which had actually been replaced. The Agency argued *335 that the cost of replacement measure of damages could be applied to the Unreturned Items, even though the unreturned items had never been replaced.
The trial judge expressed skepticism about the Agency's position. The Agency suggested to the trial court that the most prudent approach would be to allow the Agency to submit its entire claim for cost of replacement to the jury, and do so with an interrogatory verdict which would allow the jury to make separate awards for the Returned and Unreturned Items. The Agency explained that in the event of a further appeal to his court, the interrogatory verdict would "give the Court of Appeal ] an opportunity to say okay, we will take the yellow block, take the blue block and take the red block out." R. 3448. The trial court agreed, saying "that resolves what they meant." R. 3449.
Each side understood the other's position on damages. Each side understood that there was a very real debate about whether this court's cost-of-replacement analysis was applicable to the Unreturned Items, that is, items which were never returned and were never replaced. Each side had input into the interrogatory verdict form, which contained an item for conversion damages (with four subparts) and an item for civil theft damages (with four subparts).
It is, of course, the plaintiffs burden in a case to establish proof of damages by competent evidence. See Carpenter Contractors of Am., Inc. v. Fastener Corp. of Am., Inc.,
III.
In the motion for rehearing the Agency argues that we are obliged to affirm the judgment based on the doctrine of waiver. As a general rule, "[a]n error not raised in the brief is waived," Ramos v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc.,
The Agency argues that we should apply a strict rule of waiver in this case. In the initial brief in thus appeal, Kendall Toyota argued that the Agency's recovery was barred by the law of the case doctrine, but did not make an alternative argument that even if there was no law of the case barrier, cost of replacement was nonetheless an incorrect measure of damages. The Agency *336 argues that this omission amounts to a waiver of any challenge to cost of replacement as the measure of damages.
The procedural history is that after oral argument, the panel issued an order to the parties for supplemental briefing of two issues as follows:
The parties are directed to file supplemental briefs, within twenty (20) days of the date of this order, addressing the following questions:
1. What objections or motions, if any, did appellant assert regarding the introduction of evidence of replacement cost as the measure of damages for the unreturned property, so as to preserve this issue for appeal? Arguments and authorities pertaining to the topic of "law of the case" or collateral estoppel need not be re-addressed.
2. Assuming that the issue is preserved or may otherwise be considered here, is replacement cost the proper measure of damages for conversion of the unreturned property?
The parties filed the briefs as ordered. The panel has considered the briefs and has concluded that under the circumstances present here, cost of replacement was the incorrect measure of damages for the Unreturned Items.
The Agency contends that this procedure was impermissible because of the waiver rule cited above. The Agency maintains that absent fundamental error, the court cannot order supplemental briefing or consider the briefs which have been filed. The Agency asserts that use of an incorrect measure of damages does not constitute fundamental error, and for purposes of this discussion I assume that there was no fundamental error.
While the general rule is, as stated above, that an error not raised in the brief is waived, the rule is subject to exceptions. 5 Am. Jur.2d Appellate Review § 515 (20007). An appellate court has the direction to grant a party's motion for leave to file a supplemental brief on a new issue. 4 C.J.S. Appeal and Error § 737 (2007). By the same token, the court has the discretion to order supplemental briefs on an issue raised by the court sua sponte. Id.; see United States Nat'l Bank of Or., Inc. v. Indep. Ins. Agents of Am., Inc.,
As a matter of practice, this court does from time to time order supplemental briefing of an issue, either on the court's own motion or the motion of a party. For example, the opinion in J.M. v. State,
The Agency has cited a number of cases stating the general rule that an issue is waived if not stated in the brief. Those cases do not, however, address a court's power to order supplemental briefing of an issue on the court's own motion or the motion of a party. It appears that an *337 appellate court has the power to order supplemental briefing and to consider the briefs when filed. This amounts to an exception to the waiver rule cited earlier.
IV.
For the stated reasons, I concur that the conversion award should be reversed. The amount be reduced to nominal damages. I would not order a new trial.
NOTES
Notes
[*] We are mindful that the legal error in employing replacement cost as the method of damages for the Unreturned Items may have resulted from reliance on our opinion in Christopher I. This likely possibility further compels us to remand for a new trial. We are also not at all surprised that the Agency, appellee herein, did not request a new trial on damages since it was the prevailing party at trial; the fact that the Agency asked us to affirm the final judgment in all respects does not constitute a waiver concerning our ability to remand for a new trial.
[1] In the prior appeal, there was a passing reference to the fact that not all of the property had been returned. That reference was, in its entirety: "When plaintiff's property was finally turned over, one year later, some of it was missing." Appellant's Initial Brief, No. 3D02-3166, at 13.
[2] Among the cases the Agency cites are City of Miami v. Steckloff,