Quick- Technologies, Inc. (“QTI”) filed suit against The Sage Group pic (“Sage Group”), Sage U.S. Holdings, Inc. (“Holdings”), and Sage Software, Inc. (“Sage Software”) (collectively “Defendants”) for trademark infringement and unfair competition. Prior to trial, the district court dismissed QTI’s claims against Sage Group for lack of personal jurisdiction. The dis *342 trict court further denied QTI’s request to amend the pretrial order to add a corrective advertising claim. Ultimately, QTI prevailed at trial against Holdings and Sage Software on its trademark infringement claims and the district court еntered permanent injunctions in QTI’s favor. 1 QTI, however, did not prevail on its claim for an accounting of Holdings’ and Sage Software’s profits. QTI appeals.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
QTI was formed in 1992 and initially provided online information about distributors in the promotional products industry (e.g. companies that imprint a business’s logo onto coffee mugs, key chains, flashlights, etc.). QTI claims that by 1995, it had expanded its product offerings to include such things as “online databases, online supplier advertising and other databases and business software.” QTI began using the mark SAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM in January 1992 and has been using a variety of marks which incorporate or use the word SAGE (e.g. SAGE, SAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM, SAGE-CD, SAGE-ONLINE, and SAGE-CATALOG LIBRARY) continuously since that time.
Sage Group is a public limited company organized under the laws of England and Wales. Sage Group manufactures and sells software for accounting and business management purposes and its principal place of business is in England. On October 14, 1988, Sage Group received registration for the mark SAGE in the United Kingdom. Beginning in 1991, Sage Group, acting through Holdings, acquired several American companies that developed and sold accounting and business management software. By 1995, Sage Group began to consider whether the company should adopt an international brand name and ultimately adopted SAGE as such.
On May 17, 1995, QTI filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) to register the mark SAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM. This mark was published for opposition in 1996, at which time Sage Group claims it first learned of QTI’s use of the SAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM mark. Negotiations began between Sage Group and QTI regarding use of the mark. These negotiations eventually broke down and Sage Group filed a Notice of Opposition to QTI’s usе of the SAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM mark with the USPTO.
On March 25, 1997, Sage Group filed an intent to use application for the mark SAGE with the USPTO. Sage Group claims that it abandoned this application on March 11, 2002. 2 In 1998, Holdings and Sage Software began using the SAGE mark in connection with their respective products. On May 22, 1998, QTI filed a lawsuit against Sage Group and Holdings alleging, among other things, trademark infringement. On April 22,1999, QTI filed a similar suit against Sage Software and the cases were later consolidated into the instant case. On September 10, 1999, the district court granted a motion by Sage Group to dismiss the claims against it for lack of personal jurisdiction.
*343 This case was originally set for trial in November 2000. On November 9, 2000, the district court reviewed the parties’ joint proposed Pretrial Order. Soon thereafter, the district court sua sponte continued the case until April 2001. In January 2001, QTI retained new trial counsel. On April 2, 2001, QTI served Defendants with a proposed amended Pretrial Order seeking, among other things, to add a damages claim for corrective advertising. On April 11, 2001, the district court rejected QTI’s new Proposed Pretrial Order and entered the joint pretrial order previously submitted to the court in November 2000.
The case was tried before a . jury. In addition to instructing the jury on the likelihood of confusion issues, the district judge asked that the jury determine whether Holdings’ and Sage Software’s infringement was done willfully, i.e. “Has QTI proven ... the Defendants intended to cause confusion, to cause mistake or to deceive?”. The jury was further instructed that if it answered “yes” to the question of willful infringement, it was to “[sjtate the damages, if any you award QTI by reason of the profits made by the Defendants from the sale of software products since eаch Defendant began using SAGE in commerce.” The jury returned a verdict for QTI on most of the likelihood of confusion issues but did not find that the Defendants’ conduct was willful. Thus, the jury did not award an accounting of profits. The district court entered final judgment on May 30, 2001, stating that “[hjaving considered the verdict and the applicable authorities, the Court determined that permanent injunctive relief should be entered in favor of [QTI], but that no damages should be awarded.”
DISCUSSION
QTI presents thé following issues on appeal: (1) whether the district court erred in dismissing against Sage Group for laсk of personal jurisdiction, (2) whether the district court abused its discretion in denying QTI’s request to amend the Pretrial Order to add a new damages claim based on a theory of prospective corrective advertising, and (3) whether the district court erred in instructing the jury that QTI must prove that the Defendants’ infringement was done willfully before it could award an accounting of profits under Section 35(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a), and in instructing the jury that willfully means “to do an act voluntarily and intentionally and with the specific intent to cause the likelihood of consumer сonfusion.” 3
I. Personal Jurisdiction
“The district court’s determination of the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a defendant is a question of law subject to
de novo
review.”
Mink v. AAAA Dev. LLC.,
QTI contends that it presented a prima facie case for specific jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(k)(2). Rule 4(k)(2) states:
If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, with respect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over the person of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of general jurisdictiоn of any state.
“Rule 4(k)(2) thus sanctions personal jurisdiction over foreign defendants for claims arising under federal law when the defendant has sufficient contacts with the nation as a whole to justify the imposition of United States’ law but without sufficient contacts to satisfy the due process concerns of the long-arm statute of any particular state.”
World Tanker Carriers Corp. v. M/V Ya Mawlaya,
In this case, there is no dispute that QTI’s trademark infringement claims arise under federal law and neither side has claimed that Sage Group is subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of any state. Thus, the only issue is whether exercise of jurisdiction is “consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States.” Fed. R. Civ. PRO. 4(k)(2). In order to determine whether the exercise of jurisdiction satisfies the Fifth Amendment, we must conduct the “now familiar minimum contacts analysis ... to determine whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.”
World Tanker Carriers Corp.,
QTI contends that the following contacts with the United States establish grounds for specific jurisdiction over Sage Group: (1) Sage Group filed an opposition to QTI’s trademark application with the USPTO in which it asserted its use of the SAGE mark in commerce in the United States, including in its U.S. marketing efforts; (2) Sage Group retained a U.S. attorney to file the opposition and to negotiate with QTI; (3) Sage Group filed an intent-to-use application with the USPTO; (4) Sage Group contacted U.S. companies concerning its international re-branding efforts, including one trip to the U.S. by its Business Development Director; (5) Sage Group operated a web site, wiow.sage.com, which provided information about Sage Group, as well as links to its U.S. subsidiaries; and (6) Sage Group used the SAGE mark in publications circulated in the U.S. and added the SAGE mark to “product advertisements, boxes and brоchures” used by its U.S. subsidiaries.
*345 Sage Group contends that this Court should only consider its filings with the USPTO and its operation of its website in our minimum contacts analysis because those were the only contacts before the district court at the time it ruled on the motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Even considering all of the contacts cited by QTI, personal jurisdiction over Sage Group is inappropriate.
First, QTI’s claims do not sufficiently “arise out of or relate to” the contacts indicated by the documents filed with the USPTO to establish specific jurisdiсtion. The documents filed by Sage Group merely indicate that Sage Group owned various registrations of the mark SAGE in the United Kingdom, it had the intention of using the mark in commerce in the United States, and its subsidiaries were currently using the mark in' the United States.
4
Sage Group’s filings with the USPTO further indicate that it had used the mark SAGE in advertisements placed in publications which circulate in the United States. Generally, advertisements are insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction.
See Singletary v. B.R.X., Inc.,
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of Sage Group’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.
II. Amendment to Pretrial Order
The district court’s decision not to allow QTI’s proposed amendment of the Pretrial Order submitted shortly before trial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
Masinter v. Tenneco Oil Co.,
QTI asserts that a damages claim based on prospective corrective advertising was mistakenly left out of the Joint Pretrial Order presented to the district court in November 2000. 5 The dis *346 trict court, concerned with “fundamental fairness,” refused to allow QTI to modify the Pretrial Order. QTI argues that the district court abused its discretion because Holdings and Sage Software would not have been prejudiced by the amendment, rather, the amendment would have caused only a slight inconvenience. Moreover, QTI argues that it was substantially harmed by not being allowed to amend the Pretrial Order. We disagree. In Trinity Carton Co. v. Falstaff Brewing Corp., this Court explained that:
Even though amendment of the Pretrial Order may be allowed where no surprise or рrejudice to the opposing party results, where ... the evidence and the issue were known at the time of the original pretrial conference, amendments may generally be refused. Each party has an' affirmative duty to allege at the pretrial conference all factual and legal bases upon which the party wishes to litigate the case. Failure to do so may implicate waiver of the issue at the discretion of the trial court, subject to considerations of fairness and efficient administration of justice.
III. Accounting of Profits
QTI sought to receive an accounting of Holdings’ and Sage Software’s profits pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a), in addition to injunctive relief pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1116. Section 1117(a) provides that:
When a violation of any right of the registrant of a mark registered in the Patent and Trademark Office, a violation under section 43(a), (c), or (d) [15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), (c), or (d)], or a willful violation under section 43(c) [15 U.S.C. § 1125(c)], shall have been established in any civil action arising under this Act, the plaintiff shall be entitled, subject to the provisions of section 29 and 32 [15 U.S.C. §§ 1111, 1114], and subject to the principles of equity, to recover (1) defendant’s profits, (2) any damages sustained by the plaintiff, and (3) the costs of the action. The court shall assess such profits and damages or cause the same to be assessed under its direction. In assessing damages the court may enter judgment, according to the circumstances of the case, for any sum above the amount found as actual damages, not exceeding three times such amount. If the court shall find that the amount of the recovery based on profits is either inadequate or excessive the court may in its discretion enter judgment for such sum as the court shall find to be just, according to the circumstances of the case. Such sum in either of the above circumstances shall constitute compensation and not a penalty. The court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party.
As this Court has previously stated, “[t]he goal behind §§ 1116 and 1117 remedies is
*347
to achieve equity between or among the parties.”
Seatrax, Inc. v. Sonbeck Int'l, Inc.,
Section 1117(a) provides that “the Court shall assess such profits and damages or cause the same to be assessed under its direction.” In this case, in addition to instructing the jury on the likelihood of confusion issues, the district judge asked the jury to decide whether Holdings’ and Sage Software’s infringement was done willfully. 6 The jury was further instructed that if it answered affirmatively regarding the willful infringement issue, it was then to determine the amount of damages, if any. 7
QTI argues that the district judge erred by conditioning an award of profits upon a finding of a particular mens rea, i.e. willful infringement. QTI contends, among other things, that a willfulness requirement is contrary to the plain language of § 1117(a) and goes beyond the requirements of this Court’s precedent. In contrast, the Defendants urge this Court to explicitly hold that willful infringement is a prerequisite to an accounting of prоfits under § 1117(a). Alternatively, the Defendants argue that the district court exercised its discretion appropriately when it ruled in the Final Judgment that QTI was not entitled to an award of profits.
In considering these arguments, we are cognizant that several of our sister circuits have embraced a willfulness requirement in order to obtain an award of profits.
See SecuraComm Consulting Inc. v. Securacom Inc.,
Several of our previous cases are instructive. In
Maltina Corp. v. Bottling Co.,
this Court held that an accounting of profits may be proper “even if the defendant and plaintiff are not in direct competition, and the defendants’ infringement has not diverted sales from the plaintiff.”
In
Texas Pig Stands, Inc. v. Hard Rock Café International,
this Court affirmed a district court’s denial of an award of profits notwithstanding a jury finding that Hard Rock Café’s infringement was willful and that it was unjustly enriched by its infringement.
In
Pebble Beach Co. v. Tour 18 Ltd.,
this Court adopted a factor based
*349
approach to the determination of whether an award of profits is appropriate in trademark infringement cases.
More recently, this Court once again outlined its factor based approach in
Sea-trax, Inc. v. Sonbeck International, Inc.,
It is obvious from our cases that willful infringement is an important factor which must be considered when determining whether an accounting of profits is appropriate. 9 In accordance with our previous decisions, and in light of the plain language of § 1117(a), however, we decline to adopt a bright-line rule in which a showing of willful infringement is a prerequisite to an accounting of profits. Rather, we reaffirm the factor-based approach outlined in Pebble Beach Co., Rolex Watch USA, Inc., and Seatrax, Inc.
Section 1117(a) remedies are awarded “subject to the principles of equity.” Thus, an award of the defendant’s profits is not automatic.
See Champion Spark Plug Co. v. Sanders,
In this case, the district judge instructed the jury that it should not reach the issue of awarding profits unless it determined there was willful infringement. Under this instruction, the jury was only afforded the opportunity to consider one factor, albeit an important one. If the other factors are applicable to the case, such a limited instruction is improper.
QTI asserts that only two of the Pebble Beach Co. factors are applicable to the facts of this case — unreasonable delay by the plaintiff in asserting his rights and the public interest in making the misconduct unprofitable. The Defendants do not allege any unreasonable delay by QTI in asserting its rights. Because the jury was instructed that an award of 'profits was contingent on a finding of willful infringement, and because the jury was not allowed to consider the public interest in making the misconduct unprofitable in its damages determination, we conclude that the jury instruction constitutes error. However, because the statute is heavily imbued with equitable considerations, an error in the jury instruction does not end the analysis. When the evidence as a whole is measured against the only two Pebble Beach Co. factors that are arguably applicable, the principles of equity still do not weigh in favor of an award of profits to QTI. Notwithstanding the error in the jury instruction which limited the jury to considering only wilfulness, QTI has not shown that the district court abused the wide discretion afforded it by the statute in denying an award of profits.
As we have previously held, “a mark-holder is only entitled to those profits attributable to the unlawful use of its mark.”
Id.
(citing
Texas Pig Stands, Inc.,
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgments.
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. In the Fall 2001, in light of the permanent injunctions issued by the district court on May 30, 2001, Sage U.S. Holdings, Inc. changed its name to Best U.S. Holdings, Inc. and Sage Software, Inc. changed its name to Best Software of California, Inc. For purposes of this opinion, we will continue to refer to these two entities as Holdings and Sage Software respectively.
. The Defendants stated in their brief: "That the application was not earlier abandoned ... was the result of a miscommunication among counsel for Defendants-Appellees.”
. Within QTI's “Conclusion” to its initial brief, QTI summarily asks this Court to reverse and remand the district court’s determination denying attorney's fees. However, this argument is not listed in the “Statement of Issues Presented for Aрpeal,” nor addressed in the body of the brief, thus it is deemed waived.
See United States v. Thames,
. QTI stated in its brief that it "is not seeking to have the activities of Sage Group's U.S. subsidiaries imputed to Sage Group for purposes of establishing jurisdiction under an alter ego theory,” and acknowledged that "Sage Group does not directly sell its products in the United States.”
. QTI correctly points out that the original Joint Pretrial Order presented to the district
*346
court in November 2000 was not Signed and entered by Judge Lynn at that time. On April 11, 2001, Judge Lynn entered the Pretrial Order presented to her in November 2000 and explained that it was not entered at the November pretrial conference "merely because it's not custom to enter these if the case is not going to go to trial. But I reviewed it at the time, approved it at the pretrial before.” "It is a well-settled rule that a joint pretrial order signed by both parties super-cedes all pleadings and governs the issues and evidence to be presented at trial.”
Kona Tech. Corp v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 225
F.3d 595, 604 (5th Cir.2000) (quoting
McGehee v. Certainteed Corp.,
. The jury charge entitled "willful infringement" stated as follows:
QTI clаims that the Defendants willfully infringed its trademark rights. "Willfully” means to do an act voluntarily and intentionally and with the specific intent to cause the likelihood of consumer confusion.
If you answered Questions No. 1 or 2 [the likelihood of confusion questions] "Yes” as to one or both Defendants, then answer the following question as to that Defendant. Otherwise, do not answer the following Question.
Question No. 3:
Has QTI proven that in connection with the use of the name SAGE in the United States the Defendants intended to cause confusion, to cause mistake or to deceive?
. The jury charge entitled "damages" stated, in relevant part:
If you havе found that Defendants' infringement, if any, was willful, you may award QTI the profits earned by the Defendants from the infringing activity....
If you answered Question No. 3 "Yes” as to one or both of the Defendants, then answer the following question as to each such Defendant. Otherwise do not answer the following Question.
Question No. 4:
State the damages, if any, you award QTI by reason of the profits made by the Defendants from the sale of software products since each Defendant began using SAGE in commerce.
. For a comprehensive discussion of the viability of a willfulness requirement to an аccounting of profits under § 1117(a), see Danielle Conway-Jones, Remedying Trademark Infringement: The Role of Bad Faith in Awarding an Accounting of Defendant’s Profits, 42 Santa Clara L.Rev. 863 (2002).
. QTI argues that the district court erred by instructing the jury that an infringing act is done willfully if it is done "voluntarily and intentionally and with the specific intent to cause the likelihood of consumer confusion” and with the intent to "cause confusion, to cause mistake or to deceive.” We disagree.
See Pebble Beach Co.,