Burks, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is a case of an alleged gift causa mortis. There is practically no dispute about the law of the case. The subject matter of the gift and the time, place and circumstances thereof are all well within the limits governing such cases, but the fact of the gift, within the rules relating to the subject, is the subject of the gravest conflict of testimony. The case is further complicated by the fact that much of the testimony on each side comes from witnesses who are interested in the result, and we have to look to other evidence in the record to ascertain which side is probably correct. No witness for the contestants was present when the alleged gift was made, but the contestants deny that the words used constituted a gift, and also insist that the subsequent conduct of the donee, immediately after the death of the donor, was inconsistent with the existence of the gift.

Miss Elizabeth Fowlkes, a maiden lady over sixty years of age, had resided in the city of Petersburg for thirty years, and in recent years had worked in a cigarette factory. She was born and reared in Notto*496way county where several of her brothers and sisters resided, and when about thirty years of age had been sent to a hospital for the insane. She remained there a year or more when she was discharged and returned home, but soon took up her residence in Petersburg, where she continued to reside till her death. Two brothers, Truly W. Fowlkes and A. M. Fowlkes, survived her and live in Nottoway county.

Some seven years before her death she had rented a room from the appellant, Mrs. Emma L. Quarles, but took her meals out. When she was sick, however, and unable to leave her room, Mrs. Quarles was in the habit of carrying her meals to her. There was also living in the house with Mrs. Quarles her sister, Mrs. Kyle, who with Miss Fowlkes worked in the cigarette factory just across the street.

Mrs. Quarles, her sister Mrs. Kyle and Mrs. Moore, who rented one of Mrs. Quarles’ rooms, testify that the donor, Miss Fowlkes, was quite sick on Friday, September 12, 1924, and a doctor was sent for and came about 11:30 in the forenoon, and found her dressed, lying on her bed, with a temperature of 103. After he left she soiled her clothes and these ladies prepared to undress and bathe her and make her comfortable. In doing so, they found a string tied around her body next to her flesh, to which was attached a bag in which was contained money, certificates of deposit and a liberty bond, which constitute the subjects of the alleged gift.

They testify that Miss Fowlkes requested Mrs. Quarles to take the scissors and cut the string, and she did so, and that when the string was cut Miss Fowlkes took the bag, wrapped the string around it and handed it to Mrs. Quarles, and said: “You take this; you know what is in it; you know I have told you what to *497do with it; don’t let anybody get their hands on it but you;” that Mrs. Quarles took the bag and laid it on the bed beside the pillow of Miss Fowlkes while she continued the bathing; that Miss Fowlkes said: “Now, Mrs. Quarles, you get my key out from under the corner of the trunk next to the bed, and take them and the box and lock them up, and don’t let anybody get their hands on them but you,” and directed Mrs. Quarles to pin the keys on Mrs. Quarles’ breast— “Pin them right there until you get through.” At some time later — the witnesses disagree as to the time — Mrs. Quarles did take the bag and box and place them in Miss Fowlkes’ trunk and locked them up.

The alleged gift was made about 1:30 in the afternoon. Miss Fowlkes grew rapidly worse. Her temperature was 105 at 3 p. m., and she was in a state of collapse, and died about four o’clock Saturday morning. The trunk remained in Miss Fowlkes’ room until after death.

Mrs. Pulley, a great niece of Miss Fowlkes, residing in Petersburg, was called over the ’phone on Friday and went to the house of Mrs. Quarles. She testified that she arrived about 1:30 p. m., that Miss Fowlkes knew what she was talking about, and that Mrs. Quarles, in the presence of Miss Fowlkes, told of cutting the string around the waist of Miss Fowlkes and of the latter winding it around the parcel and giving it to her and saying: “Take this. It is yours. Don’t let anybody have it. I have told you what to do with it;” and that Miss Fowlkes nodded her head in assent.

As the valuables were placed in the donor’s trunk, which never left her room until after her death, it may be well doubted whether they were ever out of the constructive possession of the donor. Hatch v. Atkinson, *49856 Maine 324, 96 Am. Dec. 464. It is not necessary, however, for us to decide this question in view of our conclusion on other evidence in the case.

There were but three persons present when the gift was alleged to have been made — Mrs. Quarles, her sister Mrs. Kyle, and her tenant Mrs. Moore. Their statements of the language of the gift are not merely similar, but practically identical. Mrs. Quarles gives this language: “Mrs. Quarles, take this; you know what is in it and you know what I have told you to do with it. Don’t let anybody get their hands on it but you.” Mrs. Kyle says: “Here, Mrs. Quarles, you take this. You know what is in it. You know what I told you to do with it. Keep it and don’t let anybody get their hands on it.” Mrs. Moore says: “Take this. You know what is in it; and you know what I told you to do with it; and don’t let anybody get their hands on it but you; and nobody must put their hands on it.” These are not words of gift, and are just as applicable to a trust or confidence as to a gift. No one but Mrs. Quarles knows “what I told you to do with it,” and to permit her to say that she was to be the beneficiary of all but an insignificant part of it would open a wide door to fraud and violate all of the rules of evidence as to the degree of proof required to establish a gift causa mortis.

She seeks to overcome this by proof of confidential talks of Miss Fowlkes with various friends, in which she spoke of her unpleasant or unsatisfactory relations with members of her own family; of her determination that they should have no part of her estate; of her obligations to Mrs. Quarles and her intention to give her everything she had after providing for definite funeral expenses and a tombstone over her grave. To Mrs. Hudgins it seemed like “she was kind of bitter against them.” To Mrs. Kyle it appeared that “she felt that *499they were strangers to her,” and “were not entitled to anything” of her estate; that “they had neglected her quite a bit.” To Mrs. Moore she confided: “I just cannot stay where they are at,” and “that her people did not treat her right.” To Mrs. Quarles, the complaints of bad treatment of her family were frequent, and the desire was expressed that they should get no part of her estate, but that Mrs. Quarles should have it for caring for her. There is no evidence of any protracted sickness of the donor prior to her last illness which lasted less than a week.

The correspondence between Miss Fowlkes and members of her family absolutely negatives any such feeling towards her kindred as that expressed above. That class of people do not write a great deal, and the letters from her brothers were usually written by their wives, and the letters to them were addressed to the husband and wife. They breathe an atmosphere of cordiality and friendship, and the letters of the nieces and nephews to Miss Fowlkes are of like character, each showing an interest in the surroundings and affairs of the other. One of these letters to her brother, Truly W. Fowlkes, and his wife is dated July 11, 1924, and another to her brother, Asa, and his wife is dated July 13, 1924, exactly two months before her death. They are both of the same nature. The latter is quoted in the margin to show the state of feeling existing between the parties.1 *500These expressions of cordiality and affection on the part of the donor sweep from under the witnesses for the donee the foundation for the motive for the gift to Mrs. Quarles. Not only is there this evidence from the lips of the donor, but the testimony of Dr. Nixon, a wholly disinterested witness, who testified that on September 1, 1924, Miss Fowlkes came to consult him at his office, and while there stated to him amongst other things, “that Mrs. Quarles knew she had some money, and that she thought she was going to get it, but that she was not.” This evidence would seem to be a sufficient answer to the suggestion that there was a motive for the gift to Mrs. Quarles and a fixed determination that her kindred should not inherit any of her property.

The conduct of Mrs. Quarles after the gift and after the death of the donor seems inconsistent with the existence of the gift. The two brothers of the donor were notified of her illness on Friday night and they went to Petersburg early the next morning, arriving there somewhere between seven and nine o’clock. They went to the house of Mrs. Quarles and found that their sister had died about four o’clock in the morning. There were present at that time Mrs. Quarles, Mrs. Kyle, Mrs. Pulley and Thomas Harding, son of Mrs. Quarles. The *501parties are in direct conflict as to what took place in the conversation which ensued when the two brothers arrived. Mrs. Quarles and the others who have been mentioned as present state positively that Mrs. Quarles informed the two brothers that during the previous day their sister, Miss Sallie Fowlkes, had tied around her body a bag containing valuables which constituted the gift; that she requested that the string be cut, and that when this was done, she wrapped the string around the bag and handed it to Mrs. Quarles, using practically this language: “You take this, you know what is in it, you know what I told you to do with it. Don’t let anybody get their hands on it but you.” The two brothers positively denied that any such statement was made to them.

It will be observed of these witnesses that there were on one side Mrs. Quarles, her sister Mrs. Kyle, her son Thomas Harding, and Mrs. Pulley, who was a great-niece of the donor. On the other side were the two brothers, and, as stated, they were directly in conflict as to what was said. Her two brothers testified that when they went to Mrs. Quarles’ house on Saturday morning, among other things, they asked whether their sister had made any requests, and she said that Miss Fowlkes had told her she wanted to be buried in Bland-ford cemetery, what kind of casket she wanted to be buried in, and what kind of robe she wanted, and that she further said: “She left some money, but I do not know just how much.” One of them stated that he would like to know how much she left. They both positively said that she made no mention of any gift to her of the money. It will thus be seen how directly in conflict these witnesses are.

The two brothers then went to the undertaker’s to see about arranging for the funeral and while there *502spoke to the undertaker about the money that their sister had left and made some inquiry as to what he thought was best to do with it. The money was then in a trunk in the ro.om where the remains of their sister lay. The brothers then returned to Mrs. Quarles’ house, and with them were D. H. Reams, the undertaker, and J. P. Marshall, a great-nephew of Miss Fowlkes and brother of Mrs. Pulley. Mr. Truly Fowlkes then told Mrs. Quarles that Mr. Reams had taken up with the clerk’s office the matter of money left by his sister, and that the clerk advised that the money should be put in some place until the court could determine how it should be disposed of. Reams testified that Mrs. Quarles made no objection whatever to turning the money over to Truly Fowlkes and that she asserted no claim of any gift to her of the property. J. P. Marshall also testified that she did not make any claim whatever to the money. The two brothers made the same statement. Mrs. Quarles delivered the keys to Mrs. Pulley, and she unlocked the trunk and took the money and securities out, which were counted and listed by Thomas Harding and turned over to Truly Fowlkes, who deposited the same in bank.

Miss Fowlkes was buried at two o’clock on Sunday, and Mrs. Quarles took dinner that day at the house of Asa Fowlkes, a brother of the donor. While there some mention was made of the money left by Miss Fowlkes and of what, if any, debts were owing by Miss Fowlkes, but no reference whatever was made by Mrs. Quarles to the fact that any gift had been made to her,.

On the following Wednesday, Truly Fowlkes and Asa Fowlkes went to Petersburg, along with J. M. Jones, cashier of the First National Bank of Crewe, *503and they carried with them Samuel Nicholson and D. H. Reams. They went at once to Mrs. Quarles’ house to make a search to find if any will had been made by Miss Fowlkes, but found none. No one else was present at the time except Mrs. Quarles. Jones testified that in the conversation at that time he did not hear Mrs. Quarles lay any claim to the money, that the only thing he heard her say was that this money was handed to her for safekeeping. He was also asked the following question: “Did she make any statement to Mr. Fowlkes or to anyone else in your presence that Miss Sallie had given her this money, and that it was hers, and that she was going to require it to be placed in the bank for the court to decide whether it was hers or not,” to which he replied: “No, sir.”

Nicholson testified that Mrs. Quarles had said that Miss Fowlkes had said to her that she did not want any of her people to have anything that she had. He was then asked: “Did she lay any claim to this money as her own?” to which he replied: “No, sir; the only thing she said touching that at all was, as I have stated, that Miss Fowlkes gave her that and told her to keep that and not to let anybody have it.” He was further asked: “Did she state in your presence that she had delivered the money to Mr. Fowlkes with the distinct understanding that she claimed the money as her own; that steps would be taken to determine her right to the money, and pending such determination the said property would be placed in bank to the estate of Miss Sallie E. Fowlkes?” to-which he replied: “No, sir; there was not anything said along that line at all.

Reams testified on this subject as follows:

“Q. What happened and what conversation do you *504recall took place between Mrs. Quarles and those gentlemen?

“A. Mrs. Quarles gave the gentlemen every assistance that she possibly could to locate the will; and finally, after it appeared to be a hopeless task, she said: ‘Gentlemen, I do not like to say this, but Miss Sallie did not want to let her relatives have one cent or anything else that she left.

“Q. Did she say anything then about the money having been given to her?

“A. I think not. I have no positive recollection of it.

“Q. Was that the first time that you had heard her state anything about Miss Sallie not wanting them to have the money and that she claimed her title to it?

“A. Yes, sir; that is the first that I heard of the money over to Mr. Fowlkes.

“Q. She did not make any objection, I understand, no protest, and placed no conditions on the delivery of the money when it was handed over to Mr. Fowlkes?

“A. No, sir; she was just as nice about it as she possibly could be.

“Q. Did she express herself as being gratified at its being taken away?

“A. Yes, sir. I will not quote her words, but she said: ‘Well, I am glad to be relieved of the responsibility of this money until the court can determine what to do with it.’ That was the substance of it, if not the words.

“Q. Did she make any claim whatever or suggestion that she laid any claim to it?

“A. No, sir.”

The disinterested testimony clearly shows that Mrs. Quarles did not at this time claim that the money *505had been given to her. In addition to this, Dr. Nixon testified that Miss Fowlkes called to see him at his office on September 1, 1924, and, in the course of the conversation, made the following statement:

“She said that she wanted to consult a physician, and that Mrs. Quarles did not want her to go out to a physician, particularly to me, and that she had to sneak out; and she told me not to tell Mrs. Quarles anything about it, not to mention it to her at all; and in the course of the conversation she said that she had a little money and that Mrs. Quarles knew she had some money, and that she thought she was going to get it but that she was not. That is what she stated to me at that time.”

When Dr. Nixon was called to see Miss Fowlkes on September 12, 1924, about 11:30 a. m., he found her condition serious, with a temperature of 103. His next visit was at 3:00 p. m. when he found her in a state of collapse, mental condition extremely poor, temperature 105, and “virtually dying.” The alleged gift was between these two visits, about 1:30, and witnesses for the donee testify as to her mental capacity at that time.

The mental and physical condition of the donor at the time of the gift, the language of the supposed gift, the relations of the donor to her next of kin and to Mrs. Quarles, and the conduct of Mrs. Quarles subsequent to the gift, are matters which have had our careful consideration, and have led us to the conclusion that the donee has not established the gift by that clear and satisfactory evidence which is required in cases of this kind.

The right to make gifts causa mortis is so well established that nothing short of legislation can take it away. But it affords such an opportunity *506for fraud and imposition upon persons in their last illness that such gifts are not favored, and nothing short of very clear and satisfactory evidence of every element requisite to establish the gift will suffice. The gift cannot be established by the sole, uncorroborated testimony of the donee. The right is said to have been borrowed from the civil law, where the gifts were limited in amount, and five witnesses were required to establish the gift. When transferred to the common law, no such restrictions were placed upon it, and now estates of any amount may be so transferred.

In Thomas v. Lewis, 89 Va. 1, 15 S. E. 389, 18 L. R. A. 170, 37 Am. St. Rep. 848, the estate so transferred amounted to $200,000. It is manifest, therefore, that courts must be careful to see that the gift is proved clearly, plainly and unequivocally. See 12 R. C. L. 973, section 45.

We approve what is so well said in Hatch v. Atkinson, 56 Me. 324, 326-7 (96 Am. Dec. 464):

“Gifts causa mortis are not favored in law. They are a fruitful source of litigation, often bitter, protracted and expensive. They lack all those formalities and safeguards which the law throws around wills, and create a strong temptation to the commission of fraud and perjury. Lord Hardwick declared, more than a hundred years ago, that it was a pity the statute for the prevention of frauds and perjuries did not set aside all such gifts. Justinian was so justly apprehensive of fraud with respect to them that he required them to be made in the presence of five witnesses. If the law limited such gifts to articles of small value, and required the gift to be executed in the presence of distinterested witnesses, they would be less objectionable. But if large estates, amounting to thou*507sands of dollars, may be thus disposed of, and the title of the donee supported mainly by his own testimony, and that of near relatives, the public feeling of security may well be startled.

“Unfortunately the common law has not adopted any of these precautions. It does not require the gift to be executed in the presence of any stated number of witnesses; nor does it limit the amount of property that may be thus disposed of. But it does require clear and unmistakable proof, not only of an intention to give, but of an actual gift, perfected by as complete a delivery as the nature of the property will admit of. It not only requires the delivery to be actual and complete, such as deprives the donor of all further control and dominion, but it requires the donee to take and retain possession till the donor’s death. Although the delivery may have been at one time complete, yet this will not be sufficient, unless the possession be constantly maintained by the donee. If the donor again has possession, the gift becomes nugatory and public policy requires these rules to be enforced with great stringency, otherwise the wholesome safeguards of our testamentary laws become useless. It is far better that occasionally a gift of this kind fail, than that the rules of law be so relaxed as to encourage fraud and perjury.”

Upon the printed record as it appears before us, we are, to say the least of it, doubtful if the gift has been proved with that certainty and clearness required by law. But we have not had the opportunity afforded the trial court of having the witnesses before us and of seeing them and their demeanor on the stand, and of hearing them testify, and in reviewing its decision must give due weight to this consideration.

It is always incumbent on the appellant to *508show error in the decree of the trial court which is presumed to be right, and this presumption is heightened in proportion to the recognized judgment and ability of the trial judge. Even when the evidence is given in the form of depositions, he generally has a personal knowledge of the known character of some of the witnesses which places him in a better position than the appellate court to weigh the testimony before him. But when the evidence is taken orally before him, he has the opportunity of seeing the witnesses and hearing them testify, and of getting a picture of the case that is not capable of transmission in print. His conclusions in such case, on questions of fact, are entitled to peculiar w'eight and consideration, and ought not to be set aside in a case of doubt or uncertainty. This is peculiarly true where, as in the instant case, the claimant is required in the first instance, to establish his claim by clear and convincing evidence. Upon a review of the whole ease, we find no error in the decree of the trial court.

Many cases on the subject of gifts causa mortis have been cited in argument and on the briefs, but the principles are well settled in this State. There is no conflict of opinion between counsel as to their interpretation or application, and we have not deemed it necessary or desirable to review or even to cite them. We have deemed it best to rest the case on the application of familiar principles to the evidence as adduced on the trial.

Affirmed.

“316 Brown St.,

“Petersburg, Va., “July 13, 1924.

“Dear Sister Early & Bro.,

“I got to Petersburg all O. K. about 20 minutes past 3 o’clock. We had quite a nice ride to Petersburg. They all enjoyed the apples and peaches coming back, and I thought the little baby would go crazy over the peaches. It commenced to rain a little bit before we got to Petersburg and after I got in the house it rained real hard. So they were not bothered at all there and back. Had good luck all the way. I certainly did enjoy my *500visit to you and I am coming to see you again. Tell Mozel the boys asked me who she was. Said she was very pretty and I forgot to make them acquainted so you must excuse me. I certainly do like Truly’s wife, and the boys are so nice. Margaret is very pretty. Truly, Jr., is so nice and the little ones are so sweet. I am so glad you all can make a good living.

“I feel like I can go back to work. I think I am much stronger than I was. I do not know when I ever enjoyed myself any more than I did with you. You must kiss Vivian and Cornell for me. I think of you all every day. I think you have a beautiful home. I went out to Wilcox’s lake yesterday. It is cool out there.

“I miss you all so much. It has been cloudy all day and now it is raining real good. I hope this month will not be as wet as June. You must be sure to write to me real soon. Give love to each one.

“From your fond sister,

“SARAH E. FOWLKES.”