Plaintiff brought this tort action to recover damages for injuries sustained as a result of a fall on an allegedly defective city sidewalk. Each defendant filed a motion for summary disposition. The trial court granted defendant city of Ironwood’s motion on the basis of governmental immunity, but denied defendant Ross Peterson’s motion. Plaintiff sought leave to appeal the grant of summary disposition in favor of the city of Ironwood (hereinafter “the city”). This Court granted leave limited to the issue raised in the application. MCR 7.205(D)(4). In essence, the question posed is whether the trial court erred in ruling that the highway exception to governmental immunity did not apply because the sidewalk was not within the definition of highway where the adjacent street was temporarily closed for repairs to a water line. Because we believe that we are required to do so by previous decisions of this Court, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary disposition.
In her complaint, plaintiff alleged that she sustained injuries because of a defect in the city sidewalk located in front of her residence on Aurora Street. According to plaintiff, a slab of the sidewalk was missing, the area filled with water, and the area was unmarked and unlit. Plaintiff claimed that the city breached its duty to keep the sidewalk in a safe condition by allowing the sidewalk to exist in a dangerous and hazardous condition and failing to warn pedestrians of the danger. Plaintiff maintained that because of the city’s breach of its duties, she fell while attempting to leap over the hole, which she believed was merely a puddle on the sidewalk, and sustained a broken leg and other injuries.
*82 In its motion for summary disposition, the city contended that plaintiffs negligence claim was barred by governmental immunity. The city argued that although a highway exception to governmental immunity exists, it did not apply because the sidewalk in question was not adjacent to a street open for public travel, which is a requirement of the statutory definition of highway. The city maintained that Aurora Street was not open for public travel within the meaning of the highway exception to governmental immunity because the street was closed temporarily so that repairs could be made to the water line that runs underneath the street. The trial court agreed and granted summary disposition in favor of the city on the basis of governmental immunity.
Although the trial court did not state under which subsection of MCR 2.116 it was granting summary disposition, it is apparent from the record that the trial court utilized subsection (C)(7) because it reviewed documents outside the pleadings and granted summary disposition on the basis of immunity granted by law, i.e., governmental immunity. In analyzing a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7), the contents of the complaint are accepted as true unless contradicted by documentation submitted by the movant.
Maiden v Rozwood,
Pursuant to the governmental tort liability act, MCL 691.1401
et seq.,
when governmental agencies are engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function, they axe immune from tort liability.
Nawrocki v Macomb Co Rd Comm,
The highway exception to governmental immunity is narrowly drawn.
Nawrocki, supra
at 158-159;
Scheurman v Dep’t of Transportation,
On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in ruling that the highway exception to governmental immunity does not apply in the present case. Plaintiff claims that despite the temporary closure of the street, i.e., “highway,” the sidewalk remained open for public travel and therefore met the requirements of the statutory exception to governmental immunity. 3 In contrast, the city argues that because the street was not open for public travel at the time of the alleged injury, the adjacent sidewalk does not fall within the statutory definition of “highway,” which requires the *85 sidewalk to be adjacent to a highway open for public travel. 4
First, we note that the exception to governmental immunity does not apply when a street is permanently closed. In
Campbell v Detroit,
Further, under existing law, had the injury here occurred on the street itself, there is no doubt that the highway exception to governmental immunity would not apply. In
Grounds v Washtenaw Co Rd Comm,
Our Supreme Court has held that a governmental agency-may suspend its duty to keep the streets in good repair and *86 fit for public travel while the street is being improved or repaired by closing to public traffic that portion of the street. Southwell v Detroit,74 Mich 438 ;42 NW 118 (1889), Beattie v Detroit,137 Mich 319 ;100 NW 574 (1904), and Speck v Bruce Twp,166 Mich 550 ;132 NW 114 (1911). [Grounds, supra at 456.]
In
Grounds,
this Court found the fact that barricades marking the road as being closed to through traffic were sufficient to suspend the statutory exception to governmental immunity.
Id.
The holding in
Grounds
was adopted without question by the panel in
Stabley v Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Park Authority,
The majority noted that “the road was marked by eight-foot barricades as being closed to through traffic while repairs and improvements were being made,” and concluded that was sufficient to suspend the highway exception to governmental immunity. I look at those facts and determine that they constituted only a temporary, partial closing of the road, insufficient to suspend the statutory exception, especially because defendant has conceded that the road was open to local traffic. To avoid liability under the highway exception, I would find that the road must be closed totally. [Citations omitted.]
This case, however, presents a slightly different question than the one that this Court answered in Grounds. Here, the question is whether a sidewalk adjacent to a temporarily closed highway is subject to the highway exception to governmental immunity. *87 Recognizing that governmental immunity is broad in scope and that the highway exception is narrowly drawn, Nawrocki, supra, we reluctantly conclude that, on the basis of the binding precedent in Campbell, Grounds, and Stabley, supra, the highway exception to governmental immunity is not applicable in this case.
We recognize that the status of a sidewalk for purposes of governmental immunity depends on whether the adjacent highway is covered by the exception. MCL 691.1401(e). The highway in this case was temporarily closed. Because this Court previously determined in Grounds and Stabley, supra, that temporary closure removed a street itself from the highway exception, those decisions necessarily also require us to conclude that any sidewalk connected with the temporarily closed highway is also removed from the highway exception along with the highway. Campbell, supra. In this case, Aurora Street was temporarily closed and, under the broad holding of Grounds, supra, that closure removed it from the highway exception to governmental immunity. Because the sidewalk on which plaintiff alleged that she sustained injuries was adjacent to this temporarily closed street, we are compelled by Grounds and Stabley to conclude that it too was removed from the exception. Although we disagree with that conclusion, we reluctantly acknowledge that, under existing case law, the trial court properly granted summary disposition. Campbell, supra.
If, however, we were writing on a blank slate, we would reach a different result. We do not agree that the temporary closure of a highway should be sufficient to suspend the highway exception when the *88 adjacent sidewalk remains open to the public. The sidewalk is the “part of the public street designed for the use of pedestrians.” Stabley, supra at 367. In the instant case the defendants were replacing a water main in front of plaintiff’s residence. It was necessary for plaintiff to use the sidewalk to reach her home and she was not on notice that the sidewalk was not safe for public travel. The alleged defect, caused by removal of the concrete sidewalk, was hidden by the water that covered it. Unlike in Campbell, supra, the highway here was not permanently closed and scheduled for removal. The road closure was temporary and was not the result of necessary improvements or repairs to the street. Accepting plaintiff’s allegations as true, Maiden, supra at 119, it appears that there were no barricades, warning signs, or cones warning the local pedestrian traffic that the sidewalk was no longer safe for travel in the area where plaintiff lived. Where, as here, a street is closed to neighborhood residents, the sidewalk becomes the only means of ingress to homes and businesses and pedestrian traffic will necessarily increase. There is even more reason under these circumstances to ensure that the sidewalk is safe for public travel. Although it is clear that a governmental agency can avoid liability by closing a highway and its adjacent sidewalk while repairs are being made, we would find that liability cannot be avoided by a city when any part of that “highway” remains open to public travel. We again point out that, while state and county commissions do not have a duty to maintain sidewalks under the statute and Nawrocki, supra, this exclusion does not extend to cities.
*89 We affirm the decision of the trial court only because we believe we are bound to do so by the broad holdings in this Court’s previous decisions, Stabley and Grounds, supra. As we have indicated, we disagree with those prior binding decisions and recommend that this case be submitted to a special conflicts panel pursuant to MCR 7.215(I)(3).
Affirmed.
Notes
We note that plaintiffs alleged injury occurred in the late evening of July 1, 1996, or the early morning of July 2, 1996. Accordingly, the statutory language applicable in this case is found in
The defendant here is a city rather than the state or a county road commission. As noted in Nawrocki, supra, the liability of the state or a county road commission does not extend to the sidewalk.
Plaintiff; does not contest that Aurora Street was temporarily closed for repairs to a water line.
This case presents a different question than that presented in
Weakley v Dearborn Heights (On Remand),