886 F.2d 1325 | D.C. Cir. | 1989
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge SILBERMAN.
Petitioners seek review of a Federal Communications Commission order preempting an order of the Public Utility Commission of Texas (“Texas PUC”) that, in turn, prohibited the Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (“Southwestern”) from providing the Atlantic Richfield Company (“ARCO”) with additional interconnections to the public switched telephone network in Dallas, Texas. Petitioners argue that the FCC’s pre-emption of the Texas PUG’s order exceeds the authority delegated to the FCC under the Communications Act of 1934, as amended.
I.
ARCO’s Texas headquarters are in Dallas, and it maintains a research complex in Plano, a Dallas suburb, 19 miles away. Southwestern, a Basic Operating Company (“BOC”) formerly part of the Bell System, is the state-certificated telephone monopoly for the area that includes Dallas. GTE Southwest (formerly the independent Gen
ARCO operates a private FCC-licensed microwave communications network, ARCOnet, that transmits voice and data among ARCO’s offices throughout the United States. Both ARCO's facilities in Dallas and Plano are connected to ARCOnet. ARCO’s telecommunications to or from locations not served directly by ARCOnet must, as is true of any other private network, be routed through the public network which interconnects locations in the United States. Customers like ARCO gain access to the public network by obtaining trunk lines from a telephone company which typically interconnect a customer’s private branch exchange
Prior to 1983, ARCO leased trunk lines connecting its Dallas PBX from Southwestern and trunk lines connecting its Plano lab from GTE. But because of ARCOnet, it was possible for ARCO to route a call through its microwave network from the Plano lab to the Dallas PBX and thereafter to the public network through Southwestern’s facilities — thereby entirely bypassing GTE. The trunk lines ARCO used in both locations were primarily Direct Inward Dialing (“DID”) trunks
In 1983 ARCO, dissatisfied with the quality and reliability of GTE’s service, notified GTE that ARCO would no longer need 73 trunks (and their 1,600 corresponding DID numbers) provided by GTE because it did not wish to use GTE’s facilities to transmit calls from the Plano lab to points off ARCOnet beyond Plano. ARCO did, however, maintain enough trunks from GTE so that all calls from its Plano lab station to other Plano locations (and vice versa) would be carried on GTE’s facilities. To replace the cancelled GTE trunks, ARCO ordered 81 additional trunks and 2,000 DID numbers from Southwestern in Dallas. Many of these numbers were assigned to the Plano lab.
Complaining that ARCO was one of GTE’s largest customers, GTE asked the Texas PUC to order Southwestern to cease and desist from providing the “additional” interconnections to ARCO. A hearing examiner, after taking evidence, recommended that the Texas PUC deny GTE’s request since Southwestern was not — by merely providing the additional interconnections in Dallas — violating Texas law by providing service outside its franchise service area. Moreover, the examiner noted that ARCO had a federal right to use its own facilities in ways that are “privately beneficial without being publicly detrimental” and went on to determine that “[a]ny temporary shortfall of revenues to [GTE] prior to its next rate case is not equivalent to public detriment....” Examiner’s Report, Pub. Util. Comm’n of Texas, Application of General Tel. Co. of the Southwest for a Cease and Desist Order Against Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. (“Examiner’s Report”) 18, 20 (No. 5264) (1985).
The Texas PUC rejected the hearing examiner’s recommendation by a 2-1 vote and determined, instead, that when Southwestern supplied ARCO with the trunks and DID numbers in controversy, it thereby provided ARCO’s Plano facility with service in violation of section 50 of the Texas Public Utility Regulatory Act, Tex.Rev.Civ. Stat.Ann. art. 1446c, § 50 (Vernon 1980 & Supp.1989), which prohibits uncertificated
ARCO then petitioned the FCC to order Southwestern to continue providing the additional service to ARCO in Dallas and requesting that the FCC declare unlawful and invalid the Texas PUC’s order. The FCC Common Carrier Bureau granted ARCO’s petition. See In re Atlantic Richfield Co., Memorandum Opinion and Order, Chief, Common Carrier Bureau (FCC Mimeo No. 1115) (released Nov. 27, 1985). The Bureau first found that Southwestern was not encroaching on GTE’s franchised service area. See id. at 8. Rather, it stated, ARCO had merely exercised its option to utilize its private microwave system in conjunction with Southwestern’s certificated authority to provide interconnection to Dallas facilities. The Bureau then concluded that the Texas PUC’s order was invalid, stating that the order “stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of federal interstate communications policies____” Id. at 11.
On GTE’s application to the FCC for reconsideration, the Commission affirmed the decision of its Common Carrier Bureau. See In re Atlantic Richfield Co., Memorandum Opinion and Order (“Memorandum Opinion and Order”), 3 F.C.C. Red 3089 (1988). In its order, the FCC asserted the primacy over conflicting state regulations of a customer’s federal right to interconnect its facilities with the public telephone network in ways that are privately beneficial and not publicly detrimental. See id. at 3091. The FCC further concluded that Texas’s interest in regulating local exchange boundaries did not bar the FCC from pre-empting the Texas PUC’s order. See id. at 3092.
II.
The Communications Act attempts to divide the world of telephone regulation neatly into two separate components. Under section 1 of the Act, 47 U.S.C. § 151, the FCC is empowered to regulate “interstate and foreign commerce in wire and radio communication,” while section 2(b), 47 U.S.C. § 152(b), preserves the states’ power to regulate “intrastate communication service.” In reality, since most aspects of the communications field have overlapping interstate and intrastate components, these two sections do not create a simple division; rather, they create a persistent jurisdictional tension.
As the Texas PUC sees the case, the FCC’s order interfered with Texas’s right to establish carrier franchise boundaries within Texas, which it has a right to do incident to its acknowledged authority to regulate “telephone exchange service,” “a statutory term of art ... meaning] service within a discrete local exchange system.” North Carolina Utils. Comm’n v. FCC (“NCUC II”), 552 F.2d 1036, 1045 (4th Cir.) (citing 47 U.S.C. § 153(r)) (emphasis added), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 874, 98 S.Ct. 222, 54 L.Ed.2d 154 (1977). It is particularly troubled that companies like ARCO with private microwave capacity connecting various locations within Texas will be able to choose their points of access to the public switched network and, by so doing, introduce undesirable competition among monopoly franchises. ARCO’s federal right
The FCC, on the other hand, views ARCO’s private interstate microwave system, which is federally licensed, as akin to a piece of telephone equipment that, under Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States, 238 F.2d 266, 269 (D.C.Cir.1956), ARCO has a right to use as it pleases so long as its private benefit is not outweighed by a public detriment. And that standard is a federal one that section 1 of the Act grants the FCC — not Texas — the final authority to apply. Accordingly, the FCC asserts that any owner of a private microwave communication system has a federal right (subject to the federal private benefit-public detriment test) to choose its points of access to the public switched network without any interference from state regulators, who have regulatory jurisdiction over the telephone companies providing access service. Since the Texas PUC interfered with this asserted federal right, the FCC’s pre-emption order was within its statutory authority.
In Hush-A-Phone we held that the FCC was not authorized to approve, as just and reasonable within the meaning of section 201(b) of the Act, a telephone company tariff that prevented a telephone subscriber from attaching a cup-like device — not purchased from the telephone company — to his telephone in order to confine his voice. That early case did not involve a question of conflicting state and federal regulatory interests, but the FCC has adopted our formulation of the customer’s right reasonably to use his telephone equipment as a federal right against intruding state regulation whenever the customer uses his equipment in ways that are privately beneficial without being publicly detrimental. Thus, the Commission in Heritage Village applied that standard to pre-empt a South Carolina PUC order prohibiting Southern Bell from providing service to a customer whose buildings straddled the border of North Carolina and South Carolina. See Heritage Village Church and Missionary Fellowship, Inc., 88 F.C.C.2d 1436 (1982), aff'd sub nom. Fort Mill Tel. Co. v. FCC, 719 F.2d 89 (4th Cir.1983). The certificated carrier for the portion of South Carolina that the customer’s premises overlapped, Fort Mill, was, like GTE here, an independent telephone company, whereas Southern Bell enjoyed the franchise in the relevant North Carolina area.
Of course, the stakes are much greater in the case before us, as is clear from the number of intervenors. Scores of companies, particularly, as the FCC noted, transportation and public utility companies, have extensive private microwave networks and wish the freedom to reconfigure their connections to the public switched network without wrestling with state regulatory authorities. See Memorandum Opinion and Order, 3 F.C.C. Red at 3092. The states, on the other hand, are apprehensive as to the “bypass” implications of that freedom.
In Louisiana, the Court disapproved the FCC’s attempt to pre-empt states from applying their own depreciation rules in setting intrastate rates, despite the FCC’s claim that such state rules impermissibly frustrated the federal policy served by its own depreciation rules. The Court rejected both the FCC’s construction of section 1 of the Communications Act as permitting preemption of any state regulation encroaching on interstate communication, as well as its reading of section 2(b) of the Act as barring FCC action only when the matter to be regulated is purely local and where the state regulation to be pre-empted does not affect interstate communication. Rather, the Court held that section 2(b) severely circumscribes the FCC’s power by “fencpng] off from FCC reach or regulation intrastate matters — indeed, including matters ‘in connection with’ intrastate service.” 476 U.S. at 370, 106 S.Ct. at 1899.
Since Louisiana, this Circuit has had two opportunities to examine FCC claims of inseparability. In National Ass’n of Reg. Util. Comm’rs v. FCC (“NARUC”), 880 F.2d 422 (D.C.Cir.1989), we reviewed FCC orders preventing state utility commissioners from regulating — in any way— the installation and maintenance of the “inside wiring” within customers' premises. See id. 880 F.2d at 427. According to the FCC, because the wires themselves could not be separated into intrastate and interstate components, pursuing the asserted federal policy of promoting a competitive, deregulated market for inside wiring could not coexist with state regulations unless customers were forced to buy two sets of inside wiring, one for interstate and the other for intrastate use. See id. 880 F.2d at 429.
We applied the same analysis to an FCC pre-emption order in Illinois Bell Tel. Co. v. FCC, 883 F.2d 104 (D.C.Cir.1989), but found there that the FCC adequately explained why its regulation in that case was inseparable. In Illinois Bell, an association of five Bell Operating Companies created by the break-up of AT & T challenged the FCC’s power to pre-empt state regulation of the marketing of certain services that they described as purely intrastate, such as Centrex.
NARUC and Illinois Bell make clear that, even when the equipment that the FCC wishes to regulate is used inseparably and interchangeably for intrastate and interstate calling, the FCC must limit its regulation to the interstate aspects if it can do so. In this case, therefore, the inseparability issue is not settled by the FCC’s undisputed finding that Southwestern cannot prevent its lines from being used for both interstate and intrastate calls.
[Wjherever possible, [we have] tried to tailor our decisions giving effect to the customer’s rights of interconnection to accommodate the particular local concerns asserted____ It does not, however, appear to be possible to do so in this case without unduly impairing important federal interests.
Memorandum Opinion and Order, 3 F.C.C. Red at 3092. The FCC believed that deferring to the Texas PUC’s order would negate the federal policy of ensuring access to the interstate network unless ARCO installed redundant equipment to use only for interstate calling:
[T]o avoid the impractical and inefficient result of requiring duplicate networks and equipment for interstate and intrastate use, federal interconnection policies must prevail for dual-use equipment and facilities____ There is such a conflict between state and federal interconnection policies in this case. Because of the dual interstate and intrastate use of the private microwave and carrier facilities here at issue, and the configuration of these facilities, acceding to the state action in this case would necessarily negate the federal right of interconnection to the interstate network available to*34 ARCO and telephone customers generally-
3 F.C.C. Red at 3091 (footnotes and internal paragraphing omitted).
We think the FCC’s determination and explanation that its order was inseparable were satisfactory, although, as we already noted, Southwestern’s inability to separate interstate from intrastate calls does not, by itself, justify pre-emption unless that technological inseparability also prevents the FCC from separating its regulation into interstate and intrastate components. When one bears in mind the posture of this case before the FCC — a petition for “emergency relief” from a Texas PUC order prohibiting Southwestern from laying any additional lines in Dallas, including those which would be needed by ARCO for placing inter state calls with Southwestern — as well as Southwestern’s inability to distinguish between intrastate and interstate calls on its lines, the FCC reasonably treated this case as one in which “it was not possible to separate the interstate and intrastate components of ... [its] regulation,” Louisiana, 476 U.S. at 375 n. 4, 106 S.Ct. at 1902 n. 4 (emphasis in original) — at least on the record before it.
Throughout this dispute, petitioners have implicitly accepted the FCC’s assumption of inseparability. This is evident both from the sweeping nature of their cease and desist order and from their assertion that the FCC has no power to pre-empt — in whole or in part — the Texas PUC’s order. In contrast to NARUC, where the states suggested a less intrusive form of pre-emption, neither the Texas PUC nor GTE argued to the FCC that the FCC could have fashioned a narrower pre-emption order. Under those circumstances, and where some pre-emption was warranted to ensure ARCO’s interstate access, we have no basis to quarrel with the FCC’s contention that no order could have accommodated both the local and federal regulatory interests.
To be sure, petitioner-intervenors Southern New England Telephone Co., et al. argue in their brief to this court that the FCC might have achieved its federal objective by pre-empting the Texas PUC’s order only to the extent that it prohibited ARCO from making interstate calls from Plano via the Southwestern interconnections at Dallas. We understand their theory to be that even if Southwestern cannot distinguish between intrastate and interstate calls, ARCO can, and the FCC could therefore have required ARCO to eschew intrastate calls from Plano over Southwestern’s lines. Whatever the merits of this position, we decline to accept it because it was not argued by any party before the FCC. As counsel for the FCC and ARCO pointed out at oral argument, placing the burden of separation on ARCO might be a viable way of narrowing their pre-emption order, but the FCC was not presented with the facts to craft such an order. For instance, if the FCC pre-empted the Texas PUC’s order only with respect to some of Southwestern’s new lines, it would somehow have had to calculate how many lines Southwestern would need to accommodate ARCO’s interstate calls to and from both Dallas and Plano — a task that is severely complicated by the fact that it is apparently impossible, even for ARCO, to separate interstate and intrastate incoming calls. See id. at 48. The FCC bears the burden of showing that its pre-emption order is necessary on the basis of the record developed before it. The Commission is not, however, required to anticipate any conceivable argument that might be raised by intervenors on appeal.
Certainly, the Texas PUC sought no middle ground. Relying on its authority to allocate franchise borders for telephone companies in Texas, it acted without any effort to distinguish interstate from intrastate service. Indeed, its order prohibiting Southwestern’s provision of “additional” lines does not provide a conceptual basis for distinguishing the service Southwestern provided to ARCO in Dallas prior to 1983 (which, it will be recalled, was capable of carrying Plano calls transmitted over ARCOnet) from that sought in 1983. The FCC legitimately described the Texas PUC’s order as “drastic,” Memorandum Opinion and Order, 3 F.C.C. Red at 3092; it seems to us that, in effect, the Texas PUC threw.
We therefore find it unnecessary in this case to accept the broad proposition that a private microwave operator has an absolute federal right of access to the public switched network at locations of its choice, wholly unimpaired by state regulatory interests, in order to affirm the FCC’s order. It is enough that the FCC established — on the record developed before it — the impossibility of ensuring ARCO’s freedom of access to the interstate network without preempting the extraordinarily broad Texas PUC’s order. We do reject the Texas PUC’s argument that the FCC has authorized Southwestern to provide local calling in Plano. That simply is not so; ARCO has retained sufficient GTE trunks so that all ARCO’s intra-Plano calls will be carried by GTE. Nor do we agree that the FCC has displaced state certification of local exchange carriers. ARCO’s Plano access to the public switched network through Southwestern is, rather, the result of ARCO’s transmissions across local exchange boundaries through its private microwave system to its Dallas office, where Southwestern provides trunk lines under the authority of its own certificate. We also reject the Texas PUC’s argument that ARCO’s federal right of access to the public switched network for interstate calls is satisfied so long as the Texas PUC deems its access reasonable — in this case in Plano through the auspices of GTE. That determination, since it involves access to the interstate network, is one the FCC is entitled to make.
It should be noted that the FCC did consider Texas’s regulatory interest. It suggested that states could protect ratepayers against costs caused by determinations such as ARCO’s 1983 decision by imposing reasonable charges for termination of service to minimize the impact of stranded investment and could also allocate costs and revenues among certificated carriers associated with traffic over their facilities. Memorandum Opinion and Order, 3 F.C.C. Red at 3091 & n. 21. Whether the FCC should go further and seek a demarcation between interstate and intrastate calls carried on private microwave lines we leave to the case that properly presents these arguments to the FCC.
III.
Petitioners’ alternative argument— that the FCC’s decision is arbitrary and capricious — is less momentous. For under that standard, we consider only whether the FCC acted reasonably and consistently with its federal policy of interconnection under the Hush-A-Phone test and prior pre-emption decisions arising out of that policy. As we have noted, its order is a considerable extension of Heritage Village Church and Missionary Fellowship, Inc., 88 F.C.C. 2d 1436 (1982), aff'd sub nom. Fort Mill Tel. Co. v. FCC, 719 F.2d 89 (4th Cir.1983), but we disagree with petitioners’ view that the FCC’s decision is an unexplained departure from either Heritage Village or other precedent. We think that the FCC’s order is entirely consistent with its previous decisions in In re American Tel. and Tel. Co. Interconnections with Private Interstate Communications Systems (“ARINC”), 71 F.C.C.2d .1 (1979), Declaratory Ruling: Shared Tenant Servs. (“STS Ruling”), FCC 86-25 (released February 14, 1986), and In re Policies Governing the Provision of Shared Telecommunications Serv. (“STS Rulemaking”), 3 F.C.C. Red 6931 (1988).
Like the case before us, ARINC involved a request to interconnect a private microwave network to the public network in one state. This line would carry some calls originating outside of the local carrier’s certificated area of service. The FCC preempted local regulations obstructing access to the public network on the ground that the lines were “indisputably links in the
The Texas PUC’s claim that the FCC’s decision is at odds with its recent refusal to pre-empt in STS Ruling and the FCC's later elaboration of the rationale in STS Rulemaking presents, however, a more subtle issue. In the new and increasingly popular “shared telecommunications service,” the multiple occupants of a building complex use voice and data equipment located on their premises to connect with a shared PBX or other switching device. The switch, in turn, is connected to the local telephone company’s central office. The STS switch allows customers of the STS system to call each other directly without using the local certificated carrier, and STS operators can purchase interexchange services at bulk discounts and resell them to their customers. Thus, the STS operator, in bypassing the local certificated carrier, may occupy a position analogous to that of ARCO’s private microwave network. In response to the STS development, some states have required “partitioning” of the STS switch, a scheme that prevents aggregation of STS customer demand and requires the use of the same number of access lines as if the shared arrangement did not exist. Even with partition, however, STS still represents an economic saving for its users. See 3 F.C.C. Red at 6935. In refusing to pre-empt these state regulations, the FCC was concerned that the STS operator’s purchase and resale of local telephone services may pose too direct a threat to local carriers. See id. The FCC could reasonably believe, however, that. ARCO’s use of its microwave system, which does not involve bulk resales of local services, presented a less compelling threat which can be offset as the FCC suggested by state adoption of such devices as termination charges. See p. 1334 supra. The FCC also noted, in STS Rulemaking, the relative novelty of STS systems and recognized that state regulators were developing new regulatory schemes, other than partition, to preserve savings to STS users while protecting local revenues. See 3 F.C.C. Red at 6936. The FCC’s decision not to pre-empt state regulation of STS, then, in part was based on its recognition that both the technology and the state regulatory responses were still at early stages.
Nor do we believe, as petitioners argue, that the FCC failed to consider adequately their evidence of “public detriment” under the Hush-A-Phone test. Public detriment requires a showing of “technical harm to the telephone system or economic impact which adversely affects the ability of a carrier adequately to serve the public, or both.” AT & T Premises Ruling, 60 F.C. C.2d 939, 943 (1976); see also Carterfone, 13 F.C.C.2d 420, recon. denied, 14 F.C.C.2d 571 (1968). The burden of proof rests on the carrier to demonstrate either the harm to the network or the severe economic losses, see Amendment of Part 68, 94 F.C.C.2d 5, 14 (1983); ARINC, 71 F.C.C.2d at 10; AT & T Premises Ruling, 60 F.C.C.2d at 943, and the carrier must prove that the public detriment is “direct, substantial and immediate.” Mebane Home Tel. Co., 53 F.C.C.2d 473, 480 (1975), aff'd mem., 535 F.2d 1324 (D.C.Cir.1976).
We are satisfied with the FCC’s conclusion that GTE failed to carry its burden of
Finally, we turn to the Texas PUC’s argument that if the FCC demands rigorous, quantitative evidence of public detriment from the local carrier, a similarly stringent requirement should be imposed on ARCO in showing private benefit. This “double standard,” the Texas PUC believes, is arbitrary and capricious. We, however, find the FCC’s rationale for requiring concrete evidence of economic loss from petitioners eminently reasonable. If a carrier’s mere showing that some losses would be sustained from a decision to interconnect to another public switched network could qualify as public detriment, “then carriers would be able to prevent almost any customer choice of interconnection, other than the one preferred by the carrier. Such a result ... would eviscerate this Commission’s federal interconnection policies.” 3 F.C.C. Red at 3094 n. 20. By contrast, the FCC could quite legitimately assume that private businesses would not request interconnection, with its concomitant costs and delays, unless it were worthwhile to do so.
Accordingly, the petition for review is
Denied.
. 47 U.S.C. §§ 151-609 (1982 & Supp. V 1987).
. A PBX is a customer-provided switch that automatically transfers, or "switches," calls between the subscriber’s private telephone stations and other locations.
. A DID trunk is a circuit that enables incoming calls to reach end users without the intervention of a PBX switchboard and an operator.
. Southern Bell, we assume, was also operating in South Carolina. Otherwise, the South Carolina PUC would not have had authority over Southern Bell and therefore could not have compelled it to discontinue its service to Heritage.
. The Texas PUC seems to be asserting that its certification authority includes determining to whom local exchange carriers offer exchange services, irrespective of the interstate or intrastate character of the calls involved. As our discussion of Louisiana Pub. Serv. Comm'n v. FCC, 476 U.S. 355, 106 S.Ct. 1890, 90 L.Ed.2d 369 (1986), infra, makes clear, however, this position is at odds with our interpretation of the Communication Act’s regulatory scheme.
Petitioners also rely on section 221(b) of the Act:
[Njothing in this chapter shall be construed to apply, or to give the Commission jurisdiction, with respect to charges, classifications, practices, services, facilities, or regulations for or in connection with wire ... exchange service ... even though a portion of such exchange service constitutes interstate or foreign communication, in any case where such matters are subject to regulation by a State commission or by local governmental authority.
47 U.S.C. § 221(b) (emphasis added).
We agree, however, with the Fourth Circuit that this somewhat circular language was — as is manifest in the legislative history — designed to deal only with local exchanges covering metropolitan areas whose boundaries happen to cross state lines. A state has a right to regulate a carrier serving such an exchange to the same degree it would if the local exchange were entirely within the borders of one state. See North Carolina Utils. Comm’n v. FCC ("NCUC II"), 552 F.2d 1036, 1045 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 874, 98 S.Ct. 222, 54 L.Ed.2d 154 (1977); North Carolina Utils. Comm'n v. FCC (“NCUC I"), 537 F.2d 787, 795 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1027, 97 S.Ct. 652, 50 L.Ed.2d 631 (1976).
. The Court also rejected the FCC’s contention that section 220 of the Act — which authorizes the FCC to formulate depreciation rules — indicated a specific congressional intent for exclusive federal regulation of depreciation and thereby authorized pre-emption. See id. 476 U.S. at 369, 106 S.Ct. at 1899.
. The FCC also asserted that section 2(b) of the Communications Act barred only its jurisdiction over intrastate common carrier communication services. This court, relying on Louisiana, rejected this narrow construction of section 2(b). See NARUC, 880 F.2d at 430.
. Centrex[ ] is a tariffed service sold by local phone companies. It offers such telecommunications functions as intercom calling, conference calling, direct inward dialing, and automatically identified outward dialing____
These electronic switching services are performed at the exchange carrier’s central office switch, and have traditionally been offered principally to large organizations and government agencies as an alternative to purchasing or leasing a private branch exchange ("PBX")....
National Ass'n of Regulatory Util. Comm'rs v. FCC, 737 F.2d 1095, 1122 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1227, 105 S.Ct. 1225, 84 L.Ed.2d 364 (1985) (citation omitted).
. The FCC stated:
Based on the record before us, Southwestern Bell is not able to monitor and/or prevent ARCO from using its private microwave facilities to interconnect at Dallas for Plano intrastate calls, short of terminating all its interconnections at Dallas, including those used for purposes of originating and terminating Dallas and Plano interstate traffic.
******
[T]he decision of the Texas PUC, while directed at the locally tariffed offerings of Southwestern Bell, would necessarily preclude ARCO’s ability to interconnect at the location in question for the purpose of interstate communications____ [T]he Commission clearly has authority to preempt inconsistent state common carrier regulation where, as in the case of network interconnection policies, it is not practical to separate the interstate and intrastate communications.
Memorandum Opinion and Order, 3 F.C.C. Red at 3092 (emphasis in original) (footnotes omitted).
. Even if a private microwave operator can distinguish between its interstate and intrastate calls on a particular set of lines, it is hard to see why it could not avoid state Y’s regulation by simply, as an extension of Heritage Village, gaining access to the public switched network in an adjoining state X. It may well be that the Texas PUC is a modern day King Canute seeking to hold back new technological waves.
. Indeed, ARCO so firmly believed in the private benefits of the additional interconnection with Southwestern that ARCO continued to pay GTE for five years for the connections ARCO had terminated, simply to prevent the Texas PUC from handing down an interim order blocking the interconnection with Southwestern in Dallas. By July 1987, ARCO had paid nearly $350,000 in duplicative payments to GTE for lines ARCO no longer needed. Petition for Emergency Relief and Declaratory Ruling ii (July 1, 1987).