20 Wash. 618 | Wash. | 1899
The opinion of tke court was delivered by
This is an action brought by the respondent against appellants for damages arising from fraud alleged to have been perpetrated upon respondent by tbe appellants. The acts constituting the fraud charged, as shown by the complaint, are briefly these: The
The appellants severally demurred to the complaint on the ground that no cause of action was stated. On the demurrers being overruled, they answered jointly, denying the contract and fraud alleged, and, by way of separate answer, averred that the respondent and Vincent entered into a partnership for the conduct of the banking business at Cheney; that the sum paid the O. K. Gold Mining-Company was paid out, under the direction of Vincent, on a loan made by Vincent to that company of the money of the Bank of Cheney; and that neither the appellant bank nor Glidden had anything to do with the transaction, further than to transfer the account, under Vincent’s direction, on the books of the appellant bank. The respondent replied, denying the new matter alleged. On the issues thus made a trial was had, which resulted in a verdict and judgment for respondent for the sum of $1,536.75.
1. The first assignment of error is that the court erred in overruling the demurrer to the complaint. That the complaint is sufficient as to the appellants Vincent and Glidden is not here seriously disputed. On the part of
We think the demurrer was properly overruled. It is true a corporation, as a merely legal entity, can have no will, and cannot, of itself, act at all. But in its relation to the public it is represented by its officers and lawfully authorized agents, and their acts in the course of corporate dealings are, in law, the acts of the corporation. Whatever the rule may have been formerly, it is now settled beyond controversy that a corporation is liable to the same extent, and under the same circumstances, as a natural person, for the consequences of its wrongful acts, and will be held to respond, in a civil action, at the suit of an injured party, for every wrong which it commits, however foreign to its nature, or beyond its granted powers the wrongful transactions may be. In such cases the doctrine of ultra vires has no application. National Bank v. Graham, 100 U. S. 699; Merchants’ Bank v. State Bank, 10 Wall. 604; State v. Morris, etc., R. R. Co., 23 N. J. Law, 360; Denver & R. G. Ry. v. Harris, 122 U. S. 597 (7 Sup. Ct. 1286); Alexander v. Relfe, 74 Mo. 495; Buffalo Lub. Oil Co. v. Standard Oil Co., 106 N. Y. 669 (12 N. E. 825); Jackson v. St. Paul F. & M. Ins. Co., 99 N. Y. 124 (1 N. E. 539); Nevada Bank v. Portland National Bank, 59 Fed. 338; Thompson, Corporations, §§ 6329, 6279.
2. In the court below, after respondent had rested his case in chief, the appellants challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a verdict against' them, and moved the court to direct a verdict against the respondent. After
We think no useful purpose would he subserved by setting out the evidence in detail; and that it is sufficient to say that the record discloses some evidence from which the jury could reasonably infer that the two notes of the O. K. Gold Mining Company were the property of the appellant hank; that the payor was insolvent, the notes worthless, and that the ajspellants, knowing of this, without the consent of respondent, caused the notes to he forwarded to him and his account with the appellant bank to he charged with the face value of the notes; falsely representing that the notes were taken for a loan of respondent’s money made by one of the appellants to the mining company; that the mining company was solvent, and that the notes would he paid on demand, and that the respondent was injured thereby to the amount of the verdict. This would make a prima facie case.
On the second proposition nothing is pointed out to us in the record, and we have discovered nothing, other than that the weight of the evidence may appear to he against the respondent, which would indicate that the jury were influenced in arriving at the verdict by passion, prejudice or other arbitrary motive, or that the verdict was not the
It is true that this court in the case of Guley v. Northwestern Coal & Transportation Co., 7 Wash. 491 (35 Pac. 372), reversed a judgment rendered on a verdict of a jury because, in the opinion of a majority of the court the decided weight of the evidence was against the verdict. In that case the court said:
“ While we shall ordinarily be very slow to interfere with the verdict of a jury, where the testimony is conflicting, we do not think justice would be done were this one allowed to stand. There may be, and sometimes are, cases where the testimony of a single witness, even a child, will outweigh that of many opposed where there are circumstances of suspicion connected with them. But there" was not, in this case, a single attempt to break down or impeach a witness for the defendant; and much of what they did say that was material was not contradicted by the plaintiff, though he was called in rebuttal. Oredible*625 witnesses cannot be set aside in this way, and a verdict supported on the uncorroborated testimony of a single witness, and he the party most interested. Where the clear weight of the evidence is with either side, there is no substantial conflict, and the court should take the case from the jury.”
Two members of the court dissented from the conclusions reached by the majority, and a strong dissenting opinion was filed. In the subsequent case of Brown v. Seattle City Ry. Co., supra, this court, commenting upon the Guley Case, said that it did not favor any extension of the rule announced therein; and in the case of Tacoma v. Tacoma Light & Water Co., supra, it was said:
“ We think the court in Guley v. Northwestern Goal, etc., Co. went beyond the rule in applying it to the facts in that case.”
In neither of the cases last cited was the Guley Gase directly overruled; but, whatever may remain of it as authority, this court will not follow it to the extent of holding that it will, in any case, where there is a substantial conflict in the evidence, reverse a judgment founded upon the verdict of a jury, because it may be of the opinion that the weight of the evidence is contrary to the conclusion necessary to be reached in order to sustain the judgment.
3. On cross-examination of the respondent, it was shown that after he had discovered the fraud practiced upon him and had tendered the notes back to the appellants, he treated them as his own by attempting to negotiate and dispose of them. This, the appellants contend, operated to estop respondent from complaining of the fraud, and bars his right to recover in any form of action. But we think the rule is not so broad as the contention of the appellants. There is a wide distinction between an action brought to rescind a contract on the ground of
The present action is of the latter class, and was so recognized by the learned judge who presided at the trial of the cause in the court below. His refusal to instruct the jury, as requested by appellants, to the effect that such conduct on the part of respondent barred his right to recover, was not error.
4. A part of the charge of the court to the jury was as follows:
“ The issues for you to try are, (1) whether or not the defendants or any of them entered into the fraudulent scheme or conspiracy alleged in the complaint; (2) whether or not in pursuance of such fraudulent scheme or conspiracy (if you find from the evidence such existed) defendants or either of them induced plaintiff to deposit his money in the defendant, the Old Hational Bank, and to receive therefor the two notes of the O. K. Gold Mining Company mentioned in the complaint; (3) if you find*627 from the evidence that snch conspiracy or fraudulent scheme existed and that through the same the plaintiff was induced to take the two said notes, then you must find from the evidence what, if any, damages plaintiff suffered thereby. . . It is not necessary for the plaintiff to recover that the exact fraud alleged in the complaint be proven. It will be sufficient if the defendants or either of them by agreement or understanding expressed or implied, by fraudulent means substantially as alleged in the complaint deprived the plaintiff of his money. If you find from the evidence that the defendants or any of them were guilty of the fraud complained of and set forth in plaintiff’s complaint and that by reason thereof the plaintiff was induced to take the two O. K. Gold Mining Company notes mentioned, and the defendants or any of them took and received therefor any of the plaintiff’s money, then you must find for the plaintiff in the sum of money so taken by the defendants or either of them. If you find further from the evidence that the State Bank of Cheney was so charged with said notes through and by virtue of the fraud of the defendants or either of them, as alleged in the complaint, then the plaintiff would be entitled to recover in this suit the difference between the sum so charged and the actual value of said notes.”
It is objected by the appellants that these instructions were erroneous because under them the jury were authorized to find the appellants guilty of fraud not alleged in the complaint; and, if they found one or more of the appellants guilty of the fraud charged, they were authorized to find a verdict against each and all of the defendants. Standing alone, this part of the charge may be subject to the criticism of the appellants. But it is a familiar principle of law that the court’s charge to the jury must be read as a whole, and, if the whole charge fairly states the law of the case, as applicable to the facts, it will not work a reversal, even though disconnected portions of the charge may state the law too broadly. It is not practicable for
“ Tou can render a verdict in this case in favor of the plaintiff against any one or more of defendants, hut you cannot render a verdict against any of the defendants-against whom there is not clear and positive proof. I advise you further as a matter of law that if the plaintiff' has not proved a case of express fraud such as I have heretofore defined to you, involving knowledge on the part of' the defendants and the willful and corrupt purpose on their part to cheat and defraud plaintiff, the plaintiff cannot recover. He cannot recover upon any other cause of' action or theory except that set forth in the complaint.”
As thus modified, we do not think that the general statement of the court in the instructions complained of could, have anywise misled the jury.
5. The appellants complain of certain rulings of -the' court made at the time of the trial in the admission and rejection of evidence. A careful inspection of the record, does not disclose error sufficiently prejudicial in such, rulings to warrant a reversal of the case.
The judgment will he affirmed.
Gordon, O. J., and Dunbar, Anders and Reavis, JJ.,. concur.