PROJECT RELEASE, Carrie Greene, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
James PREVOST, individually and as Commissioner of the New
York State Department of Mental Hygiene and Office of Mental
Health; Ronald Gottlieb, individually and as Director of
the Mental Health Information Service for the First Judicial
Department; Alfred Besunder, individually and as Director
of the Mental Health Information Service of the Second
Judicial Department; James Donnelly, individually and as
Director of the Mental Health Information Service for the
Third Judicial Department; Kevin Kearney, individually and
as Director of the Mental Health Information Service for the
Fourth Judicial Department; Nicholas Dubner, individually
and as Acting Director of Creedmoor Psychiatric Center,
Defendants-Appellees.
No. 1310, Docket 82-7943.
United States Court of Appeals,
Second Circuit.
Argued May 13, 1983.
Decided Oct. 24, 1983.
Robert M. Levy, New York City (New York Civil Liberties Union, Diana T. Tanaka, Christopher A. Hansen, New York City, of counsel), for plaintiffs-appellants.
Caren S. Brutten, Asst. Atty. Gen., New York City (Robert Abrams, Atty. Gen., of N.Y., Melvyn R. Leventhal, John P. Petrila, Seth Abrams, New York State Office of Mental Health, New York City, of counsel) for defendants-appellees.
Joel I. Klein, H. Bartow Farr, III, Stephen I. Glover, Onek, Klein & Farr, Washington, D.C. for The American Psychiatric Ass'n, as amicus curiae.
Before OAKES, CARDAMONE and PIERCE, Circuit Judges.
PIERCE, Circuit Judge:
This appeal requires us to determine whether standards and procedures for voluntary, involuntary and emergency civil commitment embodied in the New York State Mental Hygiene Law (M.H.L.) sections 9.13, 9.27, 9.37 and 9.39 (McKinney 1978),1 meet federal constitutional due process minima. Appellants appeal from a ruling of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, Edward R. Neaher, Judge, construing appellants' complaint as a facial challenge to the provisions in question, finding the challenged provisions constitutional on their face and granting summary judgment in favor of appellees as to "all substantive issues raised in the pleadings." Project Release v. James Prevost,
I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Appellant Project Release is a not-for-profit corporation composed of persons who are or have been in New York State mental hospitals as either voluntary, involuntary or emergency patients. Appellant Carrie Greene was a patient at Creedmoor Psychiatric Center in Queens, New York, when this action was filed but has since been released. Defendants are various New York State officials responsible for administering the New York State M.H.L.
On July 10, 1978, appellants filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York,2 alleging that the standards and procedures embodied in M.H.L. Secs. 9.13 (voluntary), 9.27 (involuntary) and 9.39 (emergency) violate appellants' Fourteenth Amendment substantive and procedural due process rights. They sought a declaration, inter alia, that the above-noted provisions, and confinements pursuant thereto, violate the Fourteenth Amendment; that M.H.L. Sec. 29.09 unconstitutionally requires the Mental Health Information Service (MHIS)3 to be both counsel for the patient and independent investigator for the court (adequacy of counsel claim); and that commitment standards and procedures should conform to certain guidelines proffered by appellants.4 Appellants also alleged the following facts as to named plaintiff Carrie Greene: Greene was admitted on an emergency basis (M.H.L. Sec. 9.39) to Creedmoor Psychiatric Center on April 22, 1978; received no judicial hearing until thirteen days later, on April 24, 1978; was converted to voluntary status (M.H.L. Sec. 9.13) on April 28, 1978; pursuant to M.H.L. Sec. 9.13 gave notice of her desire to leave but was not permitted to do so; on May 4, 1978 was converted to involuntary status (M.H.L. Sec. 9.27) (with signatures of two physicians); requested release on May 11, 1978; and on May 23, 1978 was denied release after a hearing before New York State Supreme Court Justice Dufficy.5 Although not specifically alleged in the complaint, appellants apparently claim on appeal that Greene's admission was not in accord with the notice and hearing requirements of the M.H.L.
On September 6, 1979, appellants moved for partial summary judgment as to those portions of their complaint constituting a facial challenge to the standards and procedures for involuntary and emergency commitment.6 In their Memorandum of Law for Defendants in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Memorandum in Opposition), filed on November 5, 1979, appellees impliedly cross-moved7 for summary judgment declaring constitutional New York's voluntary admission standards, as well as the procedures applicable to voluntary, involuntary and emergency commitments.8
Construing appellants' complaint as a facial attack on the entire civil commitment scheme, and appellees' submissions as a motion to declare the entire scheme constitutional on its face, Judge Neaher granted summary judgment for the appellees on all substantive and procedural issues raised by the parties. Project Release v. James Prevost,
II. THE NEW YORK STATE MENTAL HYGIENE LAW
Appellants do present a facial federal constitutional challenge to civil commitment standards and procedures contained in the M.H.L. More specifically, at issue are sections 9.13, 9.27, 9.37 and 9.39, which provide for voluntary, involuntary and emergency civil commitment, respectively. See supra note 1. These provisions will be summarized below.
A. Standards
1. Voluntary
Under section 9.13 (voluntary), a hospital director may receive as a patient "any suitable person in need of care and treatment, who voluntarily makes written application therefor." To be "suitable," the individual must be notified of and be able to understand that the hospital to which he is requesting admission is a mental hospital and that he is applying for admission, and the nature of voluntary status and the provisions governing release or conversion to involuntary status. M.H.L. Sec. 9.17(a). To be "in need of care and treatment," the applicant must have a "mental illness for which in-patient care and treatment in a hospital is appropriate." Id. Sec. 9.01. "Mental illness" is defined as "an affliction with a mental disease or mental condition which is manifested by a disorder or disturbance in behavior, feeling, thinking, or judgment to such an extent that the person afflicted requires care, treatment and rehabilitation." Id. Sec. 1.03(20) (applicable to all admissions).
2. Involuntary
Admission criteria under section 9.27 (involuntary admission on medical certification) are more restrictive, requiring some measure of judgmental impairment. Such an individual must be shown to be "mentally ill and in need of involuntary care and treatment," meaning "that [the] person has a mental illness for which care and treatment as a patient in a hospital is essential to such person's welfare and whose judgment is so impaired that he is unable to understand the need for such care and treatment." Id. Secs. 9.27, 9.01. Involuntary commitment pursuant to M.H.L. Sec. 9.37 (on certificate of a director of community services or his designee) applies to persons who have "a mental illness for which immediate inpatient care and treatment in a hospital is appropriate and which is likely to result in serious harm to himself or others." "Likelihood of serious harm" is defined in the statute as follows:
1. substantial risk of physical harm to himself as manifested by threats of or attempts at suicide or serious bodily harm or other conduct demonstrating that he is dangerous to himself, or
2. a substantial risk of physical harm to other persons as manifested by homicidal or other violent behavior by which others are placed in reasonable fear [of] serious physical harm.
Id. Sec. 9.37(a)(1) & (2).
Finally, for a person to be admitted as an emergency involuntary patient under section 9.39, he must have "a mental illness for which immediate observation, care, and treatment in a hospital is appropriate and which is likely to result in serious harm to himself or others." "Likelihood to result in serious harm" is defined for purposes of section 9.39 in the same way as for section 9.37. Id. Sec. 9.39(a)(1) & (2).
B. Procedures
Upon admission of any patient to a hospital or upon conversion to a different status, the director must inform the patient in writing of his status, his rights under the statute, including the availability of MHIS, and conspicuous, visible written notice must be posted of those rights throughout the hospital. Id. Sec. 9.07. In addition, various procedural safeguards attach to the different types of admission. These procedures are set forth below.
1. Voluntary and conversion to involuntary
If a patient is hospitalized under section 9.13, MHIS must conduct a yearly review of the patient's status, id. Sec. 9.25(a), and must move for a judicial determination if there is any doubt as to the suitability or willingness of an individual for voluntary hospitalization. Id. In connection with such a proceeding, a court hearing may be obtained upon request by MHIS, the patient or a person acting in his behalf. Id. If a voluntarily committed patient gives written notice to the hospital director of his desire to leave, he must be "promptly" released from the hospital, id. Sec. 9.13(b), unless the director determines that "there are reasonable grounds for belief that the patient may be in need of involuntary care and treatment." Id. In that case, the patient may be retained for up to seventy-two hours of the patient's written notice. Id. During the seventy-two-hour period, the director must have two physicians examine the patient and report their findings and conclusions separately to the director, who must then either release the patient or apply for a court order authorizing involuntary retention. 14 N.Y.C.R.R. Sec. 15.7 (1980).
When the director applies for an order of conversion from voluntary to involuntary status, written notice must be given forthwith to the patient, the patient's nearest [known] relative, MHIS and as many as three additional persons designated to receive notice--any of whom may demand a judicial hearing on the question of mental illness and the need for involuntary hospitalization. The hearing, if requested, must be held within three days of receipt by the court of the demand for such. See M.H.L. Secs. 9.13(b), 9.29. The procedures for court authorization for retention of an involuntary patient, id. Sec. 9.33, then apply. Id. Sec. 9.13(b). If the court orders involuntary retention, that period cannot exceed sixty days from the date of the court order. Id. Further retention may only be had in accordance with these procedures. Rehearing before a jury, if so desired, may be obtained upon request by the patient, relative or friend. Id. Sec. 9.35.
2. Involuntary
An initial involuntary commitment, pursuant to M.H.L. Sec. 9.27, requires certification by two examining physicians and an application for admission by one of a number of designated persons. Id. Sec. 9.27(a), (b). Before an examining physician completes the necessary certificate for admission, he must consider alternative forms of care and treatment besides involuntary hospitalization. Id. Sec. 9.27(d). A person may not be involuntarily admitted unless a third (staff) physician also certifies, after examination, that such person is in need of involuntary care and treatment. Id. Sec. 9.27(e). MHIS must be notified immediately of a patient's involuntary admission, id. Sec. 9.29(a), and must inform the patient of his statutory rights. Id. Sec. 29.09(b)(2). Written notice must also be given to the patient's nearest [known] relative, and up to three additional persons designated by the patient, no later than five days after admission. Id. Sec. 9.29(b).
An individual admitted pursuant to section 9.27 may be retained without court authorization for up to sixty days. See id. Sec. 9.33. During the sixty days retention, the patient, relative or friend, or MHIS may request a hearing on the question of the need for involuntary commitment. Id. Sec. 9.31(a).9 Such a hearing must be held within five days of receipt of a request. Id. Sec. 9.31(c). The burden of initiating an application for retention beyond sixty days is upon the hospital director, who must apply for a court order no later than sixty days from the date of admission or thirty days from the date of a court order denying release, whichever is later. Id. Sec. 9.33(a). Written notification of such an application must be given to the patient, with copies to MHIS and to other designated persons. Id. Without a court order of continued retention, or the consent of the patient, the hospital must release the patient. A patient has a right to counsel at any hearing relating to his request for release or continued retention, and counsel will be provided free of charge if the patient is indigent. N.Y.Jud.Law Sec. 35(1)(a) (McKinney 1983).
To be involuntarily committed pursuant to section 9.37, a person must be examined by a director of community services or his designee. M.H.L. Sec. 9.37(b). The need for immediate hospitalization must be confirmed by a staff physician prior to admission. Id. Sec. 9.37(a). Such patient may not be involuntarily retained beyond seventy-two hours unless an additional staff physician certifies the need for retention. See id. The procedural safeguards relating to admissions pursuant to section 9.27 (notice, hearing, review, judicial approval of continued retention) apply to section 9.37 admissions. Id.
An emergency involuntary admission, pursuant to M.H.L. Sec. 9.39, may not exceed fifteen days. Id. Sec. 9.39(a). However, retention cannot extend beyond forty-eight hours if the original physician's finding of need for emergency admission is not confirmed within that period by a second medical opinion. Id. Sec. 9.39(a). As with involuntary admission, notification must be given to MHIS and certain designated individuals, any of whom may request a hearing which must be held no later than five days after the request is received. Id. Upon expiration of the fifteen days, if the patient does not choose to remain hospitalized on a voluntary or informal basis, he must either be discharged or be admitted as an involuntary patient (pursuant to M.H.L. Sec. 9.27 with the procedural safeguards, previously described, that attach thereto). Id. Sec. 9.39(b).
C. Regulations Governing Right to Object to Treatment
Title 14 of the New York Code Rules and Regulations (N.Y.C.R.R.) sections 27.8 and 27.9 provide for a right to object to treatment and for review of such an objection. Patients on voluntary or informal status may not be given treatment over their objection unless "the treatment appears necessary to avoid serious harm to life or limb of the patients themselves." 14 N.Y.C.R.R. Sec. 27.8(b)(1) (emergency treatment), Sec. 27.8(b)(2) (patients on voluntary or informal status). An involuntary patient may object to non-emergency treatment and has a right to appeal. Before treatment may be administered over a patient's objection, the head of the service must review the objection. Id. Sec. 27.8(c). The patient may appeal the decision by the head of the service to the facility director, id. Sec. 27.8(c), (e)(1) & (2), and then to the regional director of the department, id. Sec. 27.8(e)(3). A patient who objects to treatment has a right to request an attorney (or "other concerned person") to represent him in the appeal proceedings. Id. Sec. 27.8(d). Treatment may not be imposed over religious objection without a court order. Id. Sec. 27.8(b)(3)(ii). Nor may electro-convulsive therapy, surgery, major medical treatment or experimental drugs or procedures be administered without informed consent of the patient or a person authorized to act on his behalf after full and comprehensive disclosure of potential benefits or harm. Id. Sec. 27.9; see also M.H.L. Sec. 33.03(b)(4) (consent required for "surgery, shock treatment, major medical treatment in the nature of surgery, or the use of experimental drugs or procedures"). The MHIS must be informed of the review of any objection to treatment throughout the course of the objection and appeal process. More generally, no treatment or therapy may be administered without "the order of a staff member operating within the scope of a professional license," based on an appropriate examination. M.H.L. Sec. 33.03(b)(3).
III. DISCUSSION
Appellants' arguments to this court are twofold. First, appellants assert that because they had specifically excluded from their summary judgment motion the question of adequacy of counsel, and were not on notice that the court would rule on this issue, summary judgment was improperly granted as to that claim. Moreover, appellants argue that material questions of fact existed as to the application of the New York State Mental Hygiene Law prescribing standards and procedures for voluntary, involuntary and emergency commitment (including administration of medication without consent), and that granting of summary judgment as to their "as applied" challenge constituted an improper dismissal of that challenge. Second, appellants appeal from the district judge's ruling that the portions of the statute at issue are constitutional on their face, as to both standards and procedures provided for therein. For the reasons set forth below, we reject appellants' arguments.
A. Summary Judgment
A party moving for summary judgment has the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see Adickes v. Kress & Co.,
Appellant contends principally that the district court erred in granting summary judgment with respect to the issues of adequacy of counsel and their "as applied" challenge to the voluntary commitment scheme and other aspects of the M.H.L. Bearing in mind the principles set forth above--in particular, the requirement that there exist genuine issues of material fact--we find no error in the district court's handling of the subject motions.
1. Adequacy of Counsel
Appellants specifically sought to exclude from their motion for partial summary judgment the question of adequacy of counsel. They argue that they were not on notice that the district judge would rule on this question and assert that there were genuine issues of material fact as to whether mental patients are afforded adequate representation, thus making summary judgment improper. In our view, the parties may be deemed to have been on notice that the counsel issue was before the district judge, and we conclude that the issue properly could have been disposed of as a legal question on summary judgment.
The district judge found that "in their supporting memoranda, plaintiffs did address this [counsel] issue, stating that the right to have MHIS present as counsel at discussions between a patient and hospital staff was guaranteed by M.H.L. Sec. 29.09 ... [and that defendants noted in their Memorandum in Opposition that] involuntarily committed individuals also have the right to have counsel present at court hearings, and indigent patients may have counsel appointed."
We find no error in this determination. First, in our view, the district judge had a basis from which he could conclude that appellants were on notice that the appellees had impliedly cross-moved with respect to all procedural aspects of the commitment scheme, and, therefore, that the adequacy of counsel issue was before the court. See Appellants' Reply Memorandum in Support of their Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 2 (recognizing one of appellees' positions to be an implied motion for summary judgment concerning the constitutionality of commitment procedures, including hearing, notice and self-incrimination).10 Moreover, we decline to accept the appellants' efforts to circumscribe the authority of the district judge to address all of the issues which he validly concluded were properly before him. The pleadings, motion papers and other submissions herein justified Judge Neaher's conclusion that the parties were on notice that these issues were before him.11 So long as the litigants were on notice as to the issues laid before the district judge and received no leave from him to proceed piecemeal in addressing them, the judge was under no constraint to avoid ruling upon any such issue.
2. Constitutionality "As Applied"
According to the district judge, "[t]he resolution of the issues in this case turns on whether standards and procedures contained in the statute accord with constitutional requirements. As presented by these parties, the question is a legal and not a factual one, and can be determined on summary judgment."
Appellants' allegations concerning individual plaintiff Carrie Greene do not alter the facial character of this action. Indeed, appellants' complaint does not allege that Greene's confinement was in contravention of the standards and procedures required by the M.H.L. Greene alleged that she was admitted as an emergency patient, pursuant to M.H.L. Sec. 9.39. That she was not afforded a hearing until thirteen days after admission does not in and of itself constitute misapplication of the statute--an emergency patient may be held for up to fifteen days without a hearing. While Carrie Greene was unable to leave the hospital once converted to voluntary status, the statute provides for retention on such a basis, per section 9.13. Moreover, Greene was represented by MHIS, see supra note 3, at her hearing before Judge Dufficy and had access to legal counsel later in the commitment proceedings. See supra note 5. Thus, Greene's case appears to us, as it apparently did to the district judge, to be illustrative of the application of the statute, rather than its misapplication. As such, Greene's case does not require remand on the question of the statute's application.12
Our review of the record leads us to conclude that the district judge properly determined that no genuine issue of material fact was raised by the appellants. In our opinion, appellants' proffered factual issues raise no matters beyond the allegations in the pleadings; nor do they constitute the "concrete particulars" required to meet the Rule 56 standard. The district judge was not precluded from granting summary judgment herein. We therefore see no basis for overturning Judge Neaher's handling of this case as a broad facial challenge to the statute, and we affirm his action. However, we do not view his disposition of the alleged "as applied" challenge to the statute as a dismissal thereof. Rather, since the appellants' case did not amount to an attack on the application of the statutory provisions at issue herein, whether the statute is applied constitutionally remains an open question, the resolution of which may be accomplished only in the context of an appropriate "as applied" challenge.
B. Facial Constitutionality
Involuntary civil commitment to a mental institution has been recognized as "a massive curtailment of liberty," Vitek v. Jones,
A finding of "mental illness" alone cannot justify a State locking a person up against his will and keeping him indefinitely in simple custodial confinement. Assuming that that term can be given a reasonably precise content and that the "mentally ill" can be identified with reasonable accuracy, there is still no constitutional basis for confining such persons involuntarily if they are dangerous to no one and can live safely in freedom .... In short, a State cannot constitutionally confine without more a nondangerous individual who is capable of surviving in freedom by himself or with the help of willing and responsible family members or friends.
O'Connor,
Appellants raise questions that touch on matters of serious concern and which call for close inquiry. We are acutely aware of the severe curtailment of liberty which involuntary confinement in a mental institution can entail, and of the process that must be accorded to those who may be affected by such action of the state. We are also mindful of the state interests served in providing care for those in need of treatment for mental illness and in maintaining order and preventing violence to self and others. With these concerns in mind, and having considered the New York M.H.L. in its entirety, our inquiry leads us to conclude that the statute does meet the minimum facial requirements of due process--both substantive and procedural.
With respect to facial constitutionality, on appeal appellants present four principal arguments: (1) that involuntary commitment, pursuant to M.H.L. Sec. 9.27, without a finding of substantial and present risk of serious physical harm as evidenced by recent overt conduct, violates substantive due process; (2) that New York's involuntary and emergency commitment procedures violate due process by failing to require automatic preliminary and full commitment hearings within forty-eight hours and five days of admission, respectively; (3) that adequate counsel is not provided to persons faced with commitment to a mental institution; and (4) that non-consensual administration of antipsychotic drugs to legally competent individuals in non-emergency situations violates such persons' liberty interest in personal and bodily security. We address these questions seriatim.
1. Recent Overt Conduct
Sections 9.27, 9.37 and 9.39 of the M.H.L. permit involuntary civil commitment. Sections 9.37 and 9.39, as interpreted by the district judge,
Appellants do challenge, however, as overbroad and vague, and thus violative of due process, the standard embodied in section 9.27, which permits involuntary commitment of persons with a mental illness "for which care and treatment in a hospital is essential to such persons' welfare and whose judgment is so impaired that he is unable to understand the need for such treatment." M.H.L. Secs. 9.27, 9.01. Appellants argue that this standard is overbroad in that it could result in erroneous hospitalization of nondangerous individuals, thus causing unconstitutional deprivation of individual liberty; and that it is vague for failure to provide sufficiently precise standards restricting the discretion of the state personnel who administer the statute. They claim that such vagueness results in arbitrary application of the statute due to the unreliability of psychiatric prediction of dangerous behavior. Before an individual may be involuntarily committed, appellants argue, due process requires a finding of a substantial and present risk of serious physical harm as evidenced by recent overt conduct.
In rejecting the appellants' argument in this regard, the district judge recognized that "due process does not tolerate the involuntary commitment of a nondangerous individual,"
The district judge added that an overt act requirement would superimpose criminal concepts on the civil commitment scheme in New York State. He noted that in Addington v. Texas,
[T]he initial inquiry in a civil commitment proceeding is very different from the central issue in either a delinquency proceeding or a criminal prosecution. In the latter cases the basic issue is a straightforward factual question--did the accused commit the act alleged? There may be factual issues to resolve in a commitment proceeding, but the factual aspects represent only the beginning of the inquiry. Whether the individual is mentally ill and dangerous to either himself or others and is in need of confined therapy turns on the meaning of the facts which must be interpreted by expert psychiatrists and psychologists.
Id. at 429,
Moreover, in our view, section 9.27 as interpreted by a New York state appellate court, on its face embodies a standard designed to prevent the evil that appellants fear--erroneous confinement of nondangerous persons who could survive in the community. See Scopes v. Shah,
Since O'Connor, in which the Supreme Court fashioned a broad rule that prohibits involuntary confinement of a nondangerous individual capable of surviving in the community, a number of courts have considered the question of whether due process requires overt conduct as evidence of dangerousness. Some courts have found such a requirement constitutionally mandated while others have not. Compare Colyar,
We have reviewed these cases and are of the view that the New York State civil commitment scheme, considered as a whole and as interpreted in Scopes to include a showing of dangerousness, meets minimum due process standards without the addition of an overt act requirement. We believe that further inquiry concerning the extent to which such a requirement might decrease the chance of error in predicting dangerousness may be better explored in the legislative forum. See Rennie v. Klein,
2. Hearings within a Reasonable Time
Appellants next argue that M.H.L. Secs. 9.31 (right to a hearing for involuntary commitment pursuant to section 9.27) and 9.39 (emergency) violate due process by failing to require automatic preliminary probable cause hearings within forty-eight hours of admission, and full commitment hearings within five days of admission. Under the present scheme, persons admitted pursuant to section 9.27 may be hospitalized for up to sixty days without a judicial hearing, unless they request one; persons admitted pursuant to section 9.39 may be retained for up to fifteen days without a judicial hearing, unless requested. Were this the totality of the procedural scheme, we would indeed be inclined to question the statute's constitutional validity. However, there are numerous provisions in the statute for notice and hearing and reassessment of a patient's status by MHIS, medical personnel and judicial officers, and by a jury if so desired. On its face, this scheme reflects a careful balance between the rights of the individual and the interests of society. See Youngberg v. Romeo,
We are not persuaded by those cases, cited by appellants, which required hearings sooner after admission than permitted by the New York statute. See, e.g., Doe v. Gallinot,
Perhaps of greater significance to us than such distinctions, however, is the notion that these cases appear to rely upon the premise that civil commitment is tantamount to incarceration for criminal conduct. We acknowledge the deprivation of liberty involved in involuntary civil commitment, but we are not prepared to invoke the same procedural standards required in the criminal context. In this regard, as with our consideration of the overt act requirement, discussed supra, we find guidance in Addington v. Texas, where the Supreme Court recognized a distinction between civil commitment of the mentally ill and incarceration of convicted criminals. The Addington Court noted:
It may be true that an erroneous commitment is sometimes as undesirable as an erroneous conviction.... However, even though an erroneous confinement should be avoided in the first instance, the layers of professional review and observation of the patient's condition, and the concern of family and friends generally will provide continuous opportunities for an erroneous commitment to be corrected.
In our view, given "the layers of professional [and judicial] review" contained in the New York State Mental Hygiene Law's elaborate notice and hearing provisions, including notice to relatives and others designated by the patient, and the availability of a judicial hearing within five days of demand by the patient, relative or friend, as well as habeas corpus relief, we find that the statute meets procedural due process minima. Cf. Parham v. J.R.,
As the district judge noted herein, due process issues "should not be resolved 'in terms of required days, hours, or minutes, but should rather turn on the basis of the interests involved and fundamental fairness,' "
As to appellants' adequacy of counsel claim, to the extent that we may deem the district judge to have ruled on the issue, see supra Section III.A.1. and
A right to counsel in civil commitment proceedings may be gleaned from the Supreme Court's recognition that commitment involves a substantial curtailment of liberty and thus requires due process protection. Addington,
Appellants argue that in nonemergency situations, appellees may not administer antipsychotic (psychotropic) medications17 to legally competent, but involuntarily committed, individuals prior to a judicial commitment hearing. Nonconsensual administration of such medications, appellants contend, violates the individual's constitutionally protected liberty interest in personal and bodily integrity, and can diminish one's ability to participate effectively in a commitment hearing. In assessing this claim, we note:
This question has both substantive and procedural aspects.... [T]he substantive issue involves a definition of that protected constitutional interest, as well as identification of the conditions under which competing state interests might outweigh it. The procedural issue concerns the minimum procedures required by the Constitution for determining that the individual's liberty interest actually is outweighed in a particular instance.
Mills v. Rogers,
The question of whether involuntarily committed mental patients have a constitutionally protected right to refuse antipsychotic medication was recently before the United States Supreme Court in Mills v. Rogers. In Mills, the district court, in Rogers v. Okin,
As to the parens patriae interest, the circuit court held that the state could impose forced medication to prevent further deterioration of the patient's mental health. Id. at 659-60. The court pointed out, however, that the sine qua non for a state's reliance on parens patriae power to force medication with antipsychotic drugs "is a determination that the individual to whom the drugs are to be administered lacks the capacity to decide for himself whether he should take the drugs." Id. at 657 (citing Winters v. Miller,
In 1981, the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari principally on the question of whether an involuntarily committed mental patient has a constitutional right to refuse treatment with antipsychotic drugs. Okin v. Rogers,
The Supreme Court, in Mills v. Rogers, supra, did not resolve the question of the right to refuse antipsychotic medication on federal constitutional grounds. Rather, "[it] assum[ed] for purposes of [its] discussion that involuntarily committed mental patients do retain liberty interests protected directly by the Constitution ... and that these interests are implicated by the involuntary administration of antipsychotic drugs,"
Although Mills did not definitively resolve the question of whether a liberty interest in refusing antipsychotic medication exists as a federal constitutional matter, the case appears to indicate that there is such an interest. In any event, it is clear that such an interest can be created as a matter of state law. In the case at bar, the district judge, citing Youngberg v. Romeo,
Whether we adopt such an analogy or not, it appears that New York State recognizes the right. In Mills, the Supreme Court noted:
As a practical matter both the substantive and procedural issues are intertwined with questions of state law. In theory a court might be able to define the scope of a patient's federally protected liberty interest without reference to state law. Having done so, it then might proceed to adjudicate the procedural protection required by the Due Process Clause for the federal interest alone. For purposes of determining actual rights and obligations, however, questions of state law cannot be avoided.
While we are aware that deference must be accorded medical judgment in such matters, see Parham,
As noted above, the Supreme Court granted certiorari and remanded the case to the circuit court for further consideration in light of Youngberg. The Youngberg Court, in considering the proper standard for assessing whether a state adequately has protected an involuntarily committed mentally retarded individual's interest in freedom from bodily restraint, observed: "[T]he standard requiring that 'the courts make certain that professional judgment in fact was exercised' affords the necessary guidance and reflects the proper balance between the legitimate interests of the State and the rights of the involuntarily committed to reasonable conditions of safety and freedom from unreasonable restraints." Id.
Persons who have been involuntarily committed are entitled to more considerate treatment and conditions of confinement than criminals whose conditions of confinement are designed to punish. At the same time, this standard is lower than the "compelling" or "substantial" necessity tests the Court of Appeals [majority in Romeo v. Youngberg ] would require a state to meet to justify use of restraints or conditions of less than absolute safety.
We find that the standard articulated by the Supreme Court in Youngberg provides guidance as to how we must evaluate the standards set forth for objecting to treatment in New York State. That the Supreme Court, on petition for certiorari, remanded Rennie v. Klein to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit for further consideration in light of Youngberg, leads us to conclude that the procedural scheme must at least provide sufficient opportunity for professional input.
The New York State regulations, 14 N.Y.C.R.R. Secs. 27.8 and 27.9, provide for three levels of review by medical personnel other than the treating physician. In addition, patients are permitted to have legal counsel or another interested person represent them at all levels of the appeal process, and the MHIS is to be kept informed at each step of review. We find that these procedures, on their face, satisfy due process. In Parham,
the fallibility of medical and psychiatric diagnosis ... [but did] not accept the notion that the shortcomings of specialists can always be avoided by shifting the decision from a trained specialist using the traditional tools of medical science to an untrained judge or administrative hearing officer after a judicial-type hearing. Even after a hearing, the nonspecialist decisionmaker must make a medical-psychiatric decision. Common human experience and scholarly opinions suggest that the supposed protections of an adversary proceeding to determine the appropriateness of medical decisions for the commitment and treatment of mental and emotional illness may well be more illusory than real.
Id. at 609,
IV. CONCLUSION
We have considered all of appellants' arguments, and for the reasons set forth above, we affirm the decision of the district judge. No costs.
Notes
See N.Y. Mental Hyg. Law (M.H.L.) Secs. 9.13 (voluntary admissions); 9.27 (involuntary admission on medical certification); 9.37 (involuntary admission on certificate of a director of community services or his designee); 9.39 (emergency admissions for immediate observation, care, and treatment) (McKinney 1978). The M.H.L. also provides for "informal" patient status. Persons admitted as informal patients are free to leave the institution upon their own written request. Id. Sec. 9.15. Appellants have not challenged the standards or procedures applicable to informal patient status
Class certification was sought by appellants in the district court but was not ruled upon
The Mental Health Information Service (MHIS), which exists in each judicial department of the New York State Supreme Court, provides information and assistance to patients and others interested in their welfare. See M.H.L. Sec. 29.09. The MHIS is charged with a variety of duties, including the following: to study and review admission and retention of patients; to inform patients concerning procedures for admission and retention and of patients' rights to judicial hearing and review, legal representation, and independent medical opinion; in any case before a court, to assemble for the court relevant information concerning a patient's case, hospitalization, right to discharge; and to investigate cases of alleged patient abuse. Id
Specifically, appellants sought to have the court declare that commitment standards should require, inter alia, that a person be shown (a) to present a substantial and present risk of serious physical harm to himself or others and (b) to have recently committed an act which caused or reasonably should have caused serious physical harm to himself or others; and that commitment procedures should require, among other things, (a) automatic hearings within 48 hours (probable cause) and five days (full commitment hearing) of confinement; (b) that adequate counsel be provided at both hearings; (c) that the person have a full statement of the specific facts leading to confinement (including full access to his hospital record); and (d) that drugs or treatment not be administered without consent prior to the conclusion of the final hearing unless required to preserve the person's life
Greene was represented by MHIS, see supra note 3, at the hearing before Justice Dufficy. Amended Answer of defendants Gottlieb, Besunder, Donnelly, and Kearney p 5. The Amended Answer also alleged that on June 22, 1978, the hospital applied for an order of retention; on June 23, 1978, attorney Christopher Hansen appeared on behalf of Greene and sought a jury review of Justice Dufficy's order; that the two proceedings were heard jointly before Justice Giacco and a jury on July 19, 20 and 21, 1978; that a verdict for plaintiff's retention was rendered and Greene was ordered retained; and that on December 29, 1978, Greene was discharged from Creedmoor Psychiatric Center
Appellants expressly excluded from their motion those portions of the complaint challenging the constitutionality of voluntary commitment standards and procedures and those portions challenging the adequacy of counsel provided to those so committed. Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 1-2
No formal cross-motion was made, although it appears that the court, and all parties, understood that appellees had made an implied cross motion. See appellants' Statement of Material Facts as to which there is a Genuine Issue Pursuant to Local Rule (g) in response to Defendants' Implied Motion for Partial Summary Judgment re Constitutionality of "Voluntary" Commitments; see also Memorandum of Law for Defendants in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Memorandum in Opposition) at 5-6 ("While plaintiffs are not moving for summary judgment on that part of their complaint seeking to declare the voluntary admission standards unconstitutional, the civil commitment system in New York must be looked upon as a whole in deciding the merits of plaintiffs' claims, as well as the defendants' [implied] motion for summary judgment on the standards for voluntary admission.")
Specifically, the appellees requested the court "to declare that such [procedural] standards [applicable to voluntary, involuntary and emergency admissions] are fundamentally fair and adequately protect the due process rights of patients." Memorandum in Opposition at 45. Appellees' Memorandum in Opposition was supported by affidavits of James A. Prevost, M.D. (Commissioner of the New York State Office of Mental Health) and Yoosuf A. Haveliwala, M.D. (then Director of Creedmoor Psychiatric Center) and was accompanied by a Rule (g) Statement of Material Facts. In the Statement of Material Facts, appellees contended, inter alia, that there is no material fact at issue that appellants' proposed standards and procedures for involuntary commitment are inappropriate, that the present standards for emergency admission conform to those proposed by appellants, and that the voluntary and involuntary admission standards conform to those approved by the United States Supreme Court. In their Reply Memorandum in Support of their Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Reply Memorandum), appellants set forth what they perceived to be appellees' positions, to wit:
Plaintiffs' motion concerning the constitutionality of standards for commitment and concerning the right to refuse drugs prior to a hearing should be denied because there are material facts in dispute
Plaintiffs' motion concerning the constitutionality of commitment procedures (hearing, notice, and self-incrimination) should be denied. The defendants' implied cross-motion for summary judgment on these issues should be granted
Defendants' implied motion for summary judgment concerning the constitutionality of voluntary commitments should be granted
Reply Memorandum at 2 (emphasis added). Along with their Reply Memorandum, appellants submitted a Rule (g) Statement setting forth what they viewed as genuine issues of material fact with respect to the voluntary commitment scheme, to wit:
"Voluntary" patients (those committed pursuant to M.H.L. Sec. 9.13) are not genuinely voluntary because they cannot leave the hospital when they want to
Many "voluntary" patients are not genuinely voluntary because they are coerced into signing "voluntary" commitments
Persons wanting to be admitted as genuinely voluntary patients can be admitted by using M.H.L. Sec. 9.15 which provides for "informal" admissions
No person genuinely desiring hospitalization would be denied it if plaintiffs were granted every item of relief
An "informal" patient is genuinely voluntary because "such patient shall be free to leave such hospital at any time after such admission."
The defendants actively discourage "informal" admission
"Voluntary" patients are treated substantially the same as involuntary patients in the hospital
There is nothing in the record indicating that appellants submitted affidavits or other evidentiary material either with their initial partial summary judgment motion or with their Reply Memorandum.
In addition to contending that summary judgment "should be decided on defendants' implied cross motion for summary judgment as to the constitutionality of 'voluntary' commitments because there are genuine issues of material fact," appellants reasserted their request for summary judgment declaring New York's commitment standards and procedures unconstitutional. See Reply Memorandum at 6-28.
In some cases, such as patient abuse, MHIS is required to request a hearing. See M.H.L. Sec. 29.09(b)(5)
Furthermore, in appellees' Memorandum in Opposition at 74, it was noted that "it appears that plaintiffs are discontinuing their claim that current New York law violates any due process rights which they may have to a lawyer present at discussion with staff and to the free appointment of a lawyer, since the right to legal services is provided by statute." In their Reply Memorandum, appellants did not respond to this statement
As to any factual question on this issue, see discussion infra concerning constitutionality "as applied," particularly note 12
Nor does appellants' Rule 3(g) Statement with respect to the voluntary commitment scheme, see supra note 8, in our view, raise triable issues of fact on the statute's application. Those assertions can be reasonably construed as a challenge to the voluntary commitment scheme on its face. Moreover, appellants furnished no supporting evidentiary material, either in the form of affidavits, depositions or exhibits, in connection with the motion. While we do not hold that appellants' mere failure to submit affidavits or other proof on this issue necessarily means it was not disputed, see Lowenschuss,
With respect to the adequacy of counsel question, appellants point out that pending the court's resolution of the summary judgment motion, appellants served, and appellees answered without objection, interrogatories directed to the adequacy of counsel claim. Those answers, appellants argue, created genuine issues of material fact with respect to the application of the counsel provisions. Nowhere do appellants allege, however, that any particular plaintiff was not accorded the statutory protections in this regard. Indeed, it appears that plaintiff Carrie Greene was assisted by MHIS at her hearing before Justice Dufficy and that an attorney appeared on her behalf later in the commitment process. See supra note 5. We therefore see no merit in appellants' contention that they placed in issue the question of constitutionality "as applied."
See supra text accompanying notes 8-9
See, e.g., Ill.Ann.Stat. ch. 91 1/2, Secs. 3-611, 3-706 (West Supp. 1983-84); Pa.Stat.Ann. tit. 50, Secs. 7302(d), 7303(b), 7304(b)(4) (West Supp. 1983-84)
The Parham Court distinguished society's reaction to an individual's civil commitment from the "community response resulting from being labeled by the state as delinquent, criminal, or mentally ill and possibly dangerous."
As part of their procedural due process challenge, appellants argue that due process requires that patients be given pre-hearing notice of the facts underlying their commitment, including full access to hospital records. As to notice, they claim that the M.H.L. Sec. 9.33 notice provision does not meet due process standards. See M.H.L. Sec. 9.33(a) (when state seeks court order of continued involuntary retention, "[t]he director shall cause written notice of such application to be given the patient [with copies to relative and/or friends];" patient notified of right to hearing). We believe that the various M.H.L. notice provisions satisfy due process. In addition to section 9.33(a), upon admission or change of status, a patient receives written notice of his status (including the M.H.L. section under which he is hospitalized) and of his rights under the statute (including the availability of MHIS). In addition, MHIS has a duty to inform patients (and other interested persons, in proper cases) about admission and retention procedures (including patients' rights to have judicial hearing and review, to be represented by legal counsel, and to seek independent medical opinion). Id. Sec. 29.09(b)(2)
As to access to hospital records, appellants argue that without complete access, they are denied their right to participate fully in hearings challenging their hospitalization. We disagree. Whether public policy prohibits or encourages such access to medical records as appellants propose appears to be unresolved in professional circles. See, e.g., Stein, Furedy, Simonton & Neuffer, Patient Access to Medical Records on a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit, 136:3 Am.J. Psychiatry 327 (1979). Some courts have suggested that full access to hospital records could result in harm to the mentally ill individual. See, e.g., Gotkin v. Miller,
"Antipsychotic (psychotropic) medications" refers to drugs such as Thorazine, Mellaril, Prolixin and Haldol, which apparently may pose various risks, including neurological syndromes. See Mills v. Rogers,
In remanding to the district court, the Court of Appeals noted:
[T]he [district] court should limit its own role to designing procedures for ensuring that the patients' interests in refusing antipsychotics are taken into consideration and that antipsychotics are not forcibly administered absent a finding by a qualified physician that those interests are outweighed in a particular situation and less restrictive alternatives are unavailable.
In Winters v. Miller, this court held that a competent involuntarily admitted mental patient stated a claim under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1343(3) and 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983, for having been medicated over her religious objection. In so holding, the court observed that the state's parens patriae powers could not be exercised to force treatment under such circumstances without a judicial determination of incompetency.
With respect to incompetents, the Supreme Judicial Court ruled that refusal could be overridden only if the guardian obtained a judicial determination of substituted judgment. 383 Mass. at ---,
The state court described this right of privacy as " 'an expression of the sanctity of individual free choice and self-determination as fundamental constituents of life.' " 383 Mass. at ---,
The court observed that "[b]ecause of both the profound effect that these drugs have on the thought processes of an individual and the well-established likelihood of severe and irreversible adverse side effects, we treat these drugs in the same manner we would treat psychosurgery or electro-convulsive therapy." 383 Mass. at ---,
The procedures regarding non-emergency forced administration of psychotropic drugs to involuntary mental patients (not adjudicated incompetent) are set forth in Administrative Bulletin 78-3 of the New Jersey Division of Mental Health and Hospitals. See Rennie,
In Mathews v. Eldridge, the Supreme Court set forth three factors to be applied in assessing the adequacy of state agency proceedings under the due process clause: (1) the private interest implicated; (2) the risk of an erroneous decision through the procedures used and the probable value, if any, of additional or substituted safeguards; and (3) the governmental interest, including financial and administrative burdens, that such additional or substitute requirements would entail.
We intimate no views as to whether the procedures already provided for in 14 N.Y.C.R.R. Sec. 27.8 sufficiently protect patient rights as set forth in M.H.L. Secs. 33.01, 33.03. Such a determination, in our opinion, would be best addressed by the state legislative, executive and judicial processes. Nor need we address at this time the question of whether a proceeding pursuant to Article 78 of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules, N.Y.Civ.Prac.Law Sec. 7801 (McKinney 1981), would be available to an involuntary patient once he has exhausted the administrative appeal process of 14 N.Y.C.R.R. Sec. 27.8. Cf. In the Matter of Torsney,