Juan JAUREQUI, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. JOHN DEERE COMPANY and Deere & Company, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 91-3852.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued Sept. 15, 1992. Decided Feb. 8, 1993. Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied March 9, 1993.
986 F.2d 170
James V. McGlone, John M. Stuckey (argued), Stuart & Branigin, Lafayette, IN, for defendants-appellees.
Before CUMMINGS and MANION, Circuit Judges, and ZAGEL, District Judge.1
ZAGEL, District Judge.
Juan Jaurequi (“Jaurequi“) was the victim of a tragic accident involving a John Deere 343 Quik-Thatch Corn Head (“Corn Head“). In August of 1987, Jaurequi, a
Jaurequi filed suit in Texas state court against John Deere & Company, Deere & Company (collectively referred to as “Deere“), R.F. Fields Implement Company (“Fields“), and Carter Manufacturing Company, Inc. (“Carter“). Jaurequi sought damages under theories of product liability (both strict liability and negligence) and breach of warranty. Defendants jointly removed this diversity case from state court. Thereafter, Deere successfully moved to transfer venue from the Western District of Texas to the Northern District of Indiana. Prior to transfer, however, the Texas federal court dismissed defendant Fields for lack of personal jurisdiction.
After transfer, the Indiana district court ordered the remaining parties to brief the choice-of-law issues applicable to the case. Deere and Carter contended that Indiana law, specifically Indiana‘s statute of repose, applied to the case. Throughout the course of proceedings, however, Jaurequi maintained that Missouri law applied to both defendant Deere and Carter. Unlike Indiana, Missouri‘s legislature did not enact a statute of repose.
Deere won partial summary judgment by asserting that under the applicable choice of law, Indiana‘s statute of repose2 barred Jaurequi‘s products liability actions.3 Jaurequi appeals the judgment in favor of Deere.
I.
We review de novo the district court‘s choice of law and grant of summary judgment, drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. LAK, Inc. v. Deer Creek Enters., 976 F.2d 328, 330 (7th Cir.1992); Kincaid v. Vail, 969 F.2d 594, 600 (7th Cir.1992). Summary judgment is proper if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
II.
No one disputes that, if applicable, Indiana‘s statute of repose bars Jaurequi‘s products liability claims because the accident occurred more than 10 years after the Corn Head was delivered to its initial pur-
III.
The issue simply is whether Indiana‘s statute of repose applies here. The district court, as a transferee court sitting in diversity, is obligated to apply the choice-of-law rules followed by the transferor court—in this case, the Texas district court. Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 84 S.Ct. 805, 11 L.Ed.2d 945 (1964). Furthermore, the Erie doctrine requires a Texas district court, sitting in diversity, to apply the substantive law of the forum state, including its choice-of-law principles. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941); Tennimon v. Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., 823 F.2d 68, 70 (5th Cir.1987); Goad v. Celotex Corp., 831 F.2d 508, 510 (4th Cir.1987) (after § 1404(a) transfer, district court in Virginia was required to apply same choice of law as Texas state court).
In 1979, the Texas Supreme Court abandoned the mechanical lex loci delecti rule and adopted the “Most Significant Relationship” approach, from the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws §§ 145, 146, and 6 (“Second Restatement“). Gutierrez v. Collins, 583 S.W.2d 312 (Tex. 1979). The “Most Significant Relationship” rule was intended to prevent the “harsh and inequitable” results produced by the talismanic application of the law of the state in which the injury occurred.4 Gutierrez, 583 S.W.2d at 317. Texas courts subscribe to this new rule because it results in an equitable and reasoned choice-of-law decision that meets the demands of our highly mobile modern society. Id. at 317; Duncan v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 665 S.W.2d 414, 420-21 (Tex.1984).
Under this approach, a court must apply the law of the state with the most significant relationship to the particular substantive issue.5 The Second Restatement rule
Each substantive issue in the case mandates an independent, quantitative and qualitative evaluation and decision. A court first must isolate the pertinent issue, examine each state‘s connection to the occurrence, identify the governmental policies espoused by each state relevant to the issue, and proclaim applicable the law of the state with the superior interest. Allison v. ITE Imperial Corp., 928 F.2d 137, 141 (5th Cir.1991); Duncan, 665 S.W.2d at 421.
IV.
At the core of the dispute between the parties is the role, if any, that Carter plays in the choice-of-law analysis. Jaurequi suggests that each defendant is entitled to a separate conflicts analysis because different state laws may be applied to Deere and then named defendant Carter. Jaurequi‘s argument embraces the conflicts analysis that this Court espoused in In re Air Crash Disaster Near Chicago, 644 F.2d 594 (7th Cir.1981).
In response, Deere argues that Carter‘s contacts with Indiana must be factored into the choice-of-law analysis because Carter was a defendant at the time the district court granted summary judgment. Deere portrays Jaurequi‘s individualized conflicts approach as an “attempted ‘end run’ around the district court‘s ruling” and cautions this Court not to fall for Jaurequi‘s play and erroneously consider on appeal factual developments (Carter‘s settlement and dismissal) that occurred after summary judgment. Finally, Deere raises a waiver argument. Deere argues that Jaurequi waived any error assignable to the district court‘s analysis by not having urged that the court to conduct an independent choice-of-law analysis for each defendant.
Deere‘s arguments do not work. First, Jaurequi‘s failure to caution the district court of its need to conduct a separate analysis for each defendant is neither fatal nor erroneous. To preserve a choice-of-law issue for appeal, Jaurequi need only notify the court in a timely manner of the applicability of another state‘s law. Kucel v. Walter E. Heller & Co., 813 F.2d 67, 74 (5th Cir.1987) (federal courts must “take judicial notice of the content of the laws of every state in the Union“). Jaurequi‘s position throughout the entire proceedings was that Missouri law applied to both Deere and Carter. There was no reason for him to ask for a separate analysis for each defendant. He reasonably could assume that the district court would follow the established Texas law. We, therefore, find that Jaurequi did not waive the issue regarding independent choice-of-law analysis.
We are not persuaded, however, that Texas state courts adhere to the principle of conducting separate conflicts analysis for each defendant. Nevertheless, we are persuaded that Texas choice-of-law rules mandate a separate conflicts analysis for each substantive issue, which in this case translates into a separate conflicts analysis for each defendant‘s conduct. The district court was presented essentially with two issues for purposes of choice-of-law analysis: 1) whether Indiana‘s statute of repose barred the products liability claim based on negligent manufacturing and design (claim against Deere); and 2) whether Indiana‘s
When the issues are separated properly, Carter‘s contacts are irrelevant to whether the applicable choice-of-law rules dictate that Indiana‘s statute of repose bars Jaurequi‘s products liability claim for negligent manufacturing and design. Jaurequi‘s claims against Deere are based solely on allegations of defective design and manufacture of the harvesting mechanism and inadequate warnings in the front area of the machine near the gathering chains. To succeed on these claims, Jaurequi must show that the defective condition causing the injury existed at the time the Corn Head left Deere‘s control. Carter‘s subsequent actions are irrelevant to these claims because Carter did not modify the areas claimed to be defective and, furthermore, any such modification occurred approximately eleven years after Deere‘s initial sale to Robert Dahnke.7 Accordingly, we disregard Carter‘s Indiana contacts in our analysis.
V.
Deere is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Illinois; Jaurequi is a citizen of Spain; the Corn Head was designed and manufactured in Illinois and placed into the stream of commerce in Indiana;8 and the injury occurred in Missouri. According to section 146 of the Second Restatement, Missouri law (the law of the state where the injury occurred) should determine the parties’ rights and liabilities—that is, unless Indiana unveils a more significant relationship to the issue of limited products liability for failure to warn and defective manufacturing and design.
This case has none of the trappings of a “flyover” case. Jaurequi was stationed in Missouri to conduct grain research on one of Triumph‘s test plots. Had the injury not occurred, Jaurequi would have remained in Missouri for an extended period until his assignment was completed. Triumph routinely plans and directs its employees to perform similar duties in Missouri. Jaurequi‘s presence can hardly be classified as a “fortuitous ... transversing” of Missouri soil. Allison, 928 F.2d at 143 (presence not fortuitous where plaintiff was sent by employer to repair equipment in state and remained in state for five consecutive days until injured); Wert v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 634 F.Supp. 401, 404 (E.D.Mo.1986) (presence not fortuitous where plaintiff was assigned to training duty at Air Force base in state). Accordingly, the place of injury remains a significant, and moreover, a dominant factor.
Although Indiana does not have quantitatively superior contacts, sheer numbers are not dispositive. Duncan, 665 S.W.2d at 421. We must evaluate contacts qualitatively in the context of various governmental policies to determine which state has the closest nexus to the substantive issue. Id.9
Interstate commerce and consumers need protection from the marketing and sale of dangerously defective products. In this case, Missouri has an interest in regulating not only products manufactured and designed within Missouri, but also businesses that distribute these defective products across state lines into its borders. Moorhead v. Mitsubishi Aircraft Int‘l, Inc., 639 F.Supp. 385, 391 (E.D.Tex.1986) (recognizing such an interest for every state where the foreign-manufactured product causes an injury within its borders), aff‘d in part, rev‘d in part on other grounds, 828 F.2d 278 (5th Cir.1987). Missouri, additionally, has an interest in making accessible a forum for victims who have suffered as a result of a business‘s employment activities performed within its borders. This interest does not diminish merely because the person injured is not a citizen of the state. See Wert, 634 F.Supp. at 405. In fact, by not enacting a statute of repose, Missouri has expressed a policy in favor of fully compensating injured victims and a policy against providing asylum to manufacturers of defective products.
We can conceive of no legally cognizable reason why Indiana‘s legislature should be concerned with the application of its statute to extinguish a foreign resident‘s claim against a foreign corporation for injuries sustained on foreign soil. Of course, Indiana has an interest in preventing stale claims and promoting certainty of and finality to liability for products within the state‘s stream of commerce. Wert, 634 F.Supp. at 404; Scalf v. Berkel, Inc., 448
The policy of justified expectations also militates against the application of Indiana law. Deere, a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Illinois, is seeking to benefit from a statute of repose enacted in Indiana. Deere, a national corporation, cannot argue convincingly that it expected Indiana law to apply to a case arising from a product manufactured in Illinois and involving a foreign citizen simply because this particular Corn Head was sold in Indiana.11 Nor can Deere persuade anyone that it molded its behavior to conform to the requirements of an Indiana law enacted in 1978, years after Deere chose to build in Illinois instead of Indiana, and three years after it cast the Corn Head into the stream of commerce. Deere can neither claim nor rely on a vested right to limited liability under Indiana‘s statute of repose.
“[I]t is an established tenet of modern conflicts law that the law of the interested state should apply.” Duncan, 665 S.W.2d at 422. We find that Missouri has both a quantitatively and qualitatively superior interest in protecting the reasonable expectations of persons injured within its boundaries at the hands of products originally manufactured by an Illinois resident corporation. Accordingly, we hold that Missouri law applies to Jaurequi‘s products liability claims against Deere. Since Missouri has no statute of repose, the district court‘s grant of summary judgment is reversed, and we remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
MANION, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
The court applies the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws Sections 145 and 146, in holding that the Indiana statute of repose does not bar the plaintiff‘s claim against Deere. I respectfully dissent. Although Sections 145 and 146 are the appropriate provisions to assess choice of law in a products liability case, another provision of the Restatement, Section 142, specifically governs the choice of law for statutes of limitation. The Texas Supreme Court has adopted the Restatement approach in conflicts analysis, and Section 142 is a part of the overall Restatement approach. Section 142 states initially that “[w]hether a claim will be maintained against the defense of the statute of limitations is determined under the principle stated in § 6.” Section 142 proceeds to recite the general rule that “unless exceptional circumstances of the case make such a result unreasonable: (1) The forum will apply its own statute of limitations barring the claim.” Under this general rule the statute of repose of Indiana—the forum—bars the plaintiff‘s claim.
Comment (f) to Section 142 gives the reason underlying the provision: “A state has a substantial interest in preventing the
Comment (f) proceeds to caution that “it is only in the exceptional case that the forum will entertain a claim that is barred by its own statute of limitations.” This case is not exceptional. At the time of the district court order which is before us on appeal, this was an ordinary products liability case, where a Spanish citizen sued an Indiana company and an Illinois company for injuries sustained in a farm equipment accident in Missouri. The most significant feature of this case is that it is time-barred under an Indiana statute of repose. This does not in itself thrust this case into the category of exceptional; preclusion of claims under statutes of limitation is a common event in litigation.
For whatever reason, the parties do not raise Section 142 in their briefs. As noted by this court on a different matter (p. 173), if the parties generally raise the choice of law issue, a court is free to apply the correct law, even if the specific legal principles are not properly presented. See Yorger v. Pittsburgh Corning Corp., 733 F.2d 1215, 1223 (7th Cir.1984). Section 142 is the correct law when applying a Restatement approach to determine choice of law for a statute of limitation issue. Section 142 requires that Indiana‘s statute of repose be applied to bar plaintiff‘s claim.
If as the court posits Texas would not follow Section 142, it would still apply the general rule that because statutes of limitation are procedural, the law of the forum should govern. California v. Copus, 158 Tex. 196, 309 S.W.2d 227, 230 (1958), cert. denied, 356 U.S. 967, 78 S.Ct. 1006, 2 L.Ed.2d 1074 (1958); Ellis v. Great Southwestern Corp., 646 F.2d 1099, 1111 (5th Cir.1981). An exception to that general rule occurs when statutes of limitation are substantive in nature, as when a particular statute “creates a right and also incorporates a limitation upon the time within which the suit is to be brought....” Copus, 309 S.W.2d at 231.2 That exception would not apply in this case; the statute of repose in question does not create a right. Therefore, even under the analysis advanced in Copus, which predates the Restatement approach, Indiana‘s statute of repose would bar the plaintiff‘s claim.
Notes
A product liability action must be commenced within two (2) years after the cause of action accrues or within ten (10) years after the delivery of the product to the initial user or consumer. However, if the cause of action accrues at least eight (8) years but less than ten (10) years after initial delivery, the action may be commenced at any time within two (2) years after the cause of action accrues.
Deere also moved for summary judgment on the remaining breach of warranty claim based on the absence of privity. Jaurequi responded by moving to dismiss the warranty claim. Finally, on December 15, 1991, the district court granted Jaurequi‘s motion and entered final judgment in favor of Deere.
(1) The rights and liabilities of the parties with respect to an issue in tort are determined by the local law of the state which, with respect to that issue, has the most significant relationship to the occurrence and the parties under the principles stated in § 6.
(2) Contacts to be taken into account in applying the principles of § 6 to determine the law applicable to an issue include:
(a) the place where the injury occurred,
(b) the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred,
(c) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the parties, and
(d) the place where the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered.
These contacts are to be evaluated according to their relative importance with respect to the particular issue.
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145 (1979).[T]he factors relevant to the choice of the applicable rule of law include[:]
(a) the needs of the interstate and international systems,
(b) the relevant policies of the forum,
(c) the relevant policies of the other interested states and the relative interests of those states in the determination of the particular issue,
(d) the protection of justified expectations,
(e) the basic policies underlying the particular field of law,
(f) certainty, predictability and uniformity of result, and
(g) ease in the determination and application of the law to be applied.
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Law § 6(2) (1979). See Perry v. Aggregate Plant Prods. Co., 786 S.W.2d 21 (Tex.Ct.App.1990). In ruling on whether Indiana substantive law, including its statute of repose, barred plaintiff‘s products liability suit against the manufacturer based on defective design and manufacture, the court decided the choice-of-law issue under sections 6 and 145 of the Second Restatement and analyzed the factors as they related to the specific products liability theory asserted against defendant manufacturer. The court noted:Id. at 25 (emphasis added).[S]ince the silo was designed and manufactured in Texas [and] the cause of action is directed at the design and manufacture of the silo, ... it seems that Texas is the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred.... The relationship between the parties, if any, must center around the cause of action which is the “design, manufacture and [sale]” of the silo without proper safeguards.
While Perry dealt with only one products liability claim against one defendant manufacturer, the emphasis placed on the specific theory of liability leads us to believe that a Texas court, faced with numerous defendants and products liability claims, would employ the same meticulous dissection of the issues to decide the applicable choice of law. “Products liability” is a melting pot concept under which plaintiffs may assert various theories of liability for intentional torts, negligence, strict liability, and warranty. Analysis of the issues operates to clarify the precise theories of liability asserted in the case. This is a function mandated by Texas choice-of-law rules.