Procter & Gamble Distributing Co. v. Sherman, 2 F.2d 165

Procter & Gamble Distributing Co. v. Sherman

2 F.2d 165

S.D.N.Y.

1924

Check Treatment

LEABNED HAND, District Judge

(аfter stating the facts as above). The first question is of the propriety of a resort to equity; in other words, has the plaintiff an adequate remedy at law? The last decision of the Supreme Court, Atlantic Coast Line v. Daughton, 262 U. S. 413, 426, 43 S. Ct. 620, 67 L. Ed. 1051, if reаd literally, might lead one to suppose that a federal court ought never to regard a statutory remedy as adequate until the highest state court had passed upon it. The statutes there under consideration have been supplied me in the brief, and, while one may make ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍a fair guess at their meaning, it is clear why the Supreme Court hеsitated to say that they were wholly plain. The court certainly did not intend to say that no statute could be drawn plainly enough to serve until the highest court of the state had construed it.

However that may be, section 218 of the Nеw York Tax Law, even as amended (Laws 1920, c. 640, § 7, Laws 1921, c. 443, § 8; Laws 1922, c. 507, § 5), does not, in my judgment, give an adequate remedy at law. Whilе the word “may,” in the clause “may be refunded to such corporation,” probably refers to the taxpayеr’s option, that is, he may either assign the credit or get the cash, the phrase “at the direction of the state tax commission” is to me ambiguous. The language as a whole leaves it uncertain whether the taxpayer сould compel a refund, if the commission opposed him. If the state meant to give a plain and comрlete remedy, it was certainly easy to do so.

But, quite independently of such doubts, the relief is inadequate beсause of the express refusal to allow interest. ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍It is no answer to say that interest is not allowed against the sovereign. U. S. v. North Carolina, 136 U. S. 211, 216, 10 S. Ct. 920, 34 L. Ed. 336; District of Columbia v. Johnson, 165 U. S. 330, 338, 17 S. Ct. 362, 41 L. Ed. 734. The adequacy of the requisite legal remedy cannot be measured by the remedies one has against a person who is exempt from all process. If that were the test, the principal itsеlf might be confiscated. While I have been referred to no decision on the point, it seems to me plain that it is not an adequate remedy, after taking away a man’s money as a condition of allowing him to contest his tax, merely to hand it back, when, no matter how long after, he establishes that he ought never to have been requirеd to pay at all. Whatever may have been our arehaie notions about interest, in modern financial communities a dollar today is worth more than a dollar next year, and to ignore the interval as immaterial is to сontradict well-settled beliefs about value. The present use of my money is itself a thing of value, and, if I get no cоmpensation for its loss, my remedy does not altogether right my wrong.

*167 The merits being thus opened, I must look at the allegations of the hill. These assert that the defendants have assessed ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍the plaintiff, not on its own income or capitаl, hut in part anyway on that of an independent company, the Proctor & Gamble Company, by virtue of its “consolidated report.” Naturally, it does not appear in the bill that the two companies have so manipulated the plaintiff’s income as to cause it to disappear, and have thus combined to evade any taxes in New York. Section 211, subdivision 9, gives power to the tax commission, when that is the case, to go behind the formal indеpendence of the two companies, and to find an income based upon a fair profit on the lоcal business. I am very far from saying that that is not a valid and an admirable statute, hut the facts must appear. Here I have only allegations which assert that the defendants have assessed the plaintiff on the theory that it must pay taxes on the property and income of another company.

Such allegations are enough to resist demurrer. In other words, I do not think it necessary for the plaintiff ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍in advance to assert the negative by alleging that it did not “dispose of the products” of the Proctor & Gamble Company, so “as to create a loss or improper net income.” It may stand upon its report as prima facie true, and it is for the defendants to plеad that that was only a blind to cheat the state of its proper taxes. Fraud must always be pleaded, and this is in еffect fraud.

Except for that defense, I do not suppose that it will be seriously argued that the defendants might lawfully hаve assessed the plaintiff, ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍not even upon its own income or property elsewhere, but upon that of an independent company, for prima facie the Procter & Gamble Company was such. Procter & Gamble Co. v. Newton (D. C.) 289 F. 1013.

Finally, the defendants argue that, as the plaintiff had the right for a year to apply for a revision under section 218, it should have made such an applicаtion, and that the bill is premature. Possibly this might be true in the ordinary ease, but it is clearly not so here. The tenth article of the hill alleges that, in negotiations with the commission before the tax was laid, the plaintiff vainly tried to get its positiоn accepted, hut that the commission steadfastly maintained its power to assess the plaintiff on the “cоnsolidated report” of the Procter & Gamble Company. While the hill goes on to allege that this position is in the teeth of Procter & Gamble Co. v. Newton, supra, which is erroneous, since that ease has nothing whatever to do with this, that allegation is redundant and may be ignored.

It was not necessary for the plaintiff, in the face of the commission’s declaration, made at the end of their negotiations, to go through the idle form of making an apрlication under section 218. They had declared themselves on the only point which was at issue between the parties, and the plaintiff, after doing its best to persuade them, was entitled to take them at their word.

Motion denied; defendants to plead over within 20 days.