229 F. 108 | 2d Cir. | 1915
(after stating the facts as above). At the.end of the case defendant’s counsel moved for a direction of a verdict upon the ground that the defense of.privilege had been made out as a matter of law, and reserved exception to- the court’s refusal to do so’. There- were other errors assigned to portions of the charge and to admission or exclusion of testimony. The main proposition contended for by defendant is that the facts set forth in the editorial were proved, and that the comment was fair and reasonable, and therefore privileged.
The facts set forth in the editorial, as enumerated in defendant’s brief, are these:
•1. That a score of Americans in Mexico, of whom plaintiff was one, had admitted that the late President Madero was lynched, and had expressed the sentiment that his death was necessary to the salvation of the country.
2. That these Americans were for the most part concessionaries or representatives of Big Business.
3. That they were led by a retired officer of the United States Army.
4. - That the Americans (including plaintiff) were undertaking to instruct the government at Washington to recognize Huerta.
5. That they attribute the attitude of President Wilson to personal prejudice.
6. That they pronounced Mexicans unfit for self-government.
7. That they untruthfully asserted that the United States gives no native a vote in the Philippines.
8. That they compared despotic rule south of the Rio Grande with conditions in the District of Columbia, where the franchise is withheld.
*111 9. That the memorial of the score of Americans (including plaintiff) had been presented to General Huerta and also had been (or was about to be) transmitted to Washington.
It is conceded that the plaintiff was not a retired officer of the United States Army, that he had been an officer thereof, that he had resigned and gone into private business prior to the occurrences referred to, and that he had applied for reinstatement in the Army. The testimony relied on to prove the facts above enumerated consists mainly of several articles, petitions, protests, letters, etc., written by, or at least signed by, the plaintiff. The principal one of these is a memorial to the President of the United States, dated September 27, 1913, and signed by plaintiff and some 20 other American citizens, who state that they have resided in Mexico severally for periods ranging from 6 to 35 years. It sets forth early conditions in Mexico and briefly recites its history down to the advent of Diaz. It reviews Diaz’s long administration, and the social, political, and economical condition of Mexico at the date of the memorial. How accurate this part of the memorial may be we do not know; similar statements have been publicly made before and since by persons who had been in Mexico for a longer or shorter time.’ There is also a savage attack on Madero; whether justified or not the record does not disclose. It ends with the suggestion that it was a good thing for Mexico that he was put out of the way. The rest of the document is a violent criticism of the policy of the present administration of this country in dealing with Mexico since Huerta’s advent.
Without going further into any of this literature, it may be assumed for the purposes of this appeal that, with the exception of the statement that plaintiff was an officer on the retired list of the Army, the “facts” enumerated on defendant’s brief were proved.
We may take a single phrase from the editorial, which, referring to the memorial that was the subject of comment, and to the plaintiff and others who signed it, said: “What punishment is adequate for such a troop of Benedict Arnolds?” We assent to the proposition that this phrase cannot be construed to imply a statement that the troop of signers had offered to sell a fortified post of the United States to the commander of an enemy army for money and other valuable considerations. The trial judge held that the phrase “charac
Besides the memorial, other communications from plaintiff to the President and to the Secretary of State were put in evidence. Manifestly he was bitterly opposed to the Mexican policy of the administration and expressed his opposition most vehemently. Apparently neither plaintiff nor the author of the editorial have modeled their style in accordance with the suggestions contained in Whipple’s intéresting essay on the “Economy of Invective.” We have carefully read the memorial and all the other documents, also the testimony of plaintiff, direct and cross, and fail to find anywhere in them any statements which are “traitorous and treasonable.” It would involve the prescribing of a novel rule of conduct in this country to hold that, in time of peace, criticism of the policy and conduct of an administration, even though severe, bitter, and vehement, is “traitorous and treasonable.” The doctrine of lése majesté, as distinguished from treason as defined in the Constitution,' has no place in our political system.
We do not perceive how the circumstance that plaintiff was once an officer of the Army, who, before his deliverances here in evidence, resigned and engaged in private business, changes the situation, nor the further circumstance that he had asked to be reinstated in the army. While he is a private citizen there seems to be no good reason why he should not be treated as such.
The judgment is affirmed.