141 Mass. 219 | Mass. | 1886
The real property was conveyed to Orice K. Sfcebbins and Ann, his wife, their heirs and assigns, by deed dated October 31, 1868. At common law, both husband and wife were seised of the estate thus granted per tout et non per my as one person, and not as joint tenants or tenants in common. There could be no severance of such an estate by the act of either, and no partition of the land during their joint lives, and the survivor became sole seised of the entirety of the estate. Pierce v. Chace, 108 Mass. 254. Wales v. Coffin, 13 Allen, 213.
This tenancy by entireties is essentially a joint tenancy, modified by the common law doctrine that husband and wife are one person, and was not changed by our statutes enacting that “ conveyances and devises of lands made to two or more persons shall be construed to create estates in common and not in joint tenancy, unless,” &e., because, among other reasons, the statute expressly excepts conveyances and devises to husband and wife. Pub. Sts. c. 126, §§ 5, 6. Gen. Sts. c. 89, §§ 13, 14. Rev. Sts. c. 59, §§ 10, 11. Wales v. Coffin, ubi supra. See also Shaw v. Hearsey, 5 Mass. 521. This exception was repealed, and conveyances to husband and wife declared to create estates in common, by the St. of 1885, c. 237; but this statute cannot affect the decision of this case, as it was passed after the plaintiff’s rights had become vested, and his action had been brought.
The statutes which were enacted before this conveyance, to enable married women to take and hold property to their sole
In Pierce v. Chace, ubi supra, the deed to husband and wife was dated June 29, 1857, which was the day on which the St. of 1857, c. 249, took effect. The deed was held to convey the common law rights, although the effect of the statutes then in force relating to the separate property of married women was not noticed. In Hayward v. Cain, 110 Mass. 273, the deed was dated September 17, 1866, and recited a consideration paid by the husband and wife; but the grant was to the husband, and the court found that there was a resulting trust in favor of the wife in one half of the land. The court said: “ It is true that, if the deed had been made to them jointly, as the master reports it was their understanding that it should be, it would have created an estate in them which would have been incapable of severance; Wales v. Coffin, 13 Allen, 213; because that is the legal construction of such a deed; and the circumstances of the purchase would not be admissible to show a different intent.”
The statutes enabling a married woman to receive, hold, manage, and dispose of real and personal property in the same manner as if she were sole, cannot, we think, be construed to apply to the estate by entireties of husband and wife, because other statutes in effect prevented this conveyance from being construed as creating a tenancy in common; and, if a married woman held this estate as if she were sole, she would hold it as a tenant in common with her husband. At common law by a conveyance to A. and B., his wife, and O., A. and B. took one half and C. the other, but if, under these statutes, B. is to take as if she were sole, A., B., and O. would each take a third, unless it were held that these statutes did not affect any rights except those between husband and wife. See Mander v. Harris, 27 Ch. D. 166.
The provisions requiring the assent of the husband in writing to her conveyance, or his joining with her in the conveyance, or the consent of one of the judges, &c., in the Gen. Sts. c. 108, § 3, which were in force when this conveyance was made, could
The decisions in other States upon the effect of somewhat similar statutes turn more or less upon the particular terms of the statutes. For decisions that these statutes do not affect estates by entireties, see Bertles v. Nunan, 92 N. Y. 152; Marburg v. Cole, 49 Md. 402; Hulett v. Inlow, 57 Ind. 412; Hemingway v. Scales, 42 Miss. 1; McCurdy v. Canning, 64 Penn. St. 39; Diver v. Diver, 56 Penn. St. 106; Fisher v. Provin, 25 Mich. 347; Robinson v. Eagle, 29 Ark. 202; McDuff v. Beauchamp, 50 Miss. 531; Rogers v. Grider, 1 Dana, 242; Den v. Hardenbergh, 5 Halst. 42. See also, contra, Cooper v. Cooper, 76 Ill. 57; Hoffman v. Stigers, 28 Iowa, 302; Clark v. Clark, 56 N. H. 105.
The rights of husband and wife in this estate must therefore be determined by the common law. By that law the right to control the possession of such an estate during their joint lives is in the husband, as it is when the wife is sole seised. “ Neither
If it be assumed that the defendant was a tenant at will or licensee of the wife, even with the permission of the husband, the execution and delivery of the written lease by the husband to the plaintiff determined the tenancy at will or the license, and the plaintiff was entitled to the possession.
The remaining exception is to the admission of the testimony of what one Robbins, who died before the trial in the Superior Court, said or testified to at. the trial of this action in the district court, concerning the service on the defendant of a notice from the plaintiff that a lease had been made to him, and that he claimed possession under it. The objection was not taken on the ground that this was testimony of the contents of a written paper, which could have been produced. Evidence of the testimony of a witness in a former trial of this action, if the witness be dead, is competent. It is not certain whether this statement of Robbins was made before or after he was sworn as a witness, but it was made to the presiding judge of the district court in the course of the trial, and in the presence of the defendant and his counsel, and, so far as appears, without objection by them; and “ there was no denial of the notice on the part of the defendant during that trial.” If it was a part of Robbins’s testimony, it was clearly competent. It is not shown how
Judgment on the verdict.