107 Ky. 546 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1900
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
By averments to -the effect that they were the rightful Board of Election Commissioners, selected and appointed in pursuance of the provisions of the present election law, (section 1596a, Kentucky Statutes), and that the defendant Shackelford, clerk, was about to qualify his co-defendants, Mackoy and Cochran, as members of that board, and the
The chancellor, upon hearing, granted the injunction; but in the same order, and to the end, as held by him, that an application might, in view of the grave matters involved, . be had at once to a judge or judges of the Court of Appeals for a reinstatement of the injunction, dissolved it, with leave to apply for its reinstatement as is provided by law. Hence this application to this court for reinstatement.
The plaintiff Poyntz is a member of the State Board by election or selection of the General Assembly. His associate plaintiffs, Fulton and Yonts, were appointed such members by him upon the retirement of the two members (Pryor and Ellis) who had originally been members of the board.
It is agreed that the vacancies on the board created by the retirement of Pryor and Ellis were filled by Poyntz in accordance with the requirements of the election law. The defendants Maclsoy and Cochran are the appointees of the Governor on the said board, and are entitled to their respective offices, as they claim, in virtue of that appointment. The clerk, Shackelford, is a nominal party merely.
Aside from some preliminary questions to be considered later on, the vital matter in dispute is, has the Governor, under the Constitution and the law, the right to appoint to membership on the State Board, or did that right do
The competency of the Legislature to create the Election Board, and select its members, admittedly is settled in the Purnell-Mann Case, 20 Ky. L. R., 1146, [48 S. W., 407], where the constitutionality of the act conferring sudi power on that body was carefully considered and upheld.
When the force of this adjudication is considered, it can hardly be argued seriously that the Legislature is lacking in power to provide how vacancies in their creature, the board, may be filled. Legislative competency to create the board and fill it implies legislative competency to provide how vacancies on the board may be filled.
But, while such power may exist in the abstract, the right to fill such vacancies may be denied to the Legislature because of some provision of the organic law conferring- that right elsewhere; and that such right has been vested by the Constitution on the Governor exclusively is the contention of the defendants.
The right of the Governor to fill the vacancies is sought to be upheld by reference to section 152 of the Constitution, which is as follows: ,
“Section 152. Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, vacancies in all elective offices shall be filled by election or appointment, as follows:
“If the unexpired term will end at the next succeeding annual election at which either city, town, county, district, or State officers are to be elected, the office shall be filled by appointment for the remainder of the term. If the unexpired term will not end at the next succeeding annual election at which either city, town, county, district, or State officers are to be elected, and if three months in*549 tervene before said succeeding annual election at which either city, town, county, district, or State officers are to be elected, the office shall be filled by appointment until said election, and then said vacancy shall be filled by election for the remainder of the term. If three months do not intervene between the happening of said vacancy and the next succeeding annual election at which citjr, town, county, district, or State officers are to be elected, the office shall be filled by appointment until the second succeeding annual election at which city, town, county, district or State officers are to be elected; and then if any part of the term remains unexpired, the office shall be filled by election until the regular time for the election of officers to fill said offices. Vacancies in all offices for the State at large, or for districts larger than a county, shall be filled by appoint ment of the Governor; all other appointments shall be made as may be prescribed by law. No person shall ever be appointed a member of the General Assembly, but vacancies therein may be filled at a special election, in such manner as may be provided by law.”
We think the meaning of this section is quite plain. Whenever a vacancy occurs in an elective office, it is to be filled by appointment. If the unexpired term ends at the next succeeding annual election at which either city, town, county, district or State officers are to be elected,” the appointment .will last for the remainder of the term. If the unexpired term does not so end, and three months intervene from the time the vacancy occurs until the succeeding annual election of the description named, then the vacant office is to be filled by appointment until the said succeeding annual election. But, df three months do not so intervene, the office is to be fille'd by appoint
But it will be seen at once that, so far, the very purpose announced at the threshold of the section, of telling us the method of filling “vacancies in all elective offices,” remains unfulfilled in a most important particular.
It is true we have been told, as already said, that, in all cases of vacancies, appointments shall be made filling them, and we have been told how long such appointments shall last. But the question who shall make these appointments for filling these elective offices when vacancies occur remains wholly unanswered. The section then naturally proceeds to complete its mission. And we learn that vacancies in all offices for the State at large, or for districts larger than a county, shall be filled by appointment 'Of the Governor, and that all other appointments shall be made as may be prescribed by law.
The first sentence of the section declares the purpose of the section to be to provide for the filling of vacancies in all elective offices,- and that this was to be done by election and appointment. We are then told when elections may be held to fill these vacancies, and to what time appointments will ran; and in the last clause we are told by whom these appointments are to be made. The first clauses tell us hoio long the appointees hold; the second clauses, hy whom, the appointments are made.
This plain and natural meaning of the section was recognized, — indeed, announced, — in unequivocal terms by this court in the case of Shelley v. McCullough, 97 Ky., 164, [30 S. W., 193].
In that case we had under consideration sections 152 and
We held, however that it was the intention by this section (160), “to confer on the General Assembly simply the power to provide how the vacancies in these offices maybe temporarily filled, and also by whom they may be filled;” and we further said:
“So we find in section 152 this language: ‘Vacancies in all offices for the State at large or for districts larger than a county, shall be filled by appointment of the Governor.’ ”
“This language imports on its face the power of the chief executive to fill vacancies in offices for the unexpired terms thereof, which we know he may fill only temporarily, and until the next succeeding annual election after the happening of the vacancy. -The power given is not to ‘fill the vacancy,’ in the ordinary acceptation of the words, but to fill only the appointive part thereof.”
Proceeding further we said:
“By placing the sections in juxtaposition, this construction becomes apparent: ‘Section 152.....Vacancies in all offices for the State at large or for districts larger than a county shall be filled by appointment of the Governor.’ ‘Section 160. . . . The General Assembly shall prescribe the qualifications of all officers of towns and cities, . . . and how vacancies in such offices may be filled.’ Both of these provisions apply only to the filling -of the appointive part of the vacancy.”
And again we said:
“As we have seen, section 152 applies alone to elective*552 offices, and the words ‘all other appointments’ mean all other appointments to fill vacancies in elective offices. . . .”
Thus it has been authoritatively determined that the words in section 152, “vacancies in all offices for the State at large, or for districts larger than a county shall be filled by the Governor; all other appointments shall be made as may be prescribed by law,” — have reference to vacancies in elective offices, the appointive part only of which may be filled temporarily, in the one case, by the Governor, until the next succeeding annual election by the people, and, in the other case, by the General Assembly prescribing how this appointive part of the term may be temporarily filled.
We conclude, therefore, that this section does not touch or affect the question of filling vacancies in appointive offices, and is wholly irrevelant to the issue here involved.
The remaining section of the Constitution relied on to invalidate the statute under which the plaintiffs' hold is as follows:
“Section 76. He [the Governor] shall have the power, except as otherwise provided in the Constitution, to .fill vacancies by granting commissions, which shall expire when such vacancies shall have been filled according to the provisions of this Constitution.”
This section is found in that division of the Constitution relating to the executive department and the general grant of power to it. The preceding sections provide' that the supreme executive power of the State shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be called the Governor; that he shall be elected for a term of four years, and be ineligible thereafter; that he shall be at least thirty years old, shall enter on his office the fifth Tuesday after
By its provisions, it confers only power to fill vacancies by granting commissions which shall expire when the vacancies shall be filled according to the provisions of the Constitution. It can not, of necessity, have any application to vacancies in office for the filling of which no provision is made in the Constitution; for, as to such offices, there would be no period at which the commissions granted by the Governor would expire.
It does not, therefore, apply to the offices in question, unless there is some other provision in the Constitution directing how vacancies in them shall be filled. The only other provision of that instrument respecting vacancies is that of section 152, which, as we have seen, does not affect the filling of vacancies in other than elective offices, and the offices in dispute are not of that class.
In our opinion, the section is in fact merely an abstract and general grant of power to the Governor to fill vacancies by granting commissions which should expire when the vacancies should be filled according to the provisions of the Constitution.
It was not supposed by the framers of the Constitution that by this general grant of power they had invested the Governor with the right to fill any specific vacancy; for, as we have seen, in the only other section of the Constitution on that .subject (152), they provided that vacancies in State offices and for districts larger than a county should be filled by the appointment of the Governor, — a wholly useless provision, if the right theretofore had been conferred on him under section 76. As a matter of fact, this
“He shall have power to fill vacancies that may occur by granting commissions, which shall expire when such vacancies shall have - been filled according to the provisions of this Constitution.”
In 1881 it became necessary to consider the power of the Governor, under this section, to fill temporarily a vacancy on this bench caused by the death of one of the judges.
This court said (Opinion of the Judges, 79 Ky., 623) that the section confers on the Governor as the head of ilie executive department, “the general power to fill vacancies;” that its literal meaning would doubtless -authorize appointments by the Governor to fill vacancies temporarily, in the absence of other provisions of the Constitution or laws passed in pursuance thereof; but, looking to the whole instrument, the court said:
“And, when we look at the Constitution upon the subject-of vacancies, it is clear-that the power, to fill vacancies temporarily under said section, which is- not self-executing, was not conferred on the Governor to be exercised by him upon his knowledge of the existence of a vacancy, without further constitutional or statutory authority; and it will not do to say that, unless the power to fill vacancies temporarily belongs to the Governor, in the literal and isolated sense of the section quoted, offices will be without incumbents for a time,” etc.
And the court, referring to section 26, article 8, of the old Constitution, providing for filling vacancies by the Governor in certain State offices in the recess of the Senate, said:
“Thus, by this section, power to- fill the vacancy temporarily in those offices, and until the end of the next*555 session of the Senate, is expressly conferred upon the Governor; yet if he had the power, under section 9, article 3 (section 76 now), to fill vacancies until they shall have been filled according to the provisions of the Constitution, and its framers had so understood and intended the section, it was wholly unnecessary to confer upon him the power to fill vacancies in those offices until they shall have been filled by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.”
And the court further illustrated its conclusion that section 3, article 9, was not self-executing, and was not a grant of specific- power to fill vacancies, by referring to the statutes providing that vacancies in the offices of Commanwe-alth’s Attorney and circuit court clerk were to- be filled temporarily by the circuit judge; that vacancies in the offices of sheriff, coroner, surveyor, county court clerk, etc., «should be temporarily filled by the county court, etc. The exercise of the right to fill these vacancies by these various tribunals was in the face of the constitutional provision apparently, though not really, conferring that power on the Governor.
We think the new secti«o«n confers no other or greater power on the Governor than the mid section, and it does not, in anjr event, confer the right on him to fill the vacancies in the appointive offices in dispute, in the face of the statute providing otherwise.
We have thus disposed of the provisions of the Constitution supposed to affect the question before us.
Incidentally, though not less earnestly, counsel for defendants insisted in the argument that injunction was not the proper remedy. We think, however, that when an officer, in the rightful possession of his office, is molested or interfered with in the discharge of his official
Thus, the learned author of the work last referred to says, in his notes to White vs. Butler, 171 U. S., 379:
“An injunction will lie, however, to restrain the exercise of the duties of an office, or' to prevent interference therewith, whenever the interests of the public require it. Thus, a de facto officer in possession under color of right is entitled to an injunction to restrain another claimant from interfering with his enjoyment of a performance of the duties of the office, pending litigation to establish the right thereto, or, if no litigation be pending, until the claimant shall have established his right at law. Huntington vs. Cash, 149 Ind., 255; Braidy vs. Therit, 17 Kan., 468; Guillotte vs. Poincy, 41 La. An., 333; Reevielin vs. Mosby, 47 Ohio St., 570; &c.”
And the same author, in his notes to Fesler vs. Brayton (Ind. 1896), 3 Am. & Eng. Dec. in Equity, 139) says:
“Equity can not try the title to office in a direct proceeding, but when the question arises collaterally-it will assume jurisdiction over it and decide it. Accordingly, though it will not interfere to put a claimant in possession of his office, it will protect one already in possession from being disturbed unlawfully. . . . But the actual incumbent of an office, whether de jure or de facto, if duly qualified and in office by virtue of a certificate of election issued by the proper officers, will be protected by injunction against unlawful interference with his possession thereof.” (Citing cases last cited.)
On the whole case, we are of opinion that the injunction dissolved on January 6, 1900, should be, and the same is hereby, reinstated, and an order to that effect will be filed in the Franklin Circuit Court, as prescribed by law.
Dissenting Opinion
dissents:
The record in this case discloses two injunctions — one granted in court, but without any provision for a bond; and the other by the judge in chambers, granting the injunction, and at the same time dissolving it.
It seems fair to presume that the judgment entered in court was regarded and treated as a nullity, and coun
The first question here is whether this court, or any judge thereof, upon application made to him, will, for the purpose of taking jurisdiction, regard what was actuary done by the order, or what the circuit judge recited to have been done, without regard to.its truth. Upon this question it would seem., there could not be two plausible opinions.
This court has always regarded the substance of judgments, rather than their form, in deciding upon jurisdictional questions.
For the avowed purpose of giving to one party the right to make application to a judge of the Court of Appeals for a decision of the legal question, the circuit judge entered an order, and in the same breath nullified it. It is unnecessary to discuss the motive, or the propriety of the circuit judge’s desire to give the right to such application to one party rather than to the other.
The question presented here is as to the power of the circuit judge, and the power to enter an order which shall be valid for the purpose of giving jurisdiction to a judge of this court, but void for all other purposes, does not, in my judgment, exist, and would be extremely pernicious if it did.
If the circuit judge may do this, for the purpose of giving jurisdiction on behalf of one party in a case like this, what reason is there that the circuit court may not do so in another?
Consider for a moment: Jurisdiction upon appeal is regulated by the amount in controvérsy. As to the de
Is it to be supposed for a. moment that this court would take jurisdiction of such an appeal?
Bo, in this case, neither (his cóurl, nor any judge thereof, has any jurisdiction to consider or determine upon the rights of the parties, because there is no order which can be brought before a judge of this court, except an order which might have been brought luna* by the defendants, granting an injunction against them for twenty days. An order which annuls itself is no older at all. An order which partly annuls itself is, pro tanto, no order. The action of the circuit judge* was beyond his power for the purpose avowed or for any purpose
But it is sought to bo justified or excused upon the ground that there is an apparent want of equity in allowing the right to apply to a judge of this court to the defendant, against whom the injunction was granted, and not to the plaintiff, to whom relief was refused.
Bo much has been said recently of the court's want of power to consider a question of legislative policy that this suggestion seems hardly worthy to be considered. But it might be suggested that there is a good reason for the distinction, and -which, doubtless, appealed to the legislative discretion.
The General Assembly, in effect, said to the litigants in an injunction suit:
“There is an existing status in the relations between*560 you. An injunction is an extraordinary remedy. If, by means of this -extraordinary remedy, a circuit judge alters the existing status, we give to the litigant against whom it is disturbed a right to apply to a.judge of the higher court to restore the- pre-existing status.”
No-t so, however, if this relief is refused by the circuit judge. There, the circuit judge having refused to alter the status, the party seeking the relief is presumed not to be entitled to it; and as the extraordinary remedy has not been granted, to the disturbance of the existing state, there is no -occasion to permit an application to a judge of the Court of Appeals.
But, whether the reason for the legislative distinction was a good or a bad one, the fact remains that, in giving this to one and denying it t-o the other party, the Legislature exercised an undoubted and unquestioned power belonging to it, and it is not for a circuit judge to nullify the statute by entering an order which nullifies itself.
And this court, by all proper rules- of construction, is as impotent as the circuit court in controlling a question of legislative policy, or even in considering it, except in bo far as it may shed light -on the meaning of the Legislature.
This, in my judgment, is the basic objection to- the action of the majority of the court. In this objection Judge G-uffy concurs. I shall merely mention my other objections.
I consider the section of the statute providing for the filling of vacancies to be unconstitutional, under sections 152 and 76 -of the Constitution, and have stated briefly my reasons for s-o thinking in my dissenting opinion in Purnell v. Mann, reported in 50 S. W., 268.
Another objection is that no reason is stated in the pe
por these and other reasons, I dissent from the ruling of the majority.
