A grаnd jury indicted Louis Jordan Powell, Jr., for murder, use of a firearm in the commission of murder, and possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a felony. Prior to trial, Powell pled guilty tо possessing a firearm after having been convicted of a felony. The Commonwealth did not consent to entry of a conditional plea. See Code § 19.2-254. A jury convicted Powell of the twо remaining charges. On this appeal from the convictions of second degree murder and using a firearm in the commission of murder, Powell contends the trial judge erred in (1) denying his motion to dismiss beсause of a speedy trial violation, (2) denying his motion to suppress his statement to police because of a Miranda violation, (3) admitting into evidence unsigned notes of a deputy sheriff memorializing Powell’s statement, (4) refusing to in *747 struct the jury that parole has been abolished in Virginia, (5) instructing the jury on the elements of second degree murder, and (6) instructing the jury on the burden to prove self-dеfense. For the reasons that follow, we hold that Powell was not tried within the time period specified in Code § 19.2-243, and we reverse both convictions and dismiss the indictments.
I.
The record establishеd that officers of the Halifax County Sheriffs Department arrested Louis Jordan Powell, Jr., on January 26, 1996, on four warrants charging Powell with first degree murder of a juvenile, discharging a firearm within a building, using a fireаrm in the commission of murder, and possessing a firearm after having been convicted of a felony. On March 19, 1996, a judge of the juvenile and domestic relations district court found probable сause to believe Powell committed the offenses and certified the matters to the grand jury. Powell was taken into custody March 19, 1996, and has remained continuously in custody.
In May 1996, the grand jury indicted Powell for murder, use of a firearm in the commission of murder, and possessing a firearm after having been convicted of a felony. The record indicates that the only order entered in the circuit court after the return of the indictments and before trial was an order relieving Powell’s initial trial attorney from his representation and substituting another attorney to represent Powell. On October 8, 1996, Powell’s attorney filed a motion pursuant to Code § 19.2-243 “to discharge [Powell] from prosecution for failure to commence trial within five (5) months from the date probable cause was found.” On October 9, immediately prior to the commencement of trial, the trial judge heard evidence on the motion and denied the motion. After considering other mоtions, the trial judge arraigned Powell. Powell pled guilty to the charge of possessing a firearm after having been convicted of a felony. He pled not guilty to murder and use of a firearm in the commission of murder. At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury convicted Powell of second degree murder and use of a firearm in the commission of murder.
*748 II.
As pertinent to this aрpeal, the statute governing the time limitation for the commencement of felony trials provides as follows:
Where a general district court has found that there is probable cаuse to believe that the accused has committed a felony, the accused, if he is held continuously in custody thereafter, shall be forever discharged from prosecution for suсh offense if no trial is commenced in the circuit court within five months from the date such probable cause was found by the district court.
Code § 19.2-243. “If [the accused] is not tried within the time specified in Code § 19.2-243, the burden is on the Commonwealth to explain the delay.”
Godfrey v. Commonwealth,
Powell’s trial was not commencеd within five months from the date the judge of the juvenile court found probable cause. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial judge found “that there was a continuance [and] that it was on the mоtion of [Powell].” See Code § 19.2-243 (exempting “such period of time as the failure to try the accused was caused ... [b]y continuance granted on the motion of the accused or his counsеl”). The record, however, does not support the trial judge’s findings.
At the evidentiary hearing, Tina Englebright, an employee of the Commonwealth’s Attorney’s office who is not an attorney, testified thаt she had been given the responsibility of “setting the circuit court docket.” In this capacity, she received a list of available trial dates from the circuit court judge and then contacted the attorneys involved in the cases to *749 coordinate their available trial dates. Englebright prepared a spread sheet with the defendant’s name, charge, attorney and a speedy trial date, and she noted on the spread sheet the agreed upon or convenient trial date. After Englebright completed the spread sheet, she deliverеd it to the clerk’s office. Englebright testified that the clerk prepared the trial docket from Englebright’s spread sheet.
Englebright testified that this procedure was followed for Powell’s casе. Her spread sheet indicated that Powell was to be tried by a jury. Over objection, she further testified that Powell’s initial attorney had asked for a continuance because of “extrеme docket problems in setting his cases.” She also testified that the circuit judge did not enter either an order setting the case for trial or an order for a continuance.
Powell’s initial attorney testified that he could not recall requesting a continuance of the case. He also testified that the circuit judge generally enters orders when continuances аre granted.
The Clerk of the Circuit Court identified Englebright’s spread sheet as the document from which the clerk’s office prepared its trial docket. The Clerk testified that the spread sheеt was “used in support of the creation of the docket.” The Clerk also testified the spread sheet is not put in an order book and is not stamped or dated as received.
The record contains no order or docket entry by the judge setting a trial date. We have had other occasions to address the absence of an order setting a criminal trial. We ruled as follows:
The record contains no orders or docket entries explaining the reason for the delay in beginning the trial or supporting the trial judge’s finding that the ... delay was attributable to [thе accused]. No orders were entered granting continuances or showing why the case was not scheduled for trial within five months.... The testimony of witnesses cannot stand in lieu of findings and rulings of the trial judgе entered of record. To do so would diminish the sanctity of the court’s records. The record of proceed *750 ings in a court of record cannot be left to the vagaries of а swearing contest between witnesses. Such is an insufficient basis to establish why delay occurred which prevented a criminal defendant from receiving a speedy trial.
Adkins v. Commonwealth,
In determining responsibility for the delay of a criminal trial, we must confine our review to the record before us. Because of the fragility of memories “Representations of counsel, or even of the trial judge, if not supported by the record, are insufficient.” A trial court’s actions are reflected in the record only through its orders and decrees. Cоnsequently, a trial date scheduled by the court in a criminal case must be documented before we may consider it in evaluating trial delay, and no trial date was scheduled by the court in this case.
sj« * * * * *
Only the trial court, not the Commonwealth’s Attorney, has authority to schedule criminal cases for trial. Code § 19.2-241 provides that “[t]he judge of each circuit court shall fix a day of his court when the trial of criminal cases will commence, and may make such general or special order in reference thereto.... ” This provision contemplates an orderly рrocedure for setting criminal cases and expressly places the control of that process under the supervision of the trial court, not a party litigant. The policy expressed in this provision recognizes the role of the trial judge in insuring the prompt disposition of criminal cases.
Williams v. Commonwealth,
Not only was no order entered setting an initial trial date for Powell’s jury trial, the rеcord in this case clearly estab *751 lishes that no order was entered setting a continued trial date. On this record, the Commonwealth has not borne its burden of proving a delay countenаnced by Code § 19.2-243. Because Powell was in custody and was not brought to trial within five months of the finding of probable cause, as statutorily mandated, the trial judge erred in failing to grant Powell’s motion to dismiss the indictments. We, therefore, reverse the convictions for second degree murder and use of a firearm in the commission of murder and dismiss the indictments. We need not address the remaining issues.
Reversed and dismissed.