79 A.D.2d 467 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1981
OPINION OF THE COURT
Petitioner is an attorney charged with bribing an Assistant District Attorney to obtain favorable treatment for his clients. His trial ended when his motion for a mistrial was granted. Claiming that the double jeopardy clause bars retrial because his motion was provoked by prosecutorial misconduct, he brings this CPLR article 78 proceeding seeking an order of prohibition (see Matter of Di Lorenzo
The charges against petitioner arose out of an incident in which his clients, posing as reputable repairmen, allegedly defrauded 81-year-old Mabel Hartung of $9,000 by making unnecessary repairs to her home. The matter was reported eventually to Richard Mancuso, Assistant District Attorney of Erie County in charge of the Consumer Fraud Bureau. It was the theory of the prosecution, and Mancuso so testified, that petitioner paid Mancuso $1,000 to avoid prosecution of his clients and to permit the matter to be settled by civil compromise. To prove its case, the prosecution relied primarily on the testimony of Richard Mancuso and evidence contained in recordings of three telephone conversations between Mancuso and petitioner.
During the three weeks of trial, petitioner’s counsel made 12 motions for mistrial and he now asserts that the prosecutorial misconduct which provoked these motions, when considered cumulatively, was so egregious and prejudicial that his retrial should be prohibited. The alleged misconduct falls generally into three separate areas involving such matters as the prosecutor’s opening statement and his prejudicial gestures before the jury, his questions while ex-' amining witnesses and, finally, petitioner’s claim that the prosecutor intentionally failed to deliver to him the original tape of one of his four intercepted telephone conversations with Mancuso. This latter incident precipitated the court’s ruling terminating the trial, but the court did not rely upon it alone in granting petitioner’s motion.
There is a strong policy of American law favoring finality in criminal proceedings which is expressed in the constitutional and statutory prohibitions against double jeopardy (US Const, 5th Arndt; and see Benton v Maryland, 395 US 784 [applying the 5th Armdt to the States]; NY Const, art I, § 6; CPL 40.20, subd 1). The amendments are designed to protect the individual’s basic human right not to be harassed or perhaps impoverished by successive prosecu
Although the United States Supreme Court and the courts of New York recognize this exception, neither has yet barred reprosecution following a successful defense motion for mistrial because of prosecutorial misconduct.
A certain degree of finesse is required in judging the issue, because the public interest is not served if every prosecutorial miscue, no matter how slight, results in double jeopardy consequences. On the other hand, neither defendant’s nor society’s interests are advanced if the court, fearing double jeopardy, refuses to grant a defendant’s motion for mistrial except in the most extreme case of misconduct. That approach forces defendant to slog his way through a hopelessly flawed trial to its ultimate conclusion, inevitable appeal and later retrial, and it runs counter to the purposes underlying the double jeopardy clause because it subjects defendant to the additional delay, expense and anxiety resulting from the futile effort of consummating the trial.
With these considerations in mind and recognizing that each case must be decided on its particular circumstances (see United States v Jorn, 400 US 470, 486, supra; Wade v Hunter, 336 US 684, 690, supra; United States v Perez, 9 Wheat [22 US] 579, 580, supra; Drayton v Hayes, 589 F2d 117, 122, supra), we examine the case at hand, bearing in mind that we are addressing ourselves to the seriouness of the prosecutor’s misconduct, not the propriety of the court’s rulings as would be the case in a sua sponte declaration of mistrial.
Considering first the prosecutor’s comments and gestures, it is apparent that several parts of his opening statement
In the motions precipitated by the prosecutor’s examination of Richard Mancuso, counsel claimed that the prosecutor was improperly leading or impeaching his own witness. By way of background, at the time Richard Mancuso testified, he was sentenced to Attica Prison for similar crimes involving abuse of his office as an Assistant District Attorney. He testified at petitioner’s trial under a grant of immunity and with his personal lawyer sitting next to him during his examination. There was no question of this former prosecutor being “tricked” by leading questions and there was very little question of his antipathy towards the prosecution’s case when some of the leading questions were asked, even if that hostility had not been demonstrated formally on the record. Nor did he deny his friendship with petitioner. Notwithstanding this background, however, the prosecutor was kept on a very short leash during his examination, and that being so, we can find no egregious misconduct on his part in opting for the tactics which best helped him elicit from the witness the evidence necessary to his case. As far as the impeaching questions are concerned, the questions contained nothing new to the jury. In the opening statement it had been fully informed of Mancuso’s background without objection.
Looking at it from another perspective, we would have been reluctant to reverse the trial court if it had permitted the prosecutor to lead or impeach Mancuso under the circumstances of this case. That is not to say that the court erred in sustaining objections to the prosecutor’s questions, but only that this was an area of broad discretion in which the court might have properly ruled either way. That being
Petitioner contends that the prosecutor acted in bad faith because he was repeatedly warned by the court to stop leading. We do not condone an attorney’s disregard of the court’s reasonable directions, but the prosecutor here might well have believed that many of his questions were not objectionable and he demonstrated his good faith in framing them by pertinent legal argument and a written brief properly designed to aid the court on the point.
The problem concerning the tape recording also requires some discussion. Petitioner’s case was one of several involving improper contacts between private attorneys and Mancuso. Most of the cases involved wiretaps, and the Trial Judge stated that there had been over 6,000 intercepts during the investigation. Before petitioner’s trial, the People had been ordered to make all logs and duplicate tapes involving the Hartung matter available to his counsel. The prosecutor had done so and had identified as relevant the three tapes which he subsequently introduced into evidence. During petitioner’s cross-examination of Mancuso on October 9, however, it developed that there was a fourth tape in which Mrs. Hartung was mentioned. Counsel claimed surprise by this discovery, the trial was suspended and a duplicate tape delivered to him to enable him to prepare his cross-examination. On October 14 petitioner moved for a mistrial and on October 17, a Friday afternoon, the court considered the motion. It reviewed the facts concerning the nondisclosure of the fourth tape and found that the error may have been occasioned by a notation on one of the three logs that the newly discovered conversation was between Mancuso and a lawyer named Arcadi. The log originally contained petitioner’s name, but the name was stricken and Arcadi’s name was written over it. Apparently the officers working on the tapes had been unsure whether the conversation was between Mancuso and petitioner or Mancuso and Arcadi. They had finally decided that it was with Arcadi and none of their logs identified the tape as a conversation involving petitioner.
Ruling that the prosecutor’s failure to produce the fourth tape was not intentional, the court denied petitioner’s mo
It is not necessary to analyze the circumstances further. There is nothing in the record suggesting that the prosecutor needed or wanted a second trial or that his conduct was designed to abort the trial to secure another more favorable chance to convict. His evidence was apparently developing predictably to his satisfaction and when the mistrial motions were argued, he strongly opposed them.
Petitioner contends that he was prejudiced by the prosecutor’s actions, but we are hardput to isolate any prejudice. This was a contentious trial, punctuated by frequent interruptions and delays. The last recess of four days was granted upon petitioner’s request after discovery of the fourth conversation between Mancuso and petitioner.
If petitioner is to succeed on this application, he must satisfy a heavy burden of proof. It is not enough that he claims that his trial was defective because of legal error or prosecutorial zeal or mistake. Few trials are flawless and a defendant may not prevail in prohibition simply because his was not. He must show that the prosecutorial misconduct was so egregious that the judicial process itself has broken down. If he does, then the court may fairly say that society’s interest in a new trial to establish defendant’s guilt or innocence has been superseded by an overriding necessity to protect the integrity of the judicial process. That was not shown here, however, and the petition should, therefore, be dismissed.
Hancock, Jr., J. P., Doerr, Denman and Moule, JJ., concur.
Petition unanimously dismissed, without costs.
. For cases in which retrial has been prohibited see, e.g., United States v Martin (561 F2d 135 [improper use of Grand Jury testimony]); United States v Kessler (530 F2d 1246 [use of false evidence]); in People v Conlon (66 AD2d 823) a majority of the court ruled in favor of retrial, but one Judge, dissenting, would have prohibited retrial (see p 824).
. Actually the recess lasted from October 9 to October 20. During part of this period, petitioner was sick and unable to proceed.
. The transcript is included in respondent’s answer. It is as follows:.
“MI (mancuso) Hello.
*475 “MO (potenza) Hello.
“MI You called me.
“MO Oh yea.
“MI Tomorrow, I’ll have those tickets.
“MO Yea, I have * * * before me a file.
“MI Yea tomorrow, tomorrow morning.
“MO Mabel Hartung.
“MI I’ll stop in the morning.
“MO I’ll show you our file.
“MI * * * for sure * * * everything is cool. “MO Yea.
“MI Goodbye.”