In the first appearance of this medical malpractice case before this Court,
Zamarion Everett sustained a permanent brachial plexus injury 2 during his birth in 2003. His mother, Anita Jackson [Postell], filed the instant medical malрractice action, individually and as next friend of Everett, against Certified Nurse Midwife Vickie Hankla, who attended the birth, and Hankla’s employer, Southern OB-GYN Associates, P.C. (collectively “Hankla”). [Postell] argued that Hankla breached the standard of care during delivery when she applied lateral traction3 with enough force to cause Zamarion’s injury during her attempts to deliver him during an obstetrical complication known as shouldеr dystocia, which occurs when an infant’s shoulders become lodged in the mother’s pelvis after delivery of the head.4
On remand, the case was tried before a jury, which found for the defense. The trial court entered judgmеnt on the jury’s verdict, and Postell
“The issue of the admissibility or exclusion of exрert testimony rests in the broad discretion of the court, and consequently, the trial court’s ruling thereon cannot be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.”
1. Postell argues that Brickman was not qualified to testify as an еxpert witness' in a medical malpractice action against a nurse midwife because Brickman had not supervised, taught, or instructed nurse midwives during three of the five years preceding Zamarion’s birth, and therefore Briсkman did not satisfy the requirements set forth in OCGA § 24-9-67.1 (c) (2) (D). Hankla does not contend that Brickman supervised, taught, or instructed nurse midwives during the requisite period; instead, Hankla argues that because Brickman met the “active practiсe” requirement found in OCGA § 24-9-67.1 (c) (2) (A), she did not need to meet the further requirements of subparagraph (D). This argument, however, is not supported by the language of the statute or by prior rulings of this Court.
OCGA § 24-9-67.1 (c) provides, in pertinent part:
[I]n professional malpractice actions, the opinions of an expert, who is otherwise qualified as to the aсceptable standard of conduct of the professional whose conduct is at issue, shall be admissible only if, at the time the act or omission is alleged to have occurred, such expert:
(1) Was licensed by an appropriate regulatory agency... at such time; and
(2) In the case of a medical malpractiсe action, had actual professional knowledge and experience in the area of practice or specialty in which the opinion is to be given as the result of having been regularly engaged in:
(A) The active practice of such area of specialty of his or her profession for at least three of the last five years ... ;or
(B) The teaching of his or her profession for at least three of the last five years . . . ; and
(C) Except as provided in subparagraph (D) of this paragraph: (i) [i]s a member of the same profession ...; and
(D) Notwithstanding any оther provision of this Code section, an expert who is a physician and, as a result of having, during at least three of the last five years immediately preceding the time the act or omission is alleged to have occurred, supervised, taught, or instructed . . . nurse midwives, . . . has knowledge of the standard of care of that health care provider under the circumstances at issue shall be competent to testify as to the standard of that health care provider. However, a . . . nurse midwife . . . shall not be competent to testify as to the standard of care of a physician.7
As this Court has explained previously, the word “or” connecting subparagraphs (2) (A) and (2) (B), followed by the word “and” connecting subparagraphs (2) (B) and (2) (C), means that “a medical expert must show either ‘active practice’ or ‘teaching’ for ‘at least three of the last five years,’but that whichever of these may be the case, the expert must also be ‘a member of the same profession’ as the person whоse performance he is evaluating.”
Subparagraph (D) of OCGA § 24-9-67.1 (c) (2) allows a medical doctor to testify as to the standard of care of a nurse midwife where the doctor has knowledge of the nurse midwife’s standard of care as the result of having “supervisеd, taught, or instructed” nurse midwives during the requisite time period. The record reflects, and Hankla makes no contrary contention, that Brickman did not supervise, teach, or instruct nurse midwives during at least three of the last five years immediately preceding Zamarion’s birth on August 18, 2003, the time the negligence is alleged to have occurred. Brickman completed her residency in June 2000 and began the private practice of medicine in July or August of that year. She testified that she had not supervised or worked with nurse midwives since leaving her residency and entering private practice, that is, from August 2000 until after Zamarion’s birth in August 2003. Because she had not supervised, taught, or instructed midwives during the three years prior to Zamarion’s birth, Brickman did not meet the requirements set forth in subparagraph (D) and therefore was not qualified to testify as to the standard of care of a nurse midwife. In ruling otherwise, the trial сourt abused its discretion.
Moreover, we cannot deem this error harmless, and Hankla does not contend otherwise. Brickman testified that, in her opinion, based upon a reasonable degree of medicаl certainty, Hankla complied with the standard of care. The jury heard two other witnesses for the defense give their opinion that Hankla complied with the standard of care: Dr. Moseley, president of defendаnt Southern OB-GYN Associates; and defendant Vickie Hankla herself. But Brickman’s
2. Postell contends that the trial court erred in prohibiting her from questioning Moseley, one of Hankla’s experts, as to his bias due to his financial interest in the outcome of the litigation. Although litigants are entitled to conduct a “thorough and sifting” cross-examinatiоn of opposing witnesses,
Postell asserts in her brief that the trial court prohibited her from eliciting evidence as to whether Moseley was a shareholder of defendant Southern OB-GYN. This assertion is not supported by the record. Postell was allowed to establish on cross-examination that Moseley was a shareholder in the defendant firm; that he had been a shareholder in the firm for over 30 years; and that he earned his livelihood from the defendant firm.
What Postell was not allowed to do was inquire into the amount of money Moseley derived from the practice and whether a plaintiff’s verdict in this case would “come out of his pocket” because of Southern OB-GYN’s limited insurance coverage. “[A]s a general principle, the jury is entitled to consider a witness’s financial interest in a case. However, it is also settled law that evidence of a litigant’s insurance is genеrally inadmissible.”
Judgment reversed and case remanded.
Notes
Hankla v. Jackson (“Hankla I”),
“The brachial plexus is a bundle of nerves at the base of the neck that control arm and hand movement.” Id. at 391, n. 1.
“Lateral traction is the force applied to the infant’s head and neck when a provider moves the head to one side or anоther with the ear moving toward the shoulder.” Id. at 391, n. 2.
Id. at 391-392.
Postell filed the original complaint under the name Anita Jackson. She later changed her name hy marriage, and she filed this appeal as Anita Jackson Postell.
(Punctuation omitted.) Anderson v. Mountain Mgmt. Svcs.,
(Emphasis supplied.)
(Emphasis in original.) Smith v. Harris,
See OCGA §§ 9-11-9.1 (g) (11), (12) (medical doctors are in separate profession from nurses); 24-9-67.1 (c) (2) (D).
See Anderson,supraat417(2)(physician expert was not qualified under OCGA § 24-9-67.1 (c) (2) (D) to testify as to a nursе’s standard of care, absent proof that he had supervised, taught, or instructed nurses during relevant time period).
Cf. Griffin v. Bankston,
See generally Dept. of Transp. v. Petkas,
See OCGA § 24-9-64 (“The right of a thorough and sifting cross-examination shall belong to every party as to the witnesses called against him”).
(Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Hamilton v. Shumpert,
(Citations omitted.) Chambers v. Gwinnett Community Hosp.,
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) First Fed. Sav. &c. v. Jones,