197 F. 866 | N.D. Cal. | 1912
These are three causes against the steamship Beaver consolidated for trial. The main suit is brought by the master of the Norwegian steamship Selja on behalf of her owner, officers, and crew to recover for the loss of the Selja, her equipment, and the personal effects of the officers and crew. The second is brought by way of an intervening libel on behalf of the owners of the cargo. The third is an independent suit in persona brought by. the charterers of the Selja against the owners of the Beaver to recover for loss of freight.
At 3:16 o’clock on the afternoon of November 22, 1910, the Selja was sunk in a collision with the Beaver in a fog off the entrance to San Francisco Harbor, and the only question for decision at this time is the liability for such collision. It is admitted that the Beaver was at fault ■ because she was navigating at an immoderate rate of speed at the time, but it is claimed on her behalf that the Selja,was also at fault, and as a consequence that the damages should be divided.
Under these admitted! facts the Selja was, in my opinion, clearly at fault for a violation of the second paragraph of rule 16, regulating the navigation of vessels at sea (Act Aug,. 19, 1890, c. 802, 26 Stat. 326 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 2869]), if not for a failure to maintain that rate of speed in a fog required by the law as laid down in the Belgian King, 125 Fed. 869, 60 C. C. A. 451. ' Rule 16 provides that:
“A steam vessel hearing, apparently forward of her beam, the fog signal of a vessel the position of which is not ascertained shall, so far as the circumstances of the case admit, stop her engines and navigate with caution until the danger of collision is over.”
The Selja heard a whistle apparently forward of her beam at 3 o’clock, but continued her voyage for 5 minutes in the direction of the whistle without reducing her speed, and for 10 minutes without stopping her engines, notwithstanding she continued to hear 5-second automatic blasts of an approaching whistle at 55-second intervals, and without knowing either its position or distance. She thus not only failed to observe the rule on hearing, the first whistle, but repeatedly violated it at practically 1-minute intervals for the succeeding 10 minutes. She was apparently navigating under former article 18 of the Revised International Regulations. (Act March 3, 1885,, c. 354, 23 Stat. 441), which required a vessel approaching another “so as to involve risk of collision, to slacken her speed or stop or reverse if necessary,” and under which it was held that a steamship in a'fog was
The respondent claims that rule 16 should be so interpreted that the requirement to stop the engine is not obligatory if the position of the approaching vessel is ascertained “with reference to danger of collision by an approximate of accuracy”; but this would leave, the law substantially the same as it was prior to the adoption of the rule, and would not accomplish the purpose intended by its enactment. It was designed to take away from a vessel the right to proceed at all, after hearing the first signal, without first stopping the engines to enable' those 'in charge to ascertain the position of the signaling vessel. It recognizes the difficulty of ascertaining from the sound of a whistle the exact position, and especially the course and distance of a vessel in a fog. It therefore does not leave the navigation of a vessel, when a whistle is heard apparently forward of her beam, the position of which is not ascertained, to the master’s judgment, but assumes that the zone of danger of collision is reached when the whistle is heard, and forbids the ship to enter such zone except after stopping its engines to ascertain the position of the oncoming, ship-. It defines in positive terms the master’s duty in such cases. The El Monte (D.. C.) 114 Fed. 796; The Rondane, 9 A. S. P. M. C. 108; The Brittania, 10 A. S. P. M. C. 67; The St. Louis, 98 Fed. 750, 39 C. C. A. 201; The Admiral Schley, 142 Fed. 64, 73 C. C. A. 250.
It is said, however, that the first whistle heard by the master of the Selja sounded a long way off, and the apparent distance thereof, as heard by him, showed absolutely no danger of collision prior to 3:10, and therefore the location of the Beaver was ascertained within the meaning of rule 16. The same argument was urged in some of the cases above referred to but withofit effect. As said in The Brittania:
“It is not true that because a whistle sounds distant those on the ship hearing it are entitled to treat it as distant. Many cases in this court have shown that an approaching distant sounding whistle is really close. Again, it is not correct to say that a whistle having been heard can be located so as to ascertain it is at a precise bearing on the bow. * * * If this court were to hold that, upon hearing a whistle which sounded to be distant, a vessel was justified in not stopping, although its position was not ascertained except that it sounded a long way off, every case in this court would be. that the whistle sounded such a long way off that the ship was justified in not stopping.”
It is also claimed that, even if the Selja was at fault in not obeying rule 16, such fault was not a contributing cause to the collision. The law is that, where a vessel has committed a positive breach of -a statutory duty, she must show not only that probably her fault did not contribute to the disaster, but that it could not have done so. The Pennsylvania, 19 Wall. 125-136, 22 L. Ed. 148; The Ellis, 152 Fed. 981, 82 C. C. A. 112; Davidson v. American S. B. Co., 120 Fed. 250, 56 C. C. A. 86; The Dauntless (D. C.) 121 Fed. 420; The Admiral Schley, 142 Fed. 64, 73 C. C. A. 250; Hawgood Tr. Co. v. Mesaba S. S. Co., 166 Fed. 697, 92 C. C. A. 369. The Selja has not sustained this burden. Indeed), it is quite apparent that, if she had observed the rule, she would not have reached the point of collision at the time she did, and. the Beaver would have passed her. Nor is there room here for the application of the so-called major and! minor fault doctrine. Both vessels were equally at fault. The Beaver violated the first part of rule 16 by going at an immoderate rate of speed, and the Selja was at fault for failing to observe the latter clause of the rule. One was as great a breach of duty as the other. The Beaver ran into a dense fog a short time before the collision, and, should, of course, have slackened her speed. She did not hear the Selja’s whistle until about 3:13, and upon hearing it immediately reversed her engines full speed astern; but it was then too late to avoid the collision. The Selja was in the fog at 3 p. m. and had been for some time prior. She heard the Beaver’s whistle at 3 o’clock and continuously from that time until the collision, and yet she did not slacken her speed for 5 minutes after hearing the first whistle nor stop her engines until 10 minutes thereafter. She apparently-acted on the theory that it was not necessary to stop her engines until the repeated whistles of the oncoming steamer had unmistakably shown her that danger of collision was imminent if not unavoidable.
The court cannot say, under these circumstances, that the fault of the Beaver was so grievous that the fault of the Selja should not -be taken into account. The importance of enforcing the law as embodied in rule 16 compels me to adjudge both vessels at fault.