75 F.3d 70 | 1st Cir. | 1996
Mark J. PORTER, Plaintiff, Appellant,
v.
BANGOR & AROOSTOOK RAILROAD COMPANY, Defendant, Appellee.
No. 95-1808.
United States Court of Appeals,
First Circuit.
Heard Jan. 9, 1996.
Decided Feb. 9, 1996.
James F. Freeley, III with whom James F. Freeley, Jr. and Freeley & Freeley, Boston, MA, were on brief, for appellant.
Jeffrey T. Edwards with whom Elizabeth J. Wyman and Preti, Flaherty, Beliveau & Pachios, Portland, ME, were on brief, for appellee.
Before SELYA, Circuit Judge, ALDRICH and COFFIN, Senior Circuit Judges.
BAILEY ALDRICH, Senior Circuit Judge.
Mark J. Porter, an experienced brakeman employed by defendant Bangor & Aroostook Railroad Co., injured his back on October 1, 1992, while adjusting a rusty car coupler device that had previously failed to couple automatically with another car. He seeks recovery under the Federal Safety Appliance Act (FSAA), 45 U.S.C. § 2,1 a statute that has been ruled to impose liability without fault, San Antonio & Aransas Pass Railway Company v. Wagner, 241 U.S. 476, 36 S.Ct. 626, 60 L.Ed. 1110 (1916), when a violation contributed in any degree to an employee's injuries. Carter v. Atlanta & St. Andrews Bay Ry. Co., 338 U.S. 430, 434-35, 70 S.Ct. 226, 229-30, 94 L.Ed. 236 (1949). Alternatively, he asserts injury due to negligently defective equipment, a typical Federal Employers Liability Act (FELA), 45 U.S.C. § 51, claim. In response to special questions the jury found that defendant had violated the FSAA but that the failure was not a cause of plaintiff's injury. With respect to the FELA it found that defendant had not been negligent. After denial of plaintiff's motion for new trial on the two issues decided unfavorably, the court entered judgment for defendant. Plaintiff appeals. We affirm.
Plaintiff's appeal is devoted principally to the FSAA action where he faces the substantial obstacle of a jury finding of no causal connection between the violation and the injury. Recognizing this burden, he takes the bull by the horns and argues that, the violation and injury having been established, the jury not merely should have found, but was required to find a causal connection between them as matter of law.
Plaintiff's contention takes two forms. First, he says the jury's finding that defendant violated the FSAA means that the coupling equipment was defective. Thus plaintiff strained his back working on defective coupler equipment; hence he was within the statute. We do not agree. There is nothing especially dangerous in coupling devices themselves, the statutory reach is the coupling maneuver. As the Court said in the early case of Johnson v. Southern Pacific Co., 196 U.S. 1, 19, 25 S.Ct. 158, 162, 49 L.Ed. 363 (1904), "The risk in coupling and uncoupling was the evil sought to be remedied...." Although plaintiff speaks about having to go between the ends of the cars, it was not for coupling, but in preparation for coupling. One must go behind, viz., between the cars, to align the drawbars before commencing the coupling operation2. If, as here, the cars are safely separated and not in motion, readying is not coupling, and does not involve the special coupling risks. What could be the reason, or purpose, for requiring special protection for this isolated activity? It is true that other circuits appear to have read the FSAA more broadly, see Clark v. Kentucky & Indiana Terminal Railroad, 728 F.2d 307 (6th Cir.1984) (collecting cases),3 but they give no answer to our question. We can think of none. Plaintiff had no FSAA case.
Alternatively, plaintiff would find a special circumstance in the fact that his act of preparation was due to, and hence the product of, a proven coupling violation. According to his brief,
The undisputed material facts demonstrate that plaintiff sustained a back injury as a direct and natural consequence of the defendant's violation of section 2 of the FSAA.
. . . . .
The only reason that the plaintiff went between the tank car and the hopper car to realign the drawbar on the two cars was because there had been a failed coupling.
. . . . .
There is causation as a matter of law.... Clearly, but for the failed coupling, plaintiff never would have gone between the two cars....
"But for" the previously failed coupling plaintiff would not have been hurt. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (Following this, hence because of this), is poor logic.4 Plaintiff would have our holding that a preparatory procedure falls under the FELA change automatically to the FSAA (no need to prove negligence) if the procedure was undertaken because of a previous failure to couple in violation of that act. This would be but a lottery, and purposeless. It is unacceptable.
This is not to say, of course, that plaintiff was unprotected during the drawbar adjustment; he had his ordinary FELA rights. The difficulty here is that the jury found no negligence. Plaintiff's only complaint on appeal on his negligence count is the court's failure to give a request that assumption of risk was not a defense. Defendant had not claimed assumption of risk, but only the partial defense of contributory negligence. The instructions here were correct. It is true that the two principles can be confused, but we readily accept the court's conclusion that it would only add confusion to "set up ... [a] straw tiger and then knock it down."
Affirmed.
"It shall be unlawful for any common carrier engaged in interstate commerce by railroad to haul or permit to be hauled or used on its line any car ... not equipped with couplers coupling automatically by impact, and which can be uncoupled without the necessity of men going between the ends of the cars." 45 U.S.C. § 2 (1893) (repealed 1994) (current version at 49 U.S.C. § 20302)
Plaintiff himself testified that the drawbars can swing, and must sometimes be lined up in order to meet, a procedure he performed routinely every day. See Goedel v. Norfolk & Western Railway Co., 13 F.3d 807, 809 (4th Cir.1994)
In Kavorkian v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 33 F.3d 570 (6th Cir.1994), the court assumed the correctness of precisely our plaintiff's case for the purpose of granting a new trial
See, e.g., Webster's Dictionary, Unabr.2d ed. 1953