Woodward, J.:
The plaintiff claims under an assignment from Standish B, Baldwin, and the facts alleged under the complaint are that “ on and prior to the 1st day of January, 1901, the defendant and one Austin P. Baldwin were copartners doing business in the City of blew York under the name of Austin Baldwin and Company ; ” that this partnership continued up to the death of Austin Baldwin on or about the 6th day of December, 1901; that the said Austin Baldwin left a last will and testament, by the provisions of which he gave to his son Standish Bradford Baldwin “ my right, title, and . share, whatever it may be, in the business of Austin Baldwin & Co., also Baldwin Bros. & Co., both of this City, and I also give him the amount • of money standing to my credit in the books of my firm at the time of my death, the same not to be withdrawn from my firm within six ■ months from the date of my death ; ” that said will was duly admitted to probate and letters testamentary issued thereon to the executors named in such will; that the interest in the firm of Austin Baldwin & Co. bequeathed to the said ¡Standish B. Baldwin was an undivided one-half interest in the profits and assets of said firm ; that the executors assented to said Standish B. Baldwin’s taking said interest, and duly assigned the same to him.; that by the said will, assent and' assignment the said Standish B. Baldwin became the owner of one-half of the assets of the said firm and entitled to receive one-half of the profits-of the said firm, if any there should be ; that said Standish B. Baldwin thereby became and'was entitled to an accounting of the business of said firm; that in or about the month of March, 1902, the defendant procured to be made a certain statement of the affairs of said firm, by which statement it appeared that the business of said firm of Austin Baldwin & _Co. during the year 1901 had resulted in a loss of $725.74; that said Standish B. Baldwin paid to said defendant the sum of $362.87 as his proportionate share of such alleged loss; that on or about the 2d day of April, 1902, said Standish B. Baldwin, together with the executors of said Austin P. Baldwin, deceased, entered into an agreement in writing and under seal with the defendant for a final accounting of the business of said firm of Austin Baldwin & Co. ; that said final accounting would, as plaintiff is informed and believes, show other valuable assets which *280. belonged ¡to said firm at the time of its dissolution as aforesaid, and would show that at said date a large profit had been earned by said firm, instead of a loss incurred, as appeared by said statement. of March, 1902, procured to be made by said defendant; that said other assets wei;e of value great and permanent but difficult to estimate ; and that said agreement provided that upon violation of its provisions by either party the other party should be entitled to recover the sum of $5,000 as liquidated damages; that defendant has wholly neglected and refused to make or cause to be made or to permit said Standish B. Baldwin to ■ make or cause to be made such final accounting, though such accounting has been duly demanded by said Standish B. Baldwin, and defendant has refused to permit an inspection of the books of said firm by said Standish B. Baldwin, though duly demanded, and has violated the provisions of said agreement, all the terms and conditions of which Were duly performed by said Standish B. Baldwin and said executors on their part. • The prayer for relief is that the “ defendant account to him for the business and property of said firm of Austin Baldwin & Co., and pay the plaintiff his proportionate share of all property, earnings and assets of said firm not shown upon said statement of March, 190.2, and repay to plaintiff said alleged loss paid by said Standish B. Baldwin, besides said liquidated damages of Five Thousand dollars ($5,000) and the costs and disbursements of this action, • and' plaintiff further demands such other and further relief as may be just.”
The defendant demurred to this complaint upon the ground that' it appeared upon the face thereof that there was a defect of parties plaintiff in that the executors of the will of Austin F. Baldwin referred to in the complaint who, together with the plaintiff’s assignor, entered into the agreement alleged in the complaint, are not made parties plaintiff to this action; and on the further" ground that several causes of action have been improperly united in said complaint in that the said complaint is founded upon allegations in the nature of a tort or wrong and contains also claims upon contract which did not arise out of the same transaction ; and on the further ground that several causes of action have been improperly united' in said complaint, to wit, an action arising on contract and an action for an accounting not arising out of the same transaction and not *281affecting all of the parties to the said action on contract; and on the further ground that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The learned court at Special. \ Term has overruled the demurrer, and the defendant appeals 'to this court.
The learned court at Special Term, in rendering decision, handed down a memorandum, in which it is said that a “ mere reading of the complaint shows that it states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action at law, rendering it unnecessary to consider whether, under the complaint, the plaintiff is entitled to equitable relief,” and that “ Under Onondaga Trust & Deposit Co. v. Price (87 N.Y. 542" court="NY" date_filed="1882-01-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/onondaga-trust-deposit-co-v--price-3606103?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3606103">87 N. Y. 542, 548) and Blood v. Kane (130 N.Y. 514" court="NY" date_filed="1892-01-26" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/blood-v--kane-3624898?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3624898">130 N. Y. 514) no defect of parties is shown.” It is undoubtedly true that if a complaint sets forth a good cause of action at law, though coupled with equitable considerations and a demand for equitable relief, it is not fatally defective, and if this was the only objection raised to the complaint we should be disposed to hold that the cause of action for breach of the contract was good. We are of the opinion, however, that the complaint is open to other objections stated by the demurrer, and that the learned court at Special Term fell into error in holding that there was no defect of parties plaintiff in that cause of action. The complaint alleges, and for the purposes of a demurrer it is admitted, that Standish B. Baldwin and the executors of the estate of Austin P. Baldwin entered into “ an agreement in writing and under seal with defendant for a final accounting,” etc., and it is further alleged that the defendant has been guilty of a breach of this contract, “ all the terms and conditions of which were duly performed by said Standish B. Baldwin and said executors on their part.” It is undoubtedly true, as held in Blood v. Kane (supra), that where there is a specific bequest to a legatee, and the executors assent to its delivery to the legatee, a perfect legal title to the article vests in such legatee, but this does not overcome the rule which prevails in this State in reference to contracts under seal. Where an instrument is under seal no person can sue or be sued to enforce the covenants therein contained, except those who are named as parties to the instrument and who signed and sealed the same. (Henricus v. Englert, 137 N.Y. 488" court="NY" date_filed="1893-03-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/henricus-v--englert-3621395?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3621395">137 N. Y. 488, 494, and authorities there cited; Williams v. Magee, 76 A.D. 512" court="N.Y. App. Div." date_filed="1902-07-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/williams-v-magee-5192385?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5192385">76 App. Div. 512; affd., on opin*282ion below, 177 N.Y. 534" court="NY" date_filed="1903-12-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/williams-v--magee-3609288?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3609288">177 N. Y. 534.) The allegation of the " complaint that the said Standish B. Baldwin, together with the executors, entered into an agreement in writing and under seal with the defendant for a final accounting of the business of said firm of Austin Baldwin & Go.; and that “ said agreement provided that upon violation of its? provisions by either party the other party should be entitled to recover the sum of Five Thousand dollars ($5,000) as liquidated damages,” is essentially a declaration that the party of the first part consisted of Baldwin and the executors, and the second party was the defendant. If this is true, even though the plaintiff’s assignor was the legal owner of the bequest from Austin P. Baldwin of the latter’s - interest in the firm of Austin Baldwin & Co., and the real party in interest, he could not properly maintain an action for the breach of contract without joining with him the executors who constituted a part of the party of the first part. There was no contract, with Standish B. Baldwin and the defendant; it was á contract with Standish B. Baldwin, together with the executors, who were merged into a single party to' the contract, and Standish B. Baldwin could not assign the cause of action belonging to himself and the executors jointly, nor maintain an action in his individual capacity where he was only a part of the constituent element of the party of the first part to the contract. (Osborn v. Martha's Vineyard Railroad, 140 Mass. 549" court="Mass." date_filed="1886-01-11" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/osborn-v-marthas-vineyard-railroad-6421894?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6421894">140 Mass. 549; Rider Life Raft Co. v. Roach, 97 N.Y. 378" court="NY" date_filed="1884-11-25" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/the-rider-life-raft-co-v--roach-3597276?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3597276">97 N. Y. 378, 382.) It is true that the complaint alleges that the executors assigned the legacy to Standish B. Baldwin, and that the latter became the owner of an undivided one-lialf interest in the firm business, but it likewise alleges the contract under seal as the basis of the right to an accounting, together .with $5,000 liquidated damages. The executors have an. interest in this liquidated" damages clause, for they have an interest in the settlement of the estate; they-have an interest in the other undivided one-half of the firm assets — in an adjustment of the accounts—and in the provision for liquidated damages.- As said by the court in Osborn v. Martha's Yineyard Railroad (supra): “The interest of the three plaintiffs in. their joint claim against the defendant was such that each had an interest in the entire claim. One of them had not only an interest in the third which might be his share, but also in the two thirds *283belonging to the others. It has been settled in this action that one cannot maintain an action for his share; the three, must join in the suit, because each one has a joint interest in the entire amount due them, and in every part thereof. Osborn is debarred from bringing suit for his third part, because Horton and Jernegan own that third as fully as does Osborn.” It seems entirely clear that the executors by assigning the legacy to Standish B. Baldwin did not close the matter; they still held, .as executors, the decedent’s interest — an interest in the other undivided one-half of the firm assets, and this was fully recognized. when the executors joined with Standish B. Baldwin as one party to the'sealed contract, and they now have an interest in the liquidated damages provided by the contract. Beyond this, the presence of a seal upon the contract presumes a consideration from and to all of the parties to the same, and if there was a consideration moving from the executors to the remaining members of the firm, then they had an interest in the contract, and the contract could not be varied, contradicted or modified by parol evidence of anything that occurred at or prior to the time when such written contract was executed. (11 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 548.) The contract under seal was made after the alleged assignment of the legacy to Standish B. Baldwin, and to vary, contradict or modify such contract by a pleading is to offend against the rule cited. The only effect of the alleged assignment of the legacy by the executors was to assign what the testator had granted by his will. He could not assign a particular portion ; he could only give an undivided one-half,-in which all of the other partners had an interest, he having a like interest in their undivided one-half, and the executors, in joining in the contract with the surviving members of the firm under seal, became necessary parties to any action based upon that contract, or involving their rights as the personal representatives of the deceased. Where a party has an apparent interest in a litigation — and a party to a sealed instrument must always have such an apparent interest — he should be a party to any action by which this interest is to be affected, to the end that the adverse party may be protected against a subsequent action. (Murphy v. Franklin Savings Bank, 131 A.D. 759" court="N.Y. App. Div." date_filed="1909-04-16" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/murphy-v-franklin-savings-bank-5210758?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5210758">131 App. Div. 759; Lewis v. Guardian, Fire & Life Assurance Co., 181 N.Y. 392" court="NY" date_filed="1905-05-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/lewis-v-guardian-fire--life-assurance-co-of-london-england-3589893?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3589893">181 N. Y. 392, 397; Code Civ. Proc. § 448.)
*284If we are .right in this proposition, it follows that there is a defect of parties plaintiff, and that the interlocutory judgment appealed from should be reversed and the demurrer sustained, with costs. -
Jbnks and Cabb, JJ.,' concurred; Bubb and Thomas, JJ., concurred in result.
Interlocutory judgment reversed and demurrer sustained, with costs.