15 Barb. 485 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1853
The marriage of Enoch Poor with the plaintiff having been admitted, and his death in 1850 having been shown, she, as his widow, is entitled to dower of all the lands of which he was seised at any time during the coverture.
I. It is insisted that Enoch Poor had a perfect indefeasible title to the premises in question, by virtue of his twenty years’ adverse possession, under a claim of title founded on a written conveyance. It is argued by the counsel for the defendant that possession of the premises by Enoch Poor will not be presumed hostile and adverse to the title of Meach, but must be presumed to have been permissive, and in subordination to that title. This would be so, in the absence of all proof on which to found an adverse possession. Every presumption is in favor of possession in subordination to the title of the true owner. And where a party does not enter originally under a title hostile to the owner, it will be intended that he entered under his title. (9 John. 163. 12 Id. 365. 16 Id. 293.) But if the entry is under color of title, the possession will be adverse. The fact of the possession, and its character, or the quo animo of its commencement or continuance, are the only tests, and the entry must he made in good faith, with a belief that the land is his,
Enoch Poor, the husband of the plaintiff, purchased the premises, and took a warranty deed from Asa Lord and Chauncey Rice, the same persons from whom the defendant derives his title, on the 1st day of October, 1816, and entered into possession under that deed, claiming title, and in 1816 or 1817 commenced clearing and fencing the lot. He at first cleared about five acres. Six or seven years afterwards, he cleared another piece, of about five acres. The residue of the lot remained unoccupied, and without fence, for several years, except that Poor cut fire wood on it. At the time he purchased he paid for the lot. One witness swears he paid $200 of the purchase money, for him, to Asa Lord. He-also agreed to sell a. piece of the lot lying on one end of it, of about two acres, to the same witness-. He thus occupied, claiming title to the lot, until he conveyed to John and Hiram Horton in May 18ÍR, for the consideration of $200. It appears to me that the evidence was abundantly sufficient to establish an adverse possession of twenty years. It was not necessary that an actual occupancy, or enclosure of the whole lot should be shown, as Poor claimed and entered under a warranty deed from the persons admitted to have held the original title, the boundaries of which included the whole premises, and part of which he enclosed and improved, claiming the .whole, and using such parts as he chose, in cutting wood. (Jackson v. Woodruff, 1 Cowen 276.) He entered and acted in good faith, paying a fair consideration for the lot, and receiv
II. But it is contended by the counsel for the defendant that, admitting that Poor had possession of the whole promises from 1816 to 1838, when he conveyed to the defendant, still the plaintiff is not entitled to recover, for the reason that her husband had no seisin or estate of inheritance to which her right of dower could attach. That the defendant had the regular paper title from Lord and Bice, the common source, who conveyed to Jerah Meach by quitclaim in 1814, and of course before they conveyed to Poor by deed of warranty, in 1816. ■ That though title or seisin may be created by an adverse holding for a period long enough to raise the legal presumption of a grant, jmt this being a case where the right of entry existed in 1831, when the revised statutes took effect, the possession must have continued 25 years, in order to ripen into a presumption of such grant, so as to bar the rights of the holder of the paper title. That Poor, having conveyed to the defendant, in 1838, before that period had run, did away with his adverse possession as evidence of seisin; and that the plaintiff’s initiate title to dower falls with this surrender of her husband’s possession, and she is therefore not entitled to recover.
It has been repeatedly adjudged, and is undoubtedly estab
The important question here, then, is, could the defendant Horton, or in case the deed- througn which he claims since the conveyance to Poor in 1816, should be held void for champerty, could he, in the name of his remote grantor Ezra Meach, have maintained a writ of right against Poor while he was in possession? The plaintiff’s counsel insists that he showed in Enoch Poor a perfect and indefeasible title to the premises in question .by virtue of his twenty years’ adverse possession, under his claim of title. By the former statute of this state (1 R. L. 185) twenty years’ adverse possession was a bar to a right of entry, and a valid defense to an action of ejectment. But the limitation to a writ of right was 25 years. By the revised statutes writs of right were abolished, and the action of ejectment was sixbstituted as a remedy in all proper cases. (2 R. S. 303, §§ 1, 2, 3.) These statutes also make 20 years the general period of limitation to this action, whether brought as a substitute to a writ of right, or otherwise. But this period is not universal. These statutes declare that the provision shall not apply to any action commenced, nor to any cases where the right of action accrued, or the right of entry existed, before the time when the chapter took effect; but that all such cases should remain subject to the laws then in force. (2 R. S. 300, § 45.) The chapter took effect in 1830. At that time Enoch Poor was in possession claiming title under his deed executed in 1816. But in fact he had no right or title, his grantors having conveyed their title to the premises, by deed, to Jerali Meacli, in 1810 or 1811, and could have maintained an
In Bradstreet v. Clarke, (12 Wend. 602, 677, 678,),the case of Jackson v. Sellick was reviewed and approved, and the case of Given v. Litten and others, (8 Crunch, 245,) referred to as authority. Story, J. in delivering the opinion of the court in the last case, says, that even “ if at common law an actual pedis possessio, followed by an actual perception of the profits, were necessary to maintain a writ of right, which we do not admit, the doctrine would be inapplicable to the waste and vacant lands of our country. The common law itself, in many cases, dispenses with such a rule, and the reason of it ceases when applied to a mere wilderness. The object of the law, in requiring actual seisin, was to evince notoriety of title to the neighborhood and the consequent burthen of feodal duties. In the simplicity of ancient times there were no means of ascertain
So that it seems to be well established that if the premises were wild and uncultivated, when the demandant’s right of entry accrued, the action by writ of right might be maintained, without actual entry. In the present case the land in question was not cleared or enclosed in 1815, or for several years after the deed to Jerah Meach, except that the timber had been cut off of about 5 or 6 acres, and 2 acres of it had been cleared, but it was not proved by whom. The presumption is, therefore, that it was by the legal owners. The proof, then, is either that the land was wild and uncultivated when Enoch Poor entered, or that if any clearing or improvement had been made, it had been done by the legal owners, and then there was actual seisin. The witness. James Simons, testified that a man by the name of Howard had been upon the lot prior to 1816 and burned coal. This entry must be presumed to have been permissive, and will be intended to have been under the true title, unless there is clear proof, (which there is not,) that it was claimed to be in hostility to that title. (6 John. 197. 3 John. Cas. 124. 9 John. 163. 12 Id. 365. 16 Id. 291. 2 R. S. 3d ed. 23, §§ 143, 144, 146.) Here then, if the land was cultivated or improved, it was done, so far as the evidence shows, by or under the owners, and actual seisin is shown, so as to make the remedy by writ of right perfect, even at common law. In either point of view, therefore, the right of' entry by writ of right existed
It is contended that the whole of the- conveyances under which the defendant claims, after 1816, are void for champerty; all of them having been made while Poor was in possession, claiming adversely. As against Poor while he was thus holding adversely, those deeds were probably void. But it has before been remarked that Horton, in 1838, could have sued and counted in the name of Ezra Meach his remote grantor, who obtained title in 1814, to whom the objection could not apply, and a recovery would have enured to his benefit. They were only void, however, as against him and those coming in after him. (1 R. S. 739, § 147. 2 Id. 691, § 6. 2 Barb. Ch. 398. 9 John. 55. 8 Wend. 440. 9 Id. 511. 6 Hill, 634, and numerous other cases. The deeds were not void as to all the rest of the world, and passed the title from the grantor to the grantee. And if the adverse holder voluntarily abandoned the possession the grantee could enter and enjoy the land. (Livingston v. Proseus, 2 Hill, 526. Kenada v. Gardner, 3 Barb. S. C. Rep. 589.)
The statute was intended for the protection of adverse claimants, who might, if they chose, renounce the benefit of it. (5 Hill, 273,) Poor, the adverse claimant here, abandoned or voluntarily surrendered by quitclaim his right to the premises,' before that right had ripened into a title, and must, I think, be
Sand Cady and C. L. Allen, Justices.]
The objection as to the variance between the judgment proved, and the recital in the sheriff’s deed, does not affect the validity of the deed, so far as the bona fide purchaser in this case was concerned. (5 Wend. 529. 10 John. 181. 5 Barb. 565. 3 Id. 404. 9 Cowen, 182.) It is argued that the declarations of Poor after he had obtained title to the premises, are not admissible as evidence to affect the plaintiff’s right to dower. There might be force in this argument if Poor had ever obtained title by adverse possession, but the conclusive answer is, that he never did obtain such title, having abandoned the possession before the requisite lapse of time. The same answer applies to the objection that as the defendant could not maintain a writ of right because his deed was void, he cannot set up such defense to this action. The difficulty is that the plaintiff must recover upon the strength of her husband’s title; that is, she must show a seisin in him during the coverture ; which she fails to do. It is not contended that the defendant is estopped, by having taken a quitclaim deed from Enoch Poor, from disputing his title. Since the cases of Sparrow v. Kingman, (1 Comst. 242,) and Finn v. Sleight, (8 Barb. 405,) that doctrine can no longer be urged.
On the whole, I am of opinion that Enoch Poor was never seised of the premises in question, and that the defendant is entitled to judgment.
Hand, J. concurred.
Cady, J. dissented.
Judgment for defendant.