This is аn appeal by Paul W. Poon, the administrator of the estate of Rose Poon, from that portion of the order of the trial court denying his motion to substitute himself as plaintiff in an action brought by Rose Poon against William Poon and other named defendants. 1 This motion was made by appellant following the death of Rose Poon, which occurred during the course of trial. The sole issue raised on this appeal is whether the trial court erred in refusing to allow the requested substitution.
The Record
This action was commenced on October 10, 1962 by the filing of a complaint by Rose Poon against William Poon and various other individuals, banks, and savings and loan associations. This complaint, which was entitled “Complaint for Divorce,” set forth three causes of action. The first contained a statement of the statistical facts required in an action for divorce, allegations that William had treated Rose with
extreme
mental and physical cruelty, and an allegation that the community property of Rose and William consisted of “bank accounts, real property, furniture, furnishings, stocks, bonds, and miscellaneous items which plaintiff believes are cоncealed by the said defendant.” As a “Second Cause of Action for Fraud” Rose alleged that prior to March 29, 1954 she was a coowner in fee simple of certain real property situated in San Francisco and that she possessed a community interest in two insurance policies on the life of her husband; that William, by fraud and misrepresentation, induced Rose tо execute an agreement conveying to him all of Rose’s interest in this realty and these insurance policies; that Rose delivered to William deeds to this realty; that William misrepresented to Rose that his execution of a promissory note in the amount of $2,500 was fair and reasonable consideration to Rose for her
On October 31, 1962 William filed an answer to Rose’s complaint in which he essentially denied all of the allegations thereof. Accompanying his answer, William filed a cross-complaint against Rose for divorce. In this cross-complaint William alleged that there was no community property and that he and Rose had executed a property settlеment agreement settling their respective property rights. Accordingly, William prayed that the court determine that there was no community property of the parties and, alternatively, if the court determined that there was community property, that the same be equitably divided.
On April 22, 1964, following the filing of Rose’s answer to William’s cross-complaint, and after some discovery had been undertaken, a pretrial conference was held, resulting in a pretrial conference order which labelled the action as one for divorce and set forth the issues to be determined as follows: 111. Whether either or both parties are entitled to a divorce. 2. The nature, character, and extent of all of the property of the parties whether separate, community, joint tenancy, or what
On June 8, 1964 the cause proceeded to trial as between Rose and William, they being the only parties who had appeared in the action. At the commencement of the trial, the trial court, noting that there had been a previous discussion in chambers, made the following statement: “Now, I think what we have agreed, then, gentlemen, is that the plaintiff may establish a prima facie case for divorce; then the next issue to be determined then will be the validity of the prоperty settlement agreement which was entered into sometime in 1954.” Counsel for Rose orally acquiesced to this statement. No statement or objection was made by William’s counsel. Following brief testimony by Rose and by a corroborating witness as to the issue of extreme cruelty, the cause proceeded on the issue of the validity of the property settlement agreement. On July 9, 1964, following six days of trial, the court was informed that William had killed Rose and the cause was ordered off calendar. Thereafter, on August 5, 1964, appellant noticed a motion for his substitution as plaintiff in the instant action. In support of this motion, Rose’s attorney filed a declaration in which he stated that Rose had been killed by William on July 9, 1964 and that appellant hаd been duly appointed administrator of her estate. Subsequently, appellant’s motion came on for hearing and was denied by the court in an order which recited that the denial was based on the ground that the court lacked jurisdiction to order the requested substitution. It is from this order that appellant appeals. 2
Applicable Law
The starting point in our determination of whether the trial court erred in refusing to substitute appellant into this action in the place of the deceased plaintiff is Code of Civil Procedure section 385, which provides in pertinent part as follows: “An action or proceeding does not abate by the death, or any disability of a party, ... if the cause of action survive
Initially we note that appellant concedes that upon Rose’s death the jurisdiction of the trial court to enter a decree of divorce was terminated. This concession is based upon the rule of long-standing that a divorce аction does not survive the death of either spouse.
(McClenny
v.
Superior Court,
However, while conceding that the instant action, insofar as it was an action for divorce and for division of the community property, abated with Rose’s death, appellant contends that the second and third causes of action of Rose’s complaint by which she sought to recover her community share of certаin realty and insurance policies which she had agreed to transfer and had in fact transferred to William survived Rose’s death.
Prior to 1961 and the amendment to Probate Code section 573 it was recognized by virtue of Civil Code section 954 and Probate Code section 574
4
that all causes of action relating to the recovery of property and to the setting aside of a fraudulent conveyance survived. (1 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (1954) Actions, § 179, p. 693; see
Hardy
v.
Marcus,
We perceive nothing in the enactment of the 1961 amendment to Probate Code section 573 which would change thе long-established rule that a cause of action for the violation of a property right survives the death of the owner of the right. (See Harris v. Harris, supra, p. 370.) It is clear from a reading of section 573 of the Probate Code, which was amended to state a comprehensive rule of survivability, 5 that it has broadened rather than restricted the general rule of survivability. In this regard, Within, alluding to the languаge of Probate Code section 573 that “no cause of action shall be lost by reason of the death of any person but may be maintained by or against his executor or administrator,” makes the following comment: “The classification of survivable and nonsurvivable causes of action is now obsolete, for all causes of action now survive under the comprehensive statute : . . .” (Within, Cal. Procedure (1965 Supp.) Actions, § 177A, p. 288.) Although, as we have pointed out in footnote 3, the rule of survivability is not as broad as stated by Within in view of the decisional law that an action for divorce involving the status of the parties abates upon the death of one of the spouses, there can be no question, under both the statutory and decisional law of this state, that property actions of every kind, including those arising out of the violation of a right of property, survive, Accordingly, we conclude that appellant’s position that the second and third causes of action of Rose’s complaint survived her death is meritorious.
Respondents, in attempting to justify the trial court’s order refusing to substitute appellant in this action, argue that Rose “abandoned any separate causes of action other than divorce at the pretrial conference,” and that “In any event the determination of property rights as set forth in the
As to respondents’ contention that the issues raised by the second and third causes of action in Rosе’s complaint were merely incidental to the divorce action and arose out of the marital relation, we point out initially that the fact that a cause of action arises out of a marital relationship does not prevent survival of that cause of action upon the death of one of the spouses. (See
Vragnizan
v.
Savings Union etc. Co., supra,
pp. 712-714;
Harris
v.
Harris, supra,
p. 370.) Secondly, since the question of the survivability of a cause of action is determined solely by a consideration of the particular cause of action in question, the fact that the cause of action as to which the survival issue is raised is pleaded in conjunction with other nonsurviving causes of action should be immaterial in determining if the former survives. Moreover, in the instant case, although Rosе did in fact seek a divorce as well as a determination that the property settlement agreement was invalid, it is apparent that the court could have denied relief in the form of a divorce and could at the same time have determined the validity of the property settlement agreement, which by its terms purported to bind the parties
“even
though they may continue living together.” Accordingly, we conclude that in the instant case the issues raised by the second and third causes of action of Rose’s complaint were not incidental to the divorce action and that in any event, since the second and third causes of action, when considered apart from the action for divorce, were survivable,
The appeal from that portion of the order denying counsel fees to Rose Boon’s attorney is dismissed. The portion of the order denying appellant’s motion to be substituted as plaintiff in the action is reversed with directions to the trial court to grant appellant’s motion fоr substitution. Appellant shall have his costs on appeal.
Sullivan, P. J., and Sims, J., concurred.
Notes
To the effect that such an order is appealable see
Walsh
v.
Superior Court, 92
Cal.App.
454, 456 [268
P. 442] and
Majors
v.
County of Merced,
In addition to disposing of appellant’s motion for substitution, the November 12, 1964 order of the trial court, among other things, also denied appellant’s motion (actually, this motion was noticed by Bose’s attorney, Joseph Bortin) for attorney’s fees for services rendered on behalf of Bose prior to her deаth. Although appellant’s notice of appeal recited that appellant was also appealing from that portion of the trial court’s order denying attorney’s fees to Bose’s counsel, appellant, in his opening brief, states that he is abandoning that facet of this appeal
Although Prob. Code § 573, following its 1961 amendment, would appear to make all causes of action, including an action for divorce, survivable (for this interpretation of the effect of § 573 see Witkin, Cal. Procedure, (1965 Supp.) Actions, §§ 177A, 181, pp. 288, 290), since the
McClenny
and
Stevenson
cases, which were decided in 1964, reiterated the pre-1961 rule as to the nonsurvivability of an action for divorce, it is apparent that the 1961 amendment to § 573 does not merit such a broad interprеtation. This section provides as follows; ' ‘ Except as provided in this section no cause of action shall be lost by reason of the death of any person but may be maintained by or against his executor or administrator. In an action brought under this section against an executor or administrator all damages may be awarded which might have been recovered аgainst the decedent had he lived except damages awardable under Section 3294 of the Civil Code or other damages imposed primarily for the salce of example and by way of punishing the defendant. When a person having a cause of action dies before judgment, the damages recoverable by his executor or administrator are limited to such lоss or damage as the decedent sustained or incurred prior to his death, including any penalties or punitive or exemplary damages that the decedent would have been entitled to recover had he lived, and shall not include damages for pain, suffering or disfigurement. This section is applicable where a loss or damage occurs simultaneously with or after the death of
Civ. Code § 954 provides as follows: “A thing in action, arising out of the violation of a right of property, or out of an obligation, may be transferred by the owner. Upon the death of the owner it passes to his personal representatives, except where, in the eases provided in the Code of Civil Procedure, it passes to his devisees or successor in office. ’ ’ Prob. Code § 574, prior to its repeal in 1961, provided in pertinent part as follows: ‘ ‘ Executors and administrators may maintain an action against any person who has wasted, destroyed, taken, or carried away, or converted to his own use, the property of their testator or intestate, in his lifetime, ...”
As noted by Witkin in Cal. Procedure, (1965 Supp.) Actions, § 177A, p. 288, the 1961 Legislature, acting on the recommendation of the California Law Eevision Commission, modernized the law by repealing Civ. Code § 956, Prob. Code § 574, Teh. Code § 17157, and amending Prob. Code §§ 573 and 707, and Code Civ. Proc. §§ 376 and 377.