104 Va. 278 | Va. | 1905
delivered the opinion of the court.
This action was brought to recover damages for the death of plaintiff’s intestate, Anton Rukas, which is imputed to the negligence of the defendant.
On the morning of November 14, 1901, Bukas, while at work as a collier in the service of the defendant, in one of its mines located near the town of Pocahontas, was overcome and suffocated by smoke and gases generated from fire in an adjoining mine, and conveyed into the mine in which he was employed through connecting galleries.
There was a verdict and judgment for plaintiff, and the defendant brings error.
This objection affords no sufficient grounds for demurrer. It is permissible under tbe practice in tbis jurisdiction for tbe plaintiff to allege any number of distinct acts of negligence, and the defendant may guard against surprise by resort to tbe provisions of section 3249 of Ya. Code, 1904, wbicb, in a proper case, entitles him to demand a more specific statement of tbe real ground of complaint. City of Richmond v. Leaker, 99 Va. 1, 37 S. E. 348; Wood v. Am. Natl. Bank, 100 Va. 306, 40 S. E. 931.
Tbe second assignment of error involves the ruling of the court in sustaining tbe motion of tbe plaintiff to reject a plea of the defendant, which denies tbe right of the personal representative of a non-resident alien to maintain an action for bis death under section 2902 of tbe Code.
At common law, an alien domiciled in a country is entitled to tbe protection of its laws, and in return therefor owes temporary allegiance to tbe country of bis adoption during tbe period of his residence. He is sxibject to the law, as well as entitled to its protection, and is liable to be tried and punished for crime; and may sue and be impleaded in tbe proper courts to the same extent as a citizen. Tbe general doctrine is stated thus: “While tbe rights of aliens depend entirely upon tbe municipal law of the State or nation, or tbe rights wbicb are given aliens by international law, in tbe Hnited States, except as to certain political and municipal rights to wbicb citizens only are entitled, resident alien friends have practically all and the same rights and privileges as citizens. These rights and privileges (include both personal rights — such as tbe right to dwell safely ; in tbe country, and tbe right of protection to person, reputation , and other relative' rights — and property rights.” 2 Cyc. 89, and authorities cited.
Alien friends are included in our statute of descents, and by section 43 of the Code, are permitted to acquire by purchase or descent, and hold and transmit real estate in the same manner and to the same extent as a citizen. These statutes indicate an intention'on the part of the Legislature to extend rather than abridge the liberal policy of the common law with respect to aliens.
An examination of the authorities relied on to sustain the overruled plea shows that the decisions are controlled by the status of the parties entitled to the recovery in an action for death by wrongful act, rather than by that of the decedent in his lifetime. The distinction is sharply drawn between the rights of non-resident and of resident relations of the deceased.
Thus, in the leading case of McMillan v. Spider Lake, &c., Co., 115 Wis. 332, 91 N. W. 979, 60 L. R. A. 589, 95 Am. St. 947, it is held that non-resident alien relations of the deceased are not entitled to the benefits of the Wisconsin statute giving a right of action in such case. This case reviews the authorities, English and American, on the subject, and in all of them the above mentioned distinction seems to be observed.
So also, in the case of Deni v. Penn. R. R. Co., 181 Pa. St. 525, 37 Atl. 558, 59 Am. St. 676, a case much relied on by the defendant, it is said that “a non-resident alien mother has no standing to maintain an action against a citizen of Pennsylvania to recover damages for the death of her son.” The opinion proceeds: “Our statute was not intended to confer upon non-resident aliens rights of action not conceded to them or to us by their own country, or to put burdens on our own citizens to he discharged for their benefit. It has no extra-territorial force, and the plaintiff is not within the provisions of it. While it is possible that the language of the statute may admit of a
The weight of authority in this country, however, maintains the right even of non-resident alien relatives of the deceased to receive the benefit of these statutes.
In the case of Mulhall v. Fallows, 179 Mass. 266, 57 N. E. 386, 54 L. R. A. 934, 79 Am. St. 309, Holmes, C. J., in delivering the opinion of the court, observes: “One or two cases may be found where a general grant of a right of action for wrongfully causing death has been held to confer no rights upon non-resident aliens. Deni v. Pennsylvania R. R. Co., 181 Pa. St. 525 (supra.); Brannigan v. Union Gold Mine Co., 93 Fed. 164. Put compare Knight v. West Jersey R. R. Co., 108 Pa. St. 250, 56 Am. Rep. 200. On the other hand, in several states the right of the non-resident to sue is treated as too clear to need extended argument. Philpott v. Missouri Pac. R. R. Co., 85 Mo. 164; Chesapeake, &c., R. R. Co. v. Higgins, 85 Tenn. 620, 4 S. W. 47; Augusta Ry. Co. v. Glover, 92 Ga. 132, 18 S. E. 406; Luke v. Calhoun County, 52 Ala. 115. . . . In all cases the statute has the interest of the employees in mind. It is on their account that an action is given to the widow or next of ldn. . . .We cannot think that workmen were intended to be less protected if their mothers happen to live abroad ... In view of the very large amount of foreign labor employed in this State, we cannot believe that so large an exception was silently left to be read in.” See to the same effect Kellyville Coal Co. v. Petrattis, 195 Ill. 215, 63 N. E. 94, 88 Am. St. 191.
None of these cases question the right of resident aliens (by which is meant aliens domiciled in the United States in contradistinction to those residing in foreign countries) to the benefit of these statutes.
In this case, if the averments of the plea were sufficie?rt
The third assignment of error is in respect to the ruling of the court in giving the four instructions asked for by the plaintiff.
These instruction enunciate no new principles, they correctly propound the plaintiff’s theory of the case, and there was evidence tending to sustain them. Upon familiar principles, therefore, they were properly given.
With regard to the instruction as to what constitute proper elements of damage in this class of cases, it is conceded that the instruction conforms to the decisions of this court, but a different rule is invoked as being, it is alleged, more in harmony with tire weight of authority in other States.
It is sufficient to say that the court has recently had occasion to consider that question, and no sufficient reason is perceived to justify a departure from its own precedents. Portsmouth St. R. Co. v. Peed’s Admr., 102. Va. 662, 47 S. E. 850.
The instructions given by the court, as a whole, correctly and, fairly submitted the law of the case to the jury, and a more detailed notice of them would be unprofitable.
The gravamen of the charge in the third count of the declaration, the one that presents the controlling issue in this ease, was the negligent failure of the defendant, on the morning of the accident, to notify plaintiff’s intestate, that connecting mines with the one in which he was accustomed to woru were on fire, and of the consequent danger of entering that mine. The significance of that allegation will be appreciated in con
Tbe salient facts, which for tbe purposes of this appeal must-be taken .as true, are as follows: In November, 1901, and for a number of years prior thereto, the defendant operated extensive coal mines in the vicinity of Pocahontas.. Tbe mines particalarlv referred to in the record are, the New Baby mine, tbe Old Blaby mine, and tbe West mine, lying parallel and contiguous to each other, and in tbe order named. Tbe territory occupied by these mines -is three miles in length, and a mile and a half in width, and embraces a surface area of 3,000 acres. The map exhibited Avith the record discloses a perplexing labyrinth of entries, cross-entries, air courses, and traveling Avays, some of which are several miles in length, and extend entirely through the mountain. These passages are ventilated by íavo suction fans, located respectively near the mouths of the fan entries of the New Baby mine, and the West mine. The New Baby mine is located about half a mile from the toivn of Pocahontas; and the distances from the drift-mouth of that mine to the drift-mouth of the West -mine is between a half and three-quarters of a mile. The Old Baby mine had been abandoned and its main passageAvay, for the distance of nine hundred feet, is used as the approach to the NeAV Baby mine; the passage-Avay to the former near the junction of the two mines Avas closed with a wooden brattice, which separated the old mine from the new.
On November 14, 1901, at three o’clock in the morning, a fire was descovered in the fan of the Noav Baby mine, Avliich Avas extinguished in about one hour, but the fan was disabled and not operated again that day. About four o’clock, a large fire was discovered in a pile of coal at the junction of the Old Baby mine and the New Baby mine; .and three other fires Avere also found burning in the courses leading to the burnt fan. At five o’clock there was an explosion in the burning mine, which
It was a rule of the company to issue checks to its employees every morning from a check office located near the Baby mine. These checks were slips of paper with which the miners tagged loaded coal cars so that each might receive credit for the number of ear loads of coal to which he was entitled.
Oh the morning of the accident, plaintiff’s intestate, with his brother and a miner named Sprengoski, set out from their home in Pocahontas to go to their place of work, at about twenty minutes to six o’clock; and having received their cheeks, at the usual hour, about 6 :15 o’clock, entered the West mine at the main entrance. After proceeding some distance in the mine, they discovered smoke, but Sprengoski, who was an experienced miner, was unable to determine whether it came from the local— a small steam engine used in hauling coal cars in and out of the mine — or from the adjoining mine.
Shortly after these men had gone in to their work, one of the company’s mining engineers, who had been ordered by the superintendent to ascertain the condition of the West mine, met and turned back twenty or thirty men, miners and mule drivers, who had entered the mine, and it was not until after that oc-currance that a man was stationed at the drift-mouth to warn people of the danger.
Plaintiff’s intestate had no knowledge of these fires. lie had only been in the service of the company three or four months, and his work had been confined to a section of the mine known as Gray heading, two and a quarter miles from the, drift-mouth of the main entry. Sprengoski worked at Fort Wayne, which is a shorter distance from the drift-mouth than Gray heading, and the Rukas brothers parted with him at that point. Whon that part of the mine began to fill with gas and smoke, he escaped through an opening, near his place of work with which
As observed, the officials of the company learned of the condition of affairs at the mines soon after the first fire was discovered; and after extinguishing the fire at the fan, they had been in vain attempting to control the fire in the Raby mine for some two hours before plaintiff’s intestate and his companions entered the West mine. They knew that several hundred men composed the day shift in that mine, and that their hours of labor commenced between six and seven o’clock. They also knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care ought to have known, of the dangerous consequences likely to result from an uncontrolable fire in a gaseous coal mine to an adjoining mine on a higher level, and connected by cross-cuts with the burning mine. Such conditions imperatively demanded prompt measures for the safety of employees.
The duty of the defendant to warn plaintiff’s intestate of the changed conditions and the certain peril to which he would be exposed by continuing to work in the mine is corollary to the primary duty of exercising ordinary care to furnish him a reasonably safe place in which to work in the first instance. The main principle has repeatedly received the sanction of this court, and the subordinate proposition seems .also to be well settled.
The doctrine is stated as follows, by Sherman & Redfield: “The master must, therefore, give warning' to his servants of all perils to which they will be exposed, of which he is, or ought to be, aware, other than such as they should, in the exercise of ordinary care, have foreseen as necessarily incidental to the business, in the natural and ordinary course of affairs; though more than this is not required of him.” 1 Shearman & Red. on Neg. (5th Ed.), sec. 203.
In note 5 to that section, it is said: “An employer is bound to give notice of latent dangers among which the employee is required to work, and of which the employer has knowledge.”
In Michaels v. Roanoke Mach. Wks., 90 Va. 492, 19 S. E. 261, 44 Am. St. 927, this court says: “Accordingly, the servant has a right to assume, when placed in a situation of danger, where engrossing duties are required of him, that the master will not, without proper warning, subject him to other perils unknown 'to him, and from which the work exacted necessarily distracts his attention.”
The questions of negligence and contributory negligence were submitted to the jury upon correct instructions, and viewing the ease from the standpoint of a demurrer to the evidence, the evidence is quite sufficient to establish the fact that the negligence of the defendant was the proximate and efficient 'cause of the death of plaintiff’s intestate.
The judgment of the Circuit Court is without error, and must be affirmed.
Affirmed.
