108 Minn. 342 | Minn. | 1909
Defendant Locke interposed a demurrer to plaintiff’s amended complaint, specifying as grounds thereof (1) that several causes of action were improperly united, and (2) that the facts therein stated do not constitute a cause of action; and plaintiff appealed from an order sustaining the same.
Tbe contract is attached to and made a part of tbe pleading, and tbe extract above set out is followed by appropriate allegations of a breach of its provisions. Tbe prayer for relief is that plaintiff have and recover $5,000 damages for failure of defendants to carry out tbe terms of tbe contract, and that tbe contract be rescinded and delivered up for cancellation.
1. If it be conceded that tbe complaint states two causes of action, one for damages and one for tbe cancellation of tbe contract, still it is not demurrable; for section 4154, R. L. 1905, expressly permits a joinder of causes of action, legal or equitable, where they arise out of tbe same transaction, are not inconsistent, and affect all tbe parties to the action. Both causes of action presented by this complaint arise out of tbe same contract or transaction, are not inconsistent, and affect all tbe parties of tbe action. Tbe contract, though made with Locke, was in tbe name of Wacbenheimer, and to effect a cancellation thereof both are necessary parties. Respecting tbe damages, perhaps, Wachenbeimer is not a necessary party; but from that fact a misjoinder of tbe causes of action does not follow. • It is not necessary that tbe several causes of action authorized to be joined under tbe statute referred to affect all the parties alike. Mayberry v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 100 Minn. 79, 110 N. W. 356, 12 L. R. A. (N. S.) 675. Tbe relief awarded in such cases may affect them differently; but, when all are concerned in some material part of tbe subject-matter in litigation, they may be joined. In tbe case at bar tbe contract may be canceled as to both defendants, but a recovery of damages would in all probability be limited to Locke.
2. Tbe argument in support of tbe second ground of demurrer, namely, that tbe complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, is that, since tbe contract is in writing and upon its face an agreement between plaintiff and Wachenbeimer, to permit evidence to connect Locke with it as a party in interest would violate tbe elementary rule that an unambiguous written contract cannot be varied or changed by parol. Tbe question was presented on tbe oral argument mainly on tbe theory of tbe general principle
In the case at bar the complaint alleges that the contract in question was in fact made and entered into between plaintiff and Locke, that it was put in Wachenheimer’s name at Locke’s request, and that Wachenheimer thereafter in all matters pertaining to the agreement acted as Locke’s agent. Under such circumstances it cannot well be said that Locke was an unknown principal within the rule stated. He was known, and personally made the contract in his own behalf. But on the same principle, which is supported by all modern authority (18 Tale Law J. 443), Locke may be identified by parol as the real party in interest (Wm. Lindeke Land Co. v. Levy, 76 Minn. 364, 79 N. W. 314; overruling Rowell v. Oleson, 32 Minn. 288, 20 N. W. 227). We need not stop to consider the extent to which the Oleson case was overruled, nor whether, where an agent enters into a written contract on behalf of his principal, but in his own name and after expressly disclosing to the other contracting party the name of his principal, the latter may be subjected to liability thereunder. Such is not this case.
Here, as already stated, the principal made the contract and caused it to be placed in his agent’s name for reasons of his own. He had the right to do business in his own or in the name of his agent, as he thought proper and advisable, and parol evidence identifying him as the real party in interest violates to no greater extent the rule against varying written contracts by extrinsic evidence than by subjecting to liability an unknown and unnamed principal by similar means. Had Locke assumed, in making the contract, an artificial or fictitious name, it is clear that he could have been identified as the real party. The situation is in no essential way changed, by the fact that he made use of the name of another known person. Pease v. Pease, 35 Conn. 131, 95 Am. Dec. 225.
While plaintiff, in his amended complaint, apparently shifted his position as to the facts, as pointed out by respondent, the amended
Order reversed.