951 F. Supp. 2d 1280 | M.D. Ala. | 2013
OPINION AND ORDER
This lawsuit challenges recent Alabama legislation that would require all physicians who perform abortions at the State’s licensed abortion clinics to obtain staff privileges at a local hospital. Plaintiffs Planned Parenthood Southeast Inc., Reproductive Health Services, and June Ayers, RN, on behalf of themselves, their patients, physicians, and staff, allege that, if enacted, this legislation would- violate their rights under the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of-the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The plaintiffs have named as defendants the following state officials: Robert Bentley, in his official capacity as Governor of Alabama; Luther Strange, in his official capacity as Attorney General of Alabama; Ellen Brooks, in her official capacity as District Attorney of Montgomery County, Alabama; Brandon K. Falls, in his official capacity as District Attorney of Jefferson County, Alabama; Ashley Rich, in her official capacity as District Attorney of Mobile County, Alabama; Donald E. Williamson, MD, in his official capacity as State Health Officer of Alabama; George C. Smith, Jr., MD, in his official capacity as Chairman of the Alabama Board of Medical Examiners; James E. West, MD, in his official capacity as Chairman of the Medical Licensure Commission of Alabama; and Martha Lavender, DSN, RN, in her official capacity as President of the Alabama Board of Nursing.
This matter is now before the court on the plaintiffs’ motion for a temporary restraining order. Jurisdiction is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (federal question) and 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a)(3, 4) (civil rights). For reasons that follow, and based on the limited record now before the court, the motion for a temporary restraining order will be granted.
I. LEGAL STANDARD
To demonstrate that a temporary restraining order is warranted, the plaintiffs must show: (1) a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of their suit; (2) that they will suffer irreparable harm absent injunctive relief; (3) that the harm to the plaintiffs absent an injunction would outweigh the harm to the defendants from an injunction; and (4) that an injunction is in the public interest. Ingram v. Ault, 50 F.3d 898, 900 (11th Cir.1995); Centr. Ala. Fair Hous. Ctr. v. Magee, No. 2:11cv982-MHT, 2011 WL 5878363, at *1 (M.D.Ala. Nov. 23, 2011) (Thompson, J.) (citing Grizzle v. Kemp, 634 F.3d 1314, 1320 (11th Cir.2011)).
II. DISCUSSION
The law at issue is § 4(c) of HB 57, the “Women’s Health and Safety Act.” This provision requires that every physician who performs abortions “shall have staff privileges at an acute care hospital within the same standard metropolitan statistical area as the facility [where the physician performs abortions] is located that permit him or her to perform dilation and curettage, laparotomy procedures, hysterectomy, and any other procedures reasonably necessary to treat abortion-related complications.” HB 57, § 4(c), available at (Doc. No. 4-1) Ex. A. If an administrator of an abortion or reproductive health center were to allow his or her facility to be operated in a manner that violates the staff-privileges requirement, the administrator would be guilty of a Class C Felony, which in Alabama carries a punishment
The plaintiffs in this case operate three of the five licensed abortion facilities in this State. June Ayers, the owner and Administrator of Reproductive Health Services (RHS) in Montgomery, and Staci Fox, the President and Chief Executive Officer of Planned Parenthood Southeast (PPSE), the sole licensed abortion provider in Mobile and Birmingham, explain that their physicians will be unable to obtain admitting privileges at any local hospital due to a slew of prerequisites for obtaining such privileges which have little if anything to do with the caliber of the physicians themselves, and everything to do with the hospitals’ own needs.
A. Justiciability
It appears from the record thus far that the plaintiffs have standing to bring this lawsuit on behalf of themselves, their staff, and their patients. In order to bring a claim on behalf of a third party, as the plaintiffs do for their claim that HB 57 threatens the substantive-due-proeess rights of their patients, the plaintiffs must satisfy three requirements: (1) they must in fact be injured; (2) they must have a close relationship with the third party; and (3) there must be some obstacle or hindrance to the third party’s ability to bring the claim on its own behalf. Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 112-16, 96 S.Ct. 2868, 49 L.Ed.2d 826 (1976) (plurality opinion).
The plaintiffs face imminent criminal prosecution if they continue to perform abortions after July 1. This is a “real and immediate” threat, neither “imagin[ed]” nor “speculative.” Summit Med. Assocs., P.C. v. James, 984 F.Supp. 1404, 1426 (M.D.Ala.1998) (Thompson, J.) (quoting O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 494, 94 S.Ct. 669, 38 L.Ed.2d 674 (1974)) aff'd in part, rev’d in part on other grounds and remanded sub nom. Summit Med. Assocs., P.C. v. Pryor, 180 F.3d 1326 (11th Cir.1999). The threat is particularly credible since the State has confirmed that the criminal provisions will be in effect as of July 1. The plaintiffs have thus, so far, shown an injury sufficient to create an Article III case or controversy. See Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 188, 93 S.Ct. 739, 35 L.Ed.2d 201 (1973) (finding physicians challenging an abortion statute had standing to do so “despite the fact that the record does not disclose that any one of them has been prosecuted, or threatened with prosecution.... They should not be required to await and undergo a criminal prosecution as the sole means of seeking relief.”); Planned Parenthood Ass’n of Cincinnati, Inc. v. City of Cincinnati, 822 F.2d 1390, 1396 (6th Cir.1987) (same).
As for the second and third requirements, federal courts routinely recognize an abortion provider’s standing to assert the claims of its patients. See, e.g., Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914, 120 S.Ct. 2597, 147 L.Ed.2d 743 (2000) (adjudicating challenge to abortion statute brought by abortion provider on his patients’ behalf); Okpalobi v. Foster, 190 F.3d 337, 353 (5th Cir.1999) (same), vacated on other grounds on reh’g en banc, 244 F.3d 405 (5th Cir.2001). In Singleton v. Wulff the Supreme Court recognized that the closeness of the relationship between an abortion physician and his patients is “patent.” 428 U.S. at 117, 96 S.Ct. 2868 (“Aside from the woman herself ... the physician is uniquely qualified to litigate the constitutionality of the State’s interference with, or discrimination against, th[e] decision” to have an abortion.). The Court also identified two obstacles to the patients’ litigation of then-
B. Substantial Likelihood of Success on the Merits
Though the plaintiffs have put forth four theories for relief, the court need consider only one in order to resolve this motion. The court is persuaded that the plaintiffs are likely to succeed in then-argument that the staff-privileges requirement would impose an undue burden on a woman’s right to choose abortion, thereby impeding on the Fourteenth Amendment right to privacy.
The Constitution protects a woman’s right to terminate her pregnancy. This right, derived from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, was reaffirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 112 S.Ct. 2791, 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992), which left in tact the essential holding of Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S.Ct. 705, 35 L.Ed.2d 147 (1973). This right is not limitless, however; the State has legitimate interests in protecting the health of the woman and the potential life of a fetus. Accordingly, the Court in Casey developed a standard to distinguish between lawful state regulation of abortion and regulation that violates due process. The Court held that when a regulation imposes a “substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus,” it unduly burdens the right to choose abortion. Id. at 877, 112 S.Ct. 2791. And “where state regulation imposes an undue burden ... the power of the State reach[es] into the heart of the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause.” Id. at 874, 112 S.Ct. 2791. Thus, even “a statute which ... furthers] the interest in potential life or some other valid state interest,” but “has the effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman’s choice cannot be considered a permissible means of serving its legitimate ends.” Id. at 877, 112 S.Ct. 2791. On the other hand, “reasonable measures” regulating abortion— even those that pose incidental inconvenience — are valid so long as they do not create a substantial obstacle to a woman’s exercise of her due process right. Id. at 883, 112 S.Ct. 2791.
The State argues that, even if HB 57 does cause the plaintiffs’ clinics to cease abortion services, it will not impose an undue burden because patients can still travel to the operative clinics in Huntsville and Tuscaloosa, as well as to clinics in Columbus, Georgia (which is approximately 85 miles from Montgomery) and Pensacola, Florida (which is approximately 70 miles from Mobile). However, that a woman has some conceivable opportunity to exercise her right does not mean that a substantial obstacle to the exercise of that right is not imposed; nor can a serious burden be ignored because some women of means may be able to surmount this obstacle while poorer women (who constitute a majority of the plaintiffs’ patients and thus a “large fraction” of those affected by this law) cannot. Casey, 505 U.S. at 895, 112 S.Ct. 2791. This is simply not what Casey provides. See Casey, 505 U.S. at 894, 112 S.Ct. 2791 (finding a spousal consent requirement unconstitutional even though many women who obtain abortions
Consistent with this analysis, other federal courts have concluded that measures that would eliminate a substantial portion of abortion providers in the State can constitute a substantial obstacle to a woman’s right to seek an abortion. See, e.g., Okpalobi, 190 F.3d at 357 (finding an undue burden where a law would force the providers of approximately 80 % of abortions in the State to discontinue their abortion practices); Jackson Women’s Health Org. v. Currier, 940 F.Supp.2d 416, 422-23, 2013 WL 1624365, at *5 (S.D.Miss. Apr. 15, 2013) (Jordan, J.) (finding an undue burden where a law would cause the only known abortion provider in the State to close); see also Tucson Woman’s Clinic v. Eden, 379 F.3d 531, 542 (9th Cir.2004) (“[A] reasonable factfinder could certainly conclude ... that, by increasing the cost of abortion and limiting the supply of abortion providers and hours during which they can provide abortions, [the law at issue] imposes a substantial obstacle to women seeking abortions at those practices and clinics.”). The Supreme Court has also implied that a regulation’s impact on the availability of abortion providers and potential to increase the distance a woman must travel to obtain an abortion factors into the undue burden analysis. See Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 974, 117 S.Ct. 1865, 138 L.Ed.2d 162 (1997) (reasoning that “no woman seeking an abortion would be required by the new law to travel to a different facility than was previously available” in concluding that the law at issue did not create a substantial obstacle to abortion).
Those courts that have upheld laws that would limit the availability of abortion providers have taken pains to emphasize that women could still obtain abortions within a reasonable distance within the State when finding that no substantial obstacle existed. See, e.g., Women’s Med. Prof'l Corp. v. Baird, 438 F.3d 595, 605 (6th Cir.2006) (finding no undue burden where a law would cause a Dayton, Ohio abortion clinic to close, but abortion clinics remained in Cincinnati, Columbus, Cleveland, and Akron, thus allowing potential patients to obtain abortions in state “within a reasonable distance [45-to-55 miles] from the Dayton clinic”); Greenville Women’s Clinic v. Bryant, 222 F.3d 157, 165 (4th Cir.2000) (finding no undue burden where “[t]he record contained] evidence from several abortion providers, only one of which would be adversely affected in any significant way in providing abortion services,” and the women near the one clinic that would close could obtain abortion services at an in-state clinic 70 miles away).
The State’s argument that a woman can obtain an abortion by traveling to clinics in Florida or Georgia raises a further concern acknowledged by the district court in
The State also leans heavily on its evidence that the two Alabama clinics that are not plaintiffs in this case performed 4954 of the abortions in this State in 2012, while the plaintiffs’ three clinics performed 3639. However, that women in certain parts of the State will still benefit from the availability of abortion clinics at manageable distances is immaterial to the question of whether a substantial obstacle is imposed for women for whom this is not the case. Responding to an argument that a spousal consent. requirement would pose “almost no burden at all for the vast majority of women seeking abortions,” the Court in Casey explained, “The analysis does not end with the one percent of women upon whom the statute operates; it begins there.... The proper focus of constitutional inquiry is the group for whom the law is a restriction, not the group for whom the law is irrelevant.” Casey, 505 U.S. at 894, 112 S.Ct. 2791. Thus, the State’s argument that this law will not (for now) work to impair the rights of many Alabama women has no bearing on whether it impermissibly impairs the rights of those who will feel its effects.
Thus, as the plaintiffs have demonstrated that the inevitable effect of HB 57 would be that the majority of Alabama’s abortion providers would stop providing abortions, and as this court agrees, for now, that this drastic limitation in the availability of providers would impose - a substantial obstacle to a woman’s right to choose abortion, the plaintiffs have shown a substantial .likelihood of success on the merits of this claim.
C. Irreparable Harm
The injury to the plaintiffs is concrete and imminent: as the .current record shows, they- cannot comply with the staff-privileges requirement and, absent equita
Furthermore, according to the current record, if the plaintiffs’ health centers stop providing abortions, Alabama women in the southern part of the State would have to travel up to 200 miles each way to obtain an in-state abortion, and they would have to do this twice: once for a counseling session and again at least 24-hours later for the abortion procedure. The .plaintiffs have submitted evidence showing that, for many Alabama women, the increase in the burden of travel will be so great that they will not obtain an abortion at all. Henshaw Decl. (Doc. No. 4-7) Ex. F ¶ 15. And the plaintiffs’ evidence shows that women who carry unwanted pregnancies to term are at increased risk of death and childbirth complications. Fine Decl. (Doc. No. 4-4) Ex. D ¶ 36. Many Alabama women who are able to receive an abortion, but who have to travel farther due to the effects of HB 57, would wait until later in their pregnancy term to undergo the procedure. This delay also carries an heightened risk of medical complication. Id. at ¶ 34; see Harris v. Bd. of Supervisors, 366 F.3d 754, 766 (9th Cir.2004) (noting that plaintiffs demonstrated irreparable harm by establishing likelihood of suffering pain and medical complications from delayed medical care).
Finally, it appears from the current record that the staff-privileges requirement threatens the constitutionally protected privacy of the plaintiffs’ patients. “[T]he right of privacy must be carefully guarded for once an infringement has occurred it cannot be undone by monetary relief.” Deerfield Med. Ctr. v. City of Deerfield Beach, 661 F.2d 328, 338 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981). Accordingly, courts presume that violations to the fundamental right to privacy are irreparable. Id. (finding the conclusion that the constitutional right to privacy was threatened by ban on abortion facilities “mandates a finding of irreparable injury”); see also Ne. Florida Chapter of Ass’n of Gen. Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville, Fla., 896 F.2d 1283, 1285 (11th Cir.1990) (noting the general rule that on-going violations of the right to privacy constitute irreparable harm). The record here supports this presumption.
D. Balance of the Hardships
The defendants assert that the grant of a temporary restraining order would harm them, first, because a threat to women’s health is posed absent this law, and, second, because a law passed by the legislature will not be in effect. As to the first harm, the record remains unclear: The court cannot discern from the facts presented whether the status quo does, in fact, pose a risk to the health of women seeking abortions, and the parties heartily dispute whether HB 57 will improve women’s health at all.
The plaintiffs, on the other hand, must stop providing abortions and potentially close their doors altogether or face criminal penalties and license revocation. Meanwhile, women seeking an abortion will face a substantial new obstacle in obtaining one, and therefore stand to suffer a deprivation of constitutional rights as well as the numerous health risks attendant to delaying abortion. Thus, while the plaintiffs can show concrete, serious harms, the defendants face only speculative harms and the rather abstract injury posed by a short delay in the implementation of HB 57. The balance of hardships weighs heavily in the plaintiffs’ favor.
E. Public Interest
The court finds that it is in the public interest to preserve the status quo and give the court an opportunity to evaluate fully the lawfulness of HB 57 without subjecting the plaintiffs, their patients, or the public at large to any of its potential harms.
This grant of temporary relief is based solely on the limited record now before the court. The court does not, with this opinion, forecast the outcome of this case, and this opinion should not be interpreted as such.
* * *
Accordingly, it is ORDERED as follows:
(1) Plaintiffs Planned Parenthood Southeast, Inc., Reproductive Health Services, and June Ayers’s motion for a temporary restraining order (Doc. No. 3) is granted.
(2) Defendants Robert Bentley, Luther Strange, Ellen Brooks, Brandon K. Falls, Ashley Rich, Donald E. Williamson, George C. Smith, Jr., James E. West, and Martha Lavender, and all those acting in concert with them, are ENJOINED from:
(a) enforcing the requirements of § 4(c) of HB 57, and
(b) failing to notify immediately all state officials who are responsible for enforcing the requirements of HB 57*1291 § 4(c) of this temporary restraining order.
(3) This injunction shall expire on July 12, 2013, at 2:45 p.m.
. “Doctors and others who provide abortion care are harassed at their homes, picketed at their private practices, and targeted online.”
. The defendants argue it is improper for the plaintiffs to litigate the substantive-due-process claims of their patients because the economic and liberty interests of the plaintiffs conflict with their patients’ interests in a safe, healthy abortion — an interest that the defendants assert is advanced by the staff-privileges requirement. But where the requirements for third-party standing are satisfied, courts have found this to be sufficient assurance that the third parties' constitutional rights will be well represented by the plaintiffs. See Charles v. Carey, 627 F.2d 772, 779 n. 10 (7th Cir.1980) (rejecting a similar argument and allowing an abortion provider to assert third-party standing for his .patients); Okpalobi, 190 F.3d at 352 (same). The court agrees that the test for third-party standing already protects against a "wolves ... guarding] the ... sheep" scenario and that the plaintiffs "will adequately represent the absent women's constitutional rights.” Okpalobi, 190 F.3d at 352 (quotations and citations omitted).
. The State makes much of the stringency with which courts review a facial challenge to legislation. But as this court explained in Summit Medical, 984 F.Supp. at 1449-50,
. Staci Fox testified that the majority of her patients at PPSE are at 130 % of the poverty level or less, which means that they earn less than $ 1250 each month. Fox Decl. (Doc. No. 4-2) Ex. B ¶ 36. Fox attests that many of them do not own cars, and if they do, would struggle to pay for gas to travel to a distant clinic. Id. June Ayers likewise stated that the majority of RHS’s patients are at 130 % of the poverty level or less and that many do not own cars. Ayers Decl. (Doc. No. 4-3) Ex. C ¶ 26.
. Dr. Henshaw describes a number of studies connecting the availability of abortion providers with the number of abortions. One such study focused on a Texas law that had the effect of reducing the State’s abortion providers such that the average distance a woman had to travel to obtain an abortion increased from 33 miles to 252 miles. Henshaw Decl. (Doc. No. 4-7) Ex. F ¶ 4. The study estimated that, over the course of three years, 6631 abortions did not take place that otherwise would have occurred. Id. ¶ 5. Dr. Henshaw also describes a Georgia study that found that, for every 10 miles from Atlanta, where all of the major abortion providers were located at the time, there was a decline of 6.7 abortions per 1000 live births. Id. ¶ 6.
. The State emphasizes that two Alabama clinics did not join this suit and ostensibly can comply with the requirements of HB 57. One of those clinics is West Alabama Women’s Center in Tuscaloosa. However, the Clinic Director of the West Alabama Women's Center testified that, after that clinic's sole physician, a 74-year-old who happens to have staff privileges because he maintains a broader gynecologic practice, retires, she "honestly do[es] not know how the clinic will find another doctor to take his place at all, let alone someone who lives nearby and has staff privileges at a local hospital.” Gray Decl. (Doc. No. 47) Ex. A ¶ 3. Thus, "[i]f this requirement is not struck down, [she is] virtually certain that when he retires the clinic will have to shut down too.” Id.
. The defendants present evidence that the Alabama Department of Public Health has issued 66 statements of deficiencies to 12 different clinics in the last 15 years. It is unclear how significant these deficiencies were and whether they pose a current threat. ' While the defendants present more detailed evidence of poor care at four particular facilities, three of those facilities are no longer in operation and therefore do not pose any current threat. As for the one that remains in operation, RHS, the defendants refer only to a 2006 incident and give the court no reason to believe that this incident was not isolated, nor any reason to believe that serious deficiencies posing a threat to women's health exist at RHS today.