95 N.J.L. 114 | N.J. | 1920
Much of the argument was directed to the question whether the child had been invited to use the pathway and whether she was actual]}’' using it in pursuance of the invitation. In the view we take, these questions are unimportant. The case is not one where the liability oí the defendant depends on invitation. Their liability grows out of their responsibility for a dangerous agency. The principle, as stated by Chief Justice Beasley, may well be repeated at length: In “all cases in which any person undertakes the performance of an act which, if not done with care and skill, will be highly dangerous to the persons or lives of one or more persons, known or unknown, the law, ipso facto, impose? as a public duty- the obligation to exercise such care and skill. The law hedges round the lives and persons of men with much more care than it employs while guarding their property, so that, in this particular, it makes, in a way, every one his brother’s keeper, and, therefore, it may well be doubted, whether in any supposable case whore redress should be withheld from an innocent person who has sustained immediate danger by the neglect of another in doing an act which, if carelessly done, threatens in a high degree one or more persons, with death or great bodily harm. Such misfeasances, if they result fatally, are indictable crimes; where they inflict particular damage upon individuals they should, it is conceived, be actionable.” Van Winkle v. American Steam Boiler Co., 52 N. J. L. 240. A recent application of the principle is in New Jersey Fidelity and Plate Glass Insurance Co. v. Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., 92 Id. 467.
Starting with the legal liability for negligence in the case of highly dangerous acts as defined by Chief Justice Beaslev for the major premise, the question is whether setting fire to dry grass in a populous town near a pathway and playground frequented hv school children may be such an act.
The answer is not doubtful. Always and everywhere since the beginning of civilization with man’s discovery of the means of producing fire, it has been regarded as a dangerous as well as a beneficent agency, to be handled with care. Mr.
“If a man should set fire to his stubble or his thorns, in order to burn them up, and the flames increase and spread so as to injure the corn or vines of some one else, we have to ask .-whether it took- place through Ins negligence or his want of skill.” D. 9, 2, 30. 3. Monro’s translation, Vol. 2, 133. If such was the rule where property was destroyed, much more would it be the rule where life was destroyed. In early English law the rule was much more stringent. He in whose house or chambers a fire originated, whether by negligence or mere accident, was responsible for injuries occasioned by its spread'to other premises, and a. majority of the Ring's Bench in 1697 held that the doctrine extended; to fires -kindled in an owner’s close. Tuberville v. Stampe, 1 Salk. 13; 1 Ld. Raym. 264, cited in Dorr v. Harkness, 49 N. J. L. 571, 573. This stringent rule proved unsatisfactory and was corrected in England by statutes which were never adopted in full scope ill New Jersey, but -were made applicable to the case of a tenant only." Hence arose the question suggested in Dorr v. Harkness, whether the ancient strict rule making the landowner liable in case of 'mere accident as well as in case of negligence, was the 'law 'in New' Jersey. This question was settled in later cases.. Read v. Penna. Railroad Co., 44 N. J. L. 280; Reilly v. Mayor, &c., of City of New Brunswick, 92 Id. 547. The latter was in this court, and it is now settled that the "one who sets a fire and is negligent in setting or guarding it, is liable if damage results. No other result is possible. The' danger from fire is such that several statutes have been passed to provide against it. They may be found collected in the Compiled Statutes, p. 2325, and Supplement, p. 613, and the following. One of the provisions expressly requires that all persons who set fire or burn any brush, grass or other material whereby any property may be endangered or 'destroyed, shall keep aiid maintain a careful and competent wátehman in'charge while burning. Pamph. L. 1906, p. 225, § 10. The statute relates to' forest fires;*117 the legislature probably thought that the ordinary rules.as to negligence sufficed for thickly settled communities.
"While the law is as we have stated in the case of one who himself negligently starts ox guards a fire, the question remains whether the rule respondeat superior is applicable. Reilly v. New Brunswick does not settle this question, since th.e exemption from liability in that case was the exemption of a municipal corporation under our rule that exempts such a corporation from liability for negligence of its servants. The doubt, if there is a doubt, arises out of an ambiguous expression of Blackstone (1 Bl. Com. 431). It is, however, settled that a railroad company is liable for negligence of its servants in permitting a fire which spreads by reason of accumulation of combustible matter on the railroad property or on property of a third person. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. v. Salmon, 39 N. J. L. 299.
There remains the question whether there was any evidence of negligence to go to the jnrv. The test is -whether injury to the plaintiff or to a class of which the plaintiff was one, ought reasonably to have been anticipated. Guinn v. Delaware and Atlantic Telephone Co., 72 N. J. L. 276; Meyer v. Benton, 74 Id. 533.
To ask the question in this case is to answer it. A fire was intentionally set by a servant of the railroad company acting under orders. It is not denied that his act was the act of the company. It was in the midst of a populous city, near a path frequented by the public for many years, with the acquiescence of the railroad company and frequented by school children; near also to land significantly called ‘•'Playground;'’ there was so much combustible matter that although the lire was set at eleven a. m. a jury might infer that there was still enough fire at one p. M. to kindle the clothing of the decedent. The case is much like Davenport v. McClellan, 88 N. J. L. 653. The standard of care required is substantially that required in New Jersey Fidelity and Plate Glass Insurance Co. v. Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., 92 Id. 467. It was error to direct a verdict for the defendant.