457 F.2d 1213 | 2d Cir. | 1972
Lead Opinion
This is an appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, which held that appellant had no copyright interest in the song “Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf,” and that appellant had infringed appellee’s copyright in the song. The opinion of the district court is reported at 314 F.Supp. 640 (S.D.N.Y.1970), and the facts are set out more fully there.
In May, 1933, Walt Disney Productions, Inc. released an animated cartoon film entitled “The Three Little Pigs.” The film contained a musical score, portions of which agents of Disney and Irving Berlin, Inc., appellee’s predecessor in interest, believed could be adapted as a popular song. With Disney’s approval Berlin asked Ann Ronell, appellant’s predecessor in interest, to assist in the adaptation; she did so, rearranging the musical themes in collaboration with an employee of Berlin, and arranging the existing lyrics and adding new ones of her own. The trial court found that the new song was revised somewhat by another employee of Berlin and approved by Disney. In exchange for an agreement to pay certain royalties, Disney assigned-all its rights in the new song to Berlin,
In 1960, the twenty-eighth year of the copyright, when the right to apply for a renewal accrued, 17 U.S.C. § 24 (1970), Miss Ronell for the first time asserted a one-half ownership interest in the copyright as a joint author, and obtained registration in her name, while Bourne, Berlin’s assignee, registered as “proprietor.”
Bourne offered alternative theories in support of its claim to total ownership of the song: (1) that Miss Ronell’s contribution was not substantial enough to constitute authorship, and (2) that her contribution was “done for hire,” see 314 F.Supp. at 644, and that the “proprietor” was thus entitled to the renewal copyright under Section 24 of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 24 (1970)
lied principally on the first theory, though it also suggests a theory of assignment in its finding that the conduct of the parties shows that Miss Ronell intended to convey all rights to the work in return for royalties and credits, id. at 652-653. Though the trial court discussed the work for hire doctrine, id. at 650-651, it did not explicitly rule on that issue.
We affirm the judgment, but do so on the ground that the findings of the trial court establish the conclusion that Miss Ronell’s contribution was work done for hire within the meaning of that term as it is used in the statute.
As this Court said in Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. v. Bryan, 123 F.2d 697, 700 (2d Cir. 1941), “when the employer
The purpose of the statute is not to be frustrated by conceptualistic formulations of the employment relationship. In Brattleboro Publishing Co., supra, this Court held that advertisements designed and printed by a newspaper, obviously at the “instance” of the advertiser, were done for hire.
Appellant argues that we have held that “an essential element of the employer-employee relationship, [is] the right of the employer ‘to direct and supervise the manner in which the writer performs his work,’ ” Donaldson Publishing Co., supra, 375 F.2d, at 643, quoting Nimmer, Copyright § 62.31 (1964) [now § 62.2 (1971)], and that that “right” is not found in the present case. However, the trial court found that employees of Berlin did in fact make some revisions in Miss Ronell’s work. Moreover since Disney had control of the original song on which Miss Ronell’s work was based, Disney (and Berlin, with Disney’s permission), at all times had the right to “direct and supervise” Miss Ronell’s work.
The Court in Donaldson, supra, 375 F.2d at 643, listed as among the factors that show that there was no employment for hire, the absence of a fixed salary and the author’s “freedom to engage in profitable outside activities without sharing the proceeds with” the alleged employer. Id. The absence of a fixed salary, however, is never conclusive, see Brattleboro Publishing Co., supra; Nimmer, Copyright § 62.2 (1971), nor is the freedom to do other work, especially in an independent contractor situation, Brattleboro Publishing Co., supra. Donaldson was quite different from the present case since it involved an author who was the dominant person in the corporation alleged to be his employer. In such a situation it could not be said that his work was done at the “instance” of the corporation.
Affirmed.
. Berlin obtained the copyright in the new song in its own name, crediting authorship to Miss Ronell and Frank E. Churchill, the Disney employee who had composed the original song.
. Miss Ronell claimed that the parties had agreed on one-third, but she eventually dropped the issue and accepted one-fourth of Disney’s share from 1933 to 1960. 314 F.Supp. at 643.
. It is apparently customary for the Register of Copyrights to allow conflicting
. § 24. Duration; renewal and extension The copyright secured by this title shall endure for twenty-eight years from the date of first publication, whether the copyrighted work bears the author’s true name or is published anonymously or under an assumed name: Provided, That in the case of any posthumous work or of any periodical, cyclopedic, or other composite work upon which the copyright was originally secured by the proprietor thereof, or of any work copyrighted by a corporate body (otherwise than as assignee or licensee of the individual author) or by an employer for whom such work is made for hire, the proprietor of such copyright shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for the further term of twenty-eight years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright: And provided further, That in the case of any other copyrighted work, including a contribution by an individual author to a periodical or to a cyclopedic or other composite work, the author of such work, if still living, or the widow, widower, or children of the author, if the author be not living, or if such author, widow, widower, or children be not living, then the author’s executors, or in the absence of a will, his next of kin shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for a further term of twenty-eight years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright: And provided further, That in default of the registration of such application for renewal and extension, the copyright in any work shall determine at the expiration of twenty-eight years from first publication.
. We may uphold the judgment on any theory which finds support in the record, regardless of the trial court’s conclusions. Helvering v. Gowran, 302 U.S. 238, 245-246, 58 S.Ct. 154, 82 L.Ed. 224 (1937).
In reviewing a determination that a work was or was not done for hire, we are not bound by the “clearly erroneous” standard. Donaldson Publishing Co. v. Bregman, Vocco & Conn, Inc., 375 F.2d 639, 641 (2d Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 1036, 88 S.Ct. 768, 19 L.Ed.2d 823 (1968).
. That case involved a construction of the phrase “works for hire” in Section 26 of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 26 (1970), but its reasoning is equally applicable to Section 24.
. Miss Ronell had previously composed works for Disney and Berlin, including “Mickey Mouse and Minnie’s in Town” and “Silly Symphony.” Appellant claims that Miss Ronell assigned in writing all her interest in these compositions. The absence of a writing in the instant case, however, does not suggest an intent to retain any rights; rather, especially in view of Miss Ronell’s 27-year silence, it indicates that she assumed that she had no claim that would need to be assigned.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring):
I concur in the result.