185 N.W.2d 413 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1971
PIATKOWSKI
v.
MOK
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Zeff & Zeff, for plaintiffs.
Markle & Markle, for defendant.
Before: R.B. BURNS, P.J., and LEVIN and CHURCHILL,[*] JJ.
R.B. BURNS, P.J.
Although I am in complete agreement with Judge CHURCHILL'S decision to remand *428 this case to the trial court, I must take issue with his construction of GCR 1963, 518.3. Judge CHURCHILL concedes that his interpretation is contrary to that adopted by the Federal courts in their analysis of rule 54(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.[1] His interpretation is also contrary to the rule's purpose as envisioned by the Joint Committee on Michigan Procedural Revision. See 2 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 626 (Committee Notes). More importantly Judge CHURCHILL'S construction directly conflicts with the express language of the rule.
The language of 518.3, in no uncertain terms, states that a judgment must be based on what is proved rather than on what is pleaded. To base a judgment solely on what is pleaded totally ignores the word "entitled"[2] and the phrase "even if" contained in GCR 1963, 518.3.[3] The plain meaning of a general court rule should not be ignored by this Court.
We hold the plaintiff may recover a judgment in the amount of his provable damages irrespective of the ad damnum clause.
The case is remanded for entry of an order granting the motion to amend plaintiff's ad damnum *429 clause and allowing defendant to amend his answer and defend on the merits of liability.
We do not retain jurisdiction.
LEVIN, J., concurred.
CHURCHILL, J. (concurring in result).
This is a personal-injury auto negligence action, commenced September 22, 1964, three years to the day after the accident. In 1968 plaintiff Helen Piatkowski filed a motion to increase her ad damnum clause to $300,000. The motion was denied "without prejudice". Plaintiff, on leave granted, appeals from the order denying the motion.
The trial court's reasons for denial of the motion do not appear in the record nor do we perceive the meaning of the words "without prejudice" in this context.
GCR 1963, 518.3 provides:
"Except as to a party against whom a judgment is entered by default, every final judgment shall grant the relief to which the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled, even if the party has not demanded such relief in his pleadings."
This provision is a verbatim repetition of rule 54 (c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
The Federal courts have consistently construed rule 54 (c) to mean that in contested actions plaintiff's recovery is not limited by the ad damnum clause.[1]
This was the construction forecast in the Committee Notes to rule 518.3 and by the authors of 2 *430 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 632 where they said:
"In former Michigan practice it was said a judgment could not exceed the amount requested in the ad damnum clause, although in practice the problem might have been sidestepped by permitting an amendment to conform the pleadings to the proofs * * * The new rule makes it clear that except upon default judgment, the court has power to enter judgment in an amount greater than that demanded, if proved."
If the rule is so construed the denial of the motion is indeed nonprejudicial to plaintiff. I do not, however, adopt this construction.[2] Such a construction would cause unlimited mischief in excess-liability insurance situations and it would discourage noncontests of liability.
The motion contains the allegation that plaintiff's physical condition has worsened and that the amount sued for will not adequately compensate her. The motion was accompanied by an "information and belief" affidavit of her attorney which does not disclose the source of his information or belief. Attached to the appellant's brief on appeal is a copy of a letter from a physician dated October 14, 1968, which tends to substantiate plaintiff's claim of serious injury. It does not, however, appear in the record that this letter was ever submitted to the trial judge for his consideration.
Defendant filed a pleading objecting to the increase of the ad damnum clause from $25,000 to $300,000. The ad damnum clause in the original complaint was for $50,000.
*431 In the concise statement of proceedings and fact prepared by plaintiff's attorney the proposal is to increase the ad damnum clause from $25,000 to $150,000. In her brief they say that she wants to increase the claim from $25,000 to $300,000.
By his answer defendant pled no contest as to liability. In his brief on appeal defendant suggests that a typical insurance excess-liability problem would be created by the increase. He asserts that he would want to defend the action on the merits of liability if the ad damnum clause is increased and he suggests that discovery would be difficult after so many years. He does not, however, disclose the limits of coverage nor does he show what further discovery would be required which is unavailable.
In Burg v. B & B Enterprises, Inc. (1966), 2 Mich. App. 496, 500, this Court, reversing the trial judge's decision to deny leave to amend a pleading, said:
"[W]e believe that the language of GCR 1963, 118.1, `Leave shall be freely given when justice so requires', imposes a limitation on the discretion of the court necessitating a finding that justice would not be served by the amendment."
This is totally consistent with the Supreme Court's statement in Phillips v. Rolston (1965), 376 Mich. 264, 268, that amendments are not allowed when prejudice would result and when the substantial rights of the parties would be affected adversely.
The delaying effect, if any, of granting a motion to amend after pretrial conference is a factor for consideration in the exercise of discretion, Simonelli v. Cassidy (1953), 336 Mich. 635.
GCR 1963, 517.1 requires trial judges to make findings of fact and to state conclusions of law in nonjury actions, but most motions are excepted from operation of the rule. The reasons for the rule, explained in the annotation to the rule in 2 Honigman *432 & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 592, apply with persuasion to the rulings on many motions. As in LaBar v. Cooper (1965), 376 Mich. 401, and in Dahlstrom v. City of Whitehall (1968), 14 Mich. App. 349, we do not know why the trial judge denied the motion, and we are unable to determine whether he exercised his discretion properly.
The action is remanded for further proceedings. After consideration of such further affidavits, testimony, or argument as the trial court deems necessary, the trial judge should make findings on the record and exercise his discretion in a manner consistent with the findings. If the ad damnum clause is increased above $50,000, defendant shall be permitted to amend his answer and defend on the merits of liability.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] For the Federal court analysis of 54(c), GCR 518.3's equivalent, see 3 Barron and Holtzoff, Federal Practice & Procedure (Wright ed), § 1194, p 34. In Michigan the Supreme Court gives great weight to the decisions of another state from which a particular statute is substantially adopted. In re Atherton's Estate (1952), 333 Mich. 193. In fact it is presumed that a statute is adopted with its judicial gloss. In re Rackham's Estate (1951), 329 Mich. 493. It is entirely reasonable to presume that the Michigan Supreme Court was well aware of and readily accepted the interpretation of 54(c) as given by the Federal courts prior to its adoption by the Court into Michigan practice.
[2] See Cullum v. Topps-Stillman's, Inc. (1965), 1 Mich. App. 92, where this Court stated, in its interpretation of 518.3, that an award must be justified on the basis of what the party is "entitled" to receive.
[3] "[E]very final judgment shall grant the relief to which the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled, even if the party has not demanded such relief in his pleadings." (Emphasis supplied.)
[1] See Troutman v. Modlin (CA8, 1965), 353 F2d 382, 384, 385; Stewart v. Banks (CA5, 1968), 397 F2d 798, 799; Smith v. Brady (CA4, 1968), 390 F2d 176, 177; Couto v. United Fruit Co. (CA2, 1953), 203 F2d 456, 457; Collins v. Government of Virgin Islands (D VI, 1964), 236 F Supp 441, 445.
[2] Although I reject this construction I am not required to do so by Phillips v. Rolston (1965), 376 Mich. 264, because it does not appear that the effect of rule 518.3 was considered by the Supreme Court in its decision.
