12 Nev. 158 | Nev. | 1877
Lead Opinion
E. D. Sweeney, one of the defendants in the above-entitled action, upon the same transcript and evidence that was presented in this case on appeal, (11 Nev. 187,) claims that the district court in adjudging him guilty of contempt “exceeded its jurisdiction, and that the decision of said court in said proceeding was contrary to and against the evidence adduced before said court, and contrary to and against law;” and that, by reason of said court adjudging him guilty of contempt, he has been greatly injured in his property and otherwise, and asks this court, upon a review of the case upon certiorari, to set aside the proceedings and declare the order adjudging him guilty of contempt to be null and void.
It is argued by petitioner’s counsel that the affidavit of the plaintiff Phillips, upon which the contempt proceeding is founded, does not state facts sufficient to give tlio court jurisdiction of the subject matter; that said affidavit abounds in legal conclusions without the statement of any fact upon which the conclusions are based.
1. Does the affidavit state any substantive fact sufficient to set the power of the court in motion? This is the material question that we are called upon to decide. If it does not, then the proceedings must be annulled. If it does, the judgment must stand.
The statute applicable to this case, provides that: “When the contempt is not committed in the immediate view and presence of the court, or judge at chambers, an affidavit shall be presented to the court or judge of the facts constituting the contempt.” * * * (1 Comp. L. 1522.)
Under a statute identical with these provisions, the supreme court of California, in Batchelder v. Moore, say: “The power of a court to punish for an alleged contempt of its authority, though undoubted, is in its nature arbitrary, and its exercise is not to be upheld, except under the circumstances and in the manner prescribed by law. It is essential to the validity of proceedings in contempt, subjecting a party to fine and imprisonment, that they show a case in point of jurisdiction within the provisions of the law by which
The affidavit in this case charges but one offense. It sets out in detail the fact of the commencement of the suit of Phillips v. Welch et al,, and the proceedings had therein. The complaint and answer in said suit are referred to aud made a part of the affidavit. The decree rendered in said suit is copied into the affidavit. Affiant then, among other things, states: “That said decision aud decree was rendered in open court, and the several parties and their attorneys had actual knowledge thereof, and the same was served in due form on the several parties defendant on the day of November, 1872, aud the third day of December, A. D. 1872; that said decision and decree has never been appealed from, stayed, modified or reversed, but ever since the rendition thereof has been and now is in full force, virtue and effect;” that ever since said decision was rendered, affiant has been, and now is, the owner of the land described in the complaint and mentioned in the decree, and of the water, water-right, usufruct and privilege specified therein; that during the present season' affiant has been engaged in the cultivation of his said land, and in growing crops of grain, vegetables and grass, and raising stock thereon, and' needs and requires the use of the water awarded to him in said decree, and the whole thereof, to irrigate said land and the crops growing thereon, and for
It is claimed by counsel for petitioner that the quantity of water to which he was entitled is clearly a question of law, and that the affidavit should contain a statement of the exact quantity of water that he was actually diverting, so that the court, from such statement, could have determined whether he was violating the decree or order, and especially is it contended that this fact should have been stated in the affidavit, because it appears from other averments therein that Sweeney has acquired the title of defendant Quill to the lands mentioned in the decree since the rendition thereof. Ordinarily, this would be the best mode of stating the facts.
The essential fact to be determined by the court was whether or not the defendant Sweeney had, in disobedience of the decree and of the lawful process issued thereunder in the suit of Phillips v. Welch, deprived the plaintiff Phillips of the quantity of water decreed to him in that case. There is an averment in the affidavit that Phillips was deprived of the water, to which he was entitled, by the excessive and unlawful diversion and use of the water by Sweeney. It is
Respondent’s counsel contend that if we find the affidavit to be sufficient to give the court jurisdiction, we cannot examine the question whether or not the order adjudging Sweeney guilty of contempt is sustained by the evidence. This position is abundantly sustained by the authorities. This court, in all the numerous cases brought before it by the writ of certiorari, has uniformly held that the inquiry upon the writ could not be extended any further than is necessary to determine whether the inferior tribunal has exceeded its jurisdiction or has regularly pursued its authority. (Maynard v. Railey, 2 Nev. 313; State v. County Commissioners of Washoe County, 5 Nev. 317; State ex rel. Fall v. County Commissioners of Humboldt County, 6 Nev. 100; State ex rel. Mason v. County Commissioners of Ormsby County, 7 Nev. 393; Hetzel v County Commissioners of Eureka County, 8 Nev. 359.)
The decisions in California, including Batchelder v. Moore, are to the same effect. (People ex rel. Lamby v. Dwinelle, 29 Cal. 632; People v. Johnson, 30 Cal. 98; Winter v. Fitzpatrick, 35 Cal. 269; People ex rel. Waldon v. Elkins, 40 Cal. 642; Barber v. Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco, 42 Cal. 630; Yenawine v. Richter, 43 Cal. 312; Central Pacific Railroad Company v. The Board of Equalization of Placer County, 43 Cal. 365; Petty v. County Court of San Joaquin County, 45 Cal. 245; Monreal v. Bush,
The affidavit of Phillips, in our judgment, presented a case for the legitimate action of the court. The district court had the authority to hear and determine the question whether or not Sweeney had been guilty of disobeying the decree, or any order or writ of injunction issued and served pursuant to its provisions. The court, after acquiring jurisdiction for that purpose, had the undoubted right to decide the question upon the law and the evidence. It may have erred. Whether it did or did not, it is not our province, in this proceeding, to inquire. We are prohibited by the statute from investigating this question. Even admitting that the court erred in the conclusions it reached, yet all the authorities above cited hold that error in judgment, in respect to a question which the court is authorized to investigate and determine, does not, by any means, constitute an excess of jurisdiction. If it did, then every error committed by any inferior tribunal, in the course of judicial investigations, would be an excess of jurisdiction, and the writ of certiorari would be converted into a writ of error instead of remaining, where the statute has placed it, a writ of review; and every case brought before us under this writ would have to be heard and determined in the same manner as if the right of appeal existed.
If appellate courts were compelled to examine the evidence in proceedings of this character, the result would have a tendency to destroy the binding force and effect of all judgments of justices of the peace and other inferior tribunals.
By adopting the rule contended for by petitioner, every criminal action for an alleged misdemeanor prosecuted and tried before a justice of the peace could, after the conviction of the defendant, on appeal to the district court, be brought before this court by the writ of certiorari, and it would be the duty of this court to examine into the evidence and see if justice had been done, and to determine whether the right of the defendant, in his person or prop
2. In pursuance of the warrant of attachment issued upon the affidavit of Phillips, the petitioner appeared before the court in person and by counsel, and made answer, specifically denying all the averments in said affidavit charging him with a disobedience of the process issued in the suit of Phillips v. Welch. The court investigated the charge, heard and considered the evidence for and against the petitioner, and found the following facts:
*171 “First. At the several dates mentioned in the proceedings, to Avit: July 1, * * 1875, the defendant, E. D. Sweeney, was diverting from the natural channel of said Kings Canon creek, above the lauds of II. P. Phillips, by means of pipes and flumes, and conducting the same permanently away from the stream and from the land of plaintiff to the town of Carson, to supply the people of Carson city with Avater, a large portion, to Avit: about forty inches of the Avater of said stream;
“Second. In the said cause of Phillips v. Welch et al., said Sweeney ansAvered and defended, asserting and claiming a right to divert from said stream, by means of his pipes and flumes, a portion, to avít: eight inches of the Avaters of said stream, and conduct the same, by means of his pipes and flumes aAvay from said stream to the toAvn of
*172 “Third. At the several dates aforesaid, * * * the plaintiff (Phillips) was seized of the land and water privilege described in the proceedings herein, and required and needed, and was entitled to have flow to and upon his land, and to use the same in the manner and for the purposes specified in the decree, thirty-one one hundredth parts of the water flowing in said stream, and at the several dates aforesaid * * * said Phillips and his land were deprived of the water which was awarded to said land by said decree, and no water, except a small quantity of seepage water was flowing to the land of said Phillips, and said lands and the crops growing thereon were thereby injured, and the right of said Phillips was thereby violated;
“Fourth. At the several dates aforesaid, * * * while said Sweeney was delivering said quantity of- water away from the stream, and away from the land of said Phillips to Carson for sale to customers, the said laud described in the answer of Sweeney and in the decree as belonging to defendant E. D. Sweeney, and which land was decreed sixteen oneliundredth parts of the water of said stream for irrigation, and for stock and domestic purposes, was occupied and cultivated by one James Authers as the tenant of said Sweeney under a written lease, which lease granted the land to said Authers without reservation of the water for five years, * * * and said Authers was at said several dates using the waters of said stream to irrigate said land, and the crops thereon;
“Fifth. At the several dates aforesaid * * * the said land known as the Quill land * * * was being occupied and cultivated, and all the water awarded to said Quill in connection with said land to irrigate the same was being diverted upon and used in irrigating the same.
“Wherefore, it is now and here considered and adjudged by the court that the defendant, E. JD. Sweeney, has been guilty of the misconduct alleged against him in the proceedings herein, to wit, the willful violation of the order, decree and injunction made and entered in said cause, and that*173 such misconduct was calculated to and did defeat, impair and prejudice the rights of said Phillips in said action * * * awarded to him by the decree, and was calculated to and did injure the said land of the said Phillips, and the crops of the said Phillips growing thereon, and was calculated to and did damage the said Phillips. And it is now and here considered, ordered and adjudged that the said E. D. Sweeney has been guilty of contempt of court, and that he be fined,” etc.
It is claimed by petitioner’s counsel that an examination of the evidence will show that he was acquitted of any violation of the injunction order by using any water in excess of the amount allowed him by the decree; but was found guilty of a contempt of the district court in diverting the waters of said stream, and conveying the same to Carson city for sale; the court holding that the decree prohibited such use, and only allowed the respective parties to use the water for irrigation in connection with their land, and for stock and domestic purposes. It is argued that this is an erroneous construction of the decree, and hence the order should be set aside, as petitioner has really been found guilty of contempt for doing an act which he is not directly forbidden to do by the decree.
It is admitted that the previous decisions of this court upon the question of jurisdiction are stereotyped, and all adverse to an examination of the evidence in cases where it appears that the inferior tribunal acted within its jurisdiction, and that the general rule, as to the province of the writ, is such as we have stated; but it is contended that this court has hitherto acted without mature consideration, and superficially followed the general rule, without noticing the fact that in the earlier cases in England and in the United States a distinction was made that ought to be observed in this case, viz.: that where it affirmatively appears that the petitioner has no other remedy, and where, unless the appellate court exercised its authority, there would be a failure of justice, the review was extended to an examination of the evidence and all questions of law determined in the lower court, and if any error was found the proceedings
The argument that petitioner had no other remedy was advanced when this case was argued on the appeal, and this court was then asked by both parties to examine the evidence and decide the case upon its merits, without reference to jurisdictional questions. After mature consideration, we then held that it was the duty of the court to decide, “in limine, whether in a case like this, where the parties before the court are willing to concede jurisdiction for the purpose of obtaining our opinion upon the matters in controversy, we ought to raise the question ourselves.” We decided that it ought to be done, and disposed of the case purely upon jurisdictional grounds. (11 Nev. 188.)
Petitioner was next brought before the chief justice upon a writ of habeas corpus, where a similar argument ivas again advanced, and the petitioner was remanded into custody upon the familiar principle, almost universally recognized, that when a court commits a party for a contempt its adjudication is a conviction, audits commitment, in consequence, is execution; and no court can discharge on habeas corpus a person that is in execution by the judgment of any other court having jurisdiction of the subject matter of the contempt.
This principle is acknowledged by counsel for petitioner to be correct, and is certainly too well settled to require a citation of the authorities. Some of the cases are referred to in Ex parte Winston, 9 Nev. 71.
Without attempting to follow the learned counsel in his review and criticisms of former cases on certiorari, decided by this court, it seems to us that it is only necessary, in addition to what we have already said, to state that we are not acting upon the common law rule relating to the writ of certiorari, under which courts in earlier times, and in New York and some of the other states at the present time, often exercised their discretion in granting or refusing the writ, according to the justice of the case. The truth is, that
This court must follow the provisions of the statute of this state, the language of which is clear, plain and, in our judgment, decisive. It has been often quoted, and invariably construed one -way: “The writ shall be granted in all cases when an inferior tribunal, board or officer, exercising judicial functions, has exceeded the jurisdiction of such tribunal, board or officer, and there is no appeal, nor, in the judgment of the court., any plain, speedy and adequate remedy.” (1 Comp. L., 1497.)
Under this provision the court is not authorized to issue the writ, because there is no other remedy, unless it also appears that the inferior tribunal has exceeded its jurisdiction.
The statute in another section provides as follows: “The review upon this Avrit shall not be extended further than to determine whether the inferior tribunal, board or officer has regularly pursued the authority of such tribunal, board or officer.” (1 Comp. L., 1503.)
In Maynard v. Railey, supra, this court in construing this section held that the expression “has regularly pursued its authority,” did not authorize an inquiry into any irregularity or question beyond that of jurisdiction.
In the C. P. R. R. Co. v. The Board of Equalization of Placer Co., supra, it was there, as here, argued by able counsel that the review of the proceedings of the inferior tribunal Avas not to be confined to the bare question whether the subject matter or the parties were within the jurisdiction of the court, but must be extended to all questions affecting the mode in which the jurisdiction or the power of the inferior tribunal has been exercised, and that the statute must be so construed as to authorize the court, upon a review of the case, to determine not only Avhether
Under this construction can it seriously be contended that it is our duty to decide this case upon its merits without reference to the question of jurisdiction ?
The fourth subdivision of the act relating to contempts and their punishments provides that “ disobedience or resistance to any lawful writ, order, rule or process issued by the court or judge at chambers,” shall be deemed a contempt. The affidavit sets forth the fact that petitioner has disobeyed a lawful writ and order that was issued by the district court of Ormsby county under a final judgment, obtained in said court in the case of Phillips v. Welch. Upon this affidavit a warrant was issued and petitioner was brought before the court, and a hearing was had, which resulted in his conviction, and he was fined in the sum of five hundred dollars.
It is, of course, admitted that the district court has the power to punish for contempts in cases like the one under consideration. It must also be admitted, if the affidavit is sufficient, that the court had jurisdiction of this case. As was said in the case last referred to from California, “ jurisdiction, as applied to a particular claim or controversy, is the power to hear and determine that controversy;” and as jurisdiction is the power to hear and determine a disputed controversy, it is beyond all question that the district court of Ormsby county had jurisdiction of this case. In fact no
The truth is, that in a case like the present, where the court acquired jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the person of the petitioner, this court has no jurisdiction either on appeal, writ of error, habeas corpus or certiorari.
The decisions are clear, positive, and, in our judgment, conclusive upon this point.
In The People v. Johnson, supra, defendant was arrested, tried and convicted before a justice of the peace, fined one hundred dollars, and upon appeal to the county court the judgment was affirmed. An appeal was then taken to the supreme court, and there dismissed for want of jurisdiction. Sanderson, J., in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “This is a criminal action for an alleged misdemeanor, in which no question as to the jurisdiction of the court below is made. In such a case this court has no jurisdiction, either on appeal or writ of error or certiorari. * * * Our jurisdiction * * * to review the proceedings of inferior courts, boards and officers upon certiorari is limited, by the very nature of the writ, to cases Avliere the jurisdiction of the inferior courts, board or officer is impeached. Hence, in no respect have we jurisdiction in the present case. In all cases of misdemeanor, the constitution has prescribed that the judgment of the county court, whether erroneous or not, shall be final except where there lias been an excess of jurisdiction, in which case only it can be reviewed. With the wisdom of this provision we have nothing to do.” It will be observed from reading the entire opinion in that case that it involved questions of great importance. A certain road for the general use of
It is true, that in that particular case, there was another remedy whereby a decision upon the merits could be obtained, but the reasoning of the decision, nevertheless, applies to this case.
A contempt of the character alleged in this proceeding is a specific, substantive and distinct criminal offense, and under the constitution and laws of this State the judgment of conviction in such a case, if within the jurisdiction of the inferior court, is as final and conclusive as in any other criminal case for a misdemeanor. (Phillips v. Welch, supra.)
In The People ex rel. Lamby v. Dwinelle, supra, the case was brought before the supreme court of California by certiorari for the purpose of reviewing the proceedings had in the district court, where the court had rendered a judgment of conviction against the relator Lamby for contempt. The proceedings in the district court were instituted under the provisions of the statute referred to in Balchelder v. Moore. The defense that Lamby made did not satisfy the district court that his re-entry after he had been dispossessed under the action of ejectment was by legal right, and the supreme court, in discussing the questions involved, say: ‘ ‘ Whether the court ivas right or Avrong upon the merits of the issue joined upon these proceedings is not the question before us, but Avhether the court exceeded its jurisdiction is the sub
So in this case the statute of this state authorized the proceedings in the district court. That court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the person of petitioner. The petitioner upon a hearing failed to satisfy the court that his diversion of the water from King’s Cañón creek was not in disobedience of the decree and injunction order in the suit of Phillips v. Welch, or that he did not by such diversion deprive the plaintiff Phillips of the quantity of water decreed to him in said action, and we cannot upon the writ of certiorari review the case upon its merits.
The argument as to the hardships of this case so earnestly advanced by petitioner’s counsel, even if conceded to exist, cannot be considered.
As was said by the supreme court of the United States in Ex parte Kearney (7 Wheat. 45): “ Where the law is clear this argument can be of no avail. * * * Wherever power is lodged it may be abused. But this forms no solid objection against its exercise. Confidence must be reposed somewhere; and if there should be an abuse, it will be a public grievance, for which a remedy may be applied by the legislature, and is not to be devised by courts of justice ”
The writ must be dismissed. It is so ordered.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I dissent from the judgment and opinion of the court upon several points, which, in my opinion, are of sufficient importance to demand a full statement.
As to the proposition that this court has no power upon certiorari to inquire into or to correct any error of an inferior tribunal, unless it involves an excess of jurisdiction, I fully agree with my associates, but as to what constitutes an excess of jurisdiction, and as to how such excess of juris
If I understand the effect of the opinion of the court, interpreted as it must be, in the light of the facts of this case, it is henceforth the law of Nevada that any inferior judicial tribunal may exceed its jurisdiction with impunity, if it takes care to keep out of the record of its proceedings those matters which will show the excess of jurisdiction. And it is held, in effect, if not in éxpress terms, that when the powers of such inferior tribunal have been “regularly set in motion' ” by the presentation of a charge of which it has jurisdiction, it may thereafter proceed to try, convict and punish the person accused for an offense of which it has no jurisdiction. And no matter how clearly the subsequent proceedings may show that the charge by which the powers of the court were “set in motion” was completely ignored in the judgment finally rendered, and the accused convicted of another offense entirely beyond the jurisdiction of the court, we can never know that there has been any excess of jurisdiction. If we can see that there was a good charge made of an offense within the jurisdiction of the court, and if the sentence of the court is such as might have been imposed upon a conviction of that offense, we must close our eyes to everything beyond, even to the plain construction of the written findings of the court, showing that the accused was not convicted of the offense charged, but was convicted of something else; convicted, in fact, as in this case, of something which is no offense at all. I shall endeavor to show that upon such theories alone can the conclusions of the court be upheld.
The petitioner Sweeney was charged with a contempt of court in violating the decree and injunction in the case of Phillips v. Welch, to which he was a party defendant. He was charged with doing two things which were supposed to be forbidden by the decree and injunction: First. With diverting more water than he was entitled to divert; Second. With using that water in a mode forbidden by the decree; that is to say, he was accused of conveying the water permanently away from the stream, in pipes, and selling it to
The first of these charges is the one dealt with exclusively in the opinion of the court, and it is there held that it was a sufficient charge to give the court jurisdiction to proceed with the trial of the petitioner. Here, again, I am in thorough accord with the majority opinion. I fully agree that the court had jurisdiction to try Sweeney on that charge, and if he had been convicted and fined for an excessive diversion of water, I should have joined with the court in saying that the writ of certiorari afforded him no remedy, no matter how erroneous his conviction might have been. JBut the fact happens to be, and it is shown by the record in the case, that Sweeney was acquitted of any excessive diversion of water, and was convicted only on the other charge of diverting water to Carson.
At the close of the testimony for the prosecution the district judge decided and announced his opinion in open court that Sweeney had not diverted more water than was awarded to him by the decree, and that the only question was as to whether his diversion of water to Carson city for sale was a violation of the decree. Having held this question under advisement for some days, he filed his written findings and judgment convicting Sweeney of contempt and fining him therefor. The respondent contends that those findings show that Sweeney ivas convicted on both charges, and that we cannot consider the oral decision of the court that Sweeney was not guilty of the first.
As to the proper construction of the written findings of the court — the material portions of which are quoted in the opinion of the chief justice; — all that is there said is: “Prom this order we are left to infer that the defendant, Sweeney, did use the waters of said stream in excess of the quantity allowed him by the decree.” We are, indeed, “left to infer” that Sweeney was found guilty of excessive diversion of the waters of the stream, and we are left to infer it without any valid grounds for such an inference. But it is upon this inference, and the assumption that we must utterly ignore the oral decision of the district judge
Before entering upon a discussion of these points, however, it will be well to mention the manner in which the record of this case, whatever is the record, has been brought before us.
The petitioner, shortly after his conviction in the district court, appealed from the judgment, and in support of his appeal prepared a statement of the case, which was filed in this court in connection with the record of the affidavit, attachment, answer of the defendant, findings of the court, etc. The statement was not settled by the court in the form of a bill of exceptions, but was agreed to by the counsel for the prosecution and defense. It is in that statement so settled that the fact is made to appear that the district judge at the close of the testimony for the prosecution declared Sweeney not guilty on the charge of excessive diversion of water. The appeal in which that statement was brought up having been dismissed for -want of jurisdiction in this court to entertain it (11 Nev. 187), this proceeding was commenced, and, by stipulation between the respondent and petitioner, it was agreed that, instead of a regular return to the writ of certiorari, the transcript prepared for the purposes of the appeal should be deemed and treated as a return to the writ, so far as its contents might be proper
In the case of Whitney v. Board of Delegates (14 Cal. 500), which was approved by this court in the State v. Commissioners of Washoe (5 Nev. 318), it was decided that the writ of certiorari brings up everything necessary to determine the question of jurisdiction, not only that which is technically record, but everything in the nature of record, including the evidence in regard to jurisdictional facts where their existence is in question. (See People v. Goodwin, 1 Selden, 572.) These cases establish the general principle, but the decision in Blair v. Hamilton (32 Cal. 52) is so aptly in point that I quote: “It is first insisted, on the part of the defendant, that in passing upon the question before us no resort can be had to the finding of facts, upon the ground that the same constitutes no part of the record, for the reason that it was not prepared and filed until the next term of the court, at which time, as is claimed, the court had lost all jurisdiction of the case. If the finding be disregarded the result would be the same, as will presently appear; but were it at all necessary that we should be put in possession of the facts in view of which the court below acted, and which are not technically of record, it would be competent for this court to require the court below to certify such facts in its return to the writ. In many cases jurisdictional facts may not appear of record, either by failure of the inferior court or officer to follow the requirements of the law and make them of record, or because the law itself does not require it to be done. In such cases this court, and all other courts having jurisdiction to review and correct the proceedings of inferior courts, would be powerless unless it can compel the inferior tribunal -to certify to this court not only what is technically denominated the record, but such facts, or the evidence of them, as may be necessary to determine whatever questions
The language which I have italicized points out the absurdity of the position that a court which has power to correct excesses of jurisdiction of inferior tribunals may be utterly deprived of the means of affording any redress by the neglect or willful misconduct of the inferior court in failing, or purposely omitting, to put upon record the matters by which its excess of jurisdiction may be shown. Section 443 of our practice act is identical with section 453 of the California practice act, by virtue of which it was held, in the case just referred to, that the supremo court could compel'a full return of everything necessary to determine the question of jurisdiction. I say, therefore, assuming the correctness of that decision, that in this case, if the decision of Judge Wright, orally announced at the close of the testimony for the prosecution, that Sweeney was not guilty of any excessive diversion of water, will enable us to say that the district court exceeded its jurisdiction in the proceeding under review, then we could have compelled a return of that decision to our writ of certiorari; and if we could have compelled a return of it, then I say that under the stipulation of these parties it may be considered in this case. I hope to be able to make it clear that the acquittal of Sweeney on the first charge necessarily convicts the district court of an excess of jurisdiction, because it will follow that he can only have been found guilty on the second charge, unless we are to adopt the respondent’s construction of the written findings afterward filed, and hold, with him, that the district judge, after having induced Sweeney to believe that he would find in his favor on the only issue of fact in the case, and to abstain from introducing rebutting testimony, was guilty of the gross outrage of afterward changing his decision without giving the petitioner any opportunity of introducing his evidence. I should be very unwilling to conclude that the district judge had been guilty of such conduct, and I fail to see that the
The district court ivas bound to hear the witnesses for the defense. (Comp. Laws, 1528.) To have refused to do so would not only have been a gross outrage upon propriety and decency, but would have been a departure from the forms prescribed by law, and therefore an excess of jurisdiction; for a court which is limited to one mode of procedure has no authority to proceed by a different mode. This explains the meaning of the language of the statute: “has regularly pursued the authority,” etc. (Comp. Laws, 1503.) (People ex rel. Seward v. The Judges of the County of Dutchess, 23 Wend. 362.) Then, if the district court would have exceeded its j urisdiction by arbitrarily refusing to hear Sweeney’s Avitnesses, hoAv much better would the case stand if, after deluding him into sending away his Avitnesses unsworn, by pretending to acquit him on the first charge, the court had afterward found him guilty on that charge? The distinction between the íavo cases would scarcely have amounted to a difference. But, in truth, the district judge never did convict Siveeney of diverting more water than he Avas entitled to divert, and an inspection of his written findings Avill sIioav the truth of this statement. Before entering upon that inquiry, however, it will be convenient to ascertain the proper construction of the decree and injunction in the case of Phillips v. Welch, and to determine what acts would be violative thereof.
The affidavit upon which SAveeney Avas attached sets out the findings of fact, conclusions of laAv and decree and injunction in that case, from Avhich it appears that the suit was brought to enjoin the defendant and others, (including Sweeney) from diverting the Avaler of King’s Canon creek above the land of plaintiff, through Avhich it flows in its natural channel. The nature of the litigation and the issues determined Avill sufficiently appear from those portions of the findings and decree Avhich relate to the rights of Phillips
“That the defendant, E. D. Sweeney, is entitled to recover against the plaintiff and from each of the other defendants judgment and decree for sixteen one-hundredth parts of all the water customarily flowing in said stream,
The decree follows these findings and conclusions. It declares the rights of the respective parties, and merely enjoins each of them from diverting any portion of the water allotted to the others, or otherwise depriving them of the use of the same for irrigation, stock and domestic purposes. In other words, the only thing the petitioner, Sweeney, was forbidden to do by the express terms of the decree and injunction was to divert or consume more than sixteen-hundredths of the stream; and the question which in the opinion of the district court was the only one to be decided, and which I now propose to examine, is, whether it was a contempt of court in the petitioner to bring his share of the water to Carson and sell it, instead of using it on and in connection with his land.
It is res adjudícala in this case that Sweeney’s offense, if any, is a criminal offense, (11 Nev. 187). In Maxwell v. Rives, (11 Nev. 221) we decided that “the statute concerning contempts is a penal statute, and must be strictly construed in favor of those accused of violating its prohibitions.”
Upon the same principle it must be held that when a man is criminally prosecuted for violating an order of court, the order must be strictly construed in his favor. It stands in the same relation to the act complained of that the penal statutes bear to ordinary offenses. It is of no greater dignity than the laws of the land and deserves no peculiar favor. The presumptions in favor of innocence and the liberty of'the citizen weigh just as strongly against it as they do against an act of the legislature. When a man is criminally charged for doing an act in violation of law, a law must be shown which distinc'Jy forbids the act complained of, and its express terms will not be aided by doubtful implications in order, by construction, to make that a crime which is not plainly declared to be so. Applying this rule to the decree in Phillips v. Welch, it seems clear to my mind that the parties to that action were forbidden to do but one thing; they were only forbidden to con
This certainly is the full extent of the injunction if we look only to its express terms. But counsel for respondent contend that the finding and decree of the court that Sweeney ivas, “in connection Avith his laud,” the owner of and entitled to use for irrigation, etc., so much Avater, A?as an implied prohibition of any other use. But surely it vvill not be contended that any such prohibition is necessarily to be implied from the terms of the findings, and'if not it certainly cannot be made the ground of a criminal charge. To my mind, however, no such implication is even remotely deducible from the language of the decree. The fact that it parcels out the stream among half a dozen riparian proprietors, giving them the right to consume it entirely for irrigation; the fact that Sweeney is decreed to have exactly the same rights Avith respect to his sixteen-hundredths that Phillips has to his tliirty-one-hundredths, and that it is found that the grantors of Phillips appropriated that amount of water; and the fact that there is no good authority for holding that Siveeney, as a mere riparian proprietor, could have the right to consume nearly a sixth part of the stream for irrigation, is proof conclusive, to my mind, that the decree is, in effect, a finding that Sweeney’s right was acquired by appropriation. The absence of a specific finding to that effect counts for nothing, for, as has often been decided in this court, the facts will be presumed, in the absence of any shoAviug to the contrary, to be such as Avill sustain the conclusions of the court. If, tiren, it is a fact that SAveeney’s right, as established by the decree, is a right founded upon appropriation or user, the law is well settled that he may change the use at his pleasure. So long as he consumes no more water than he has been accustomed to consume, those Avho are beloAv him on the stream have no right to complain of any change in the mode of consumption, for the reason that they are not injured thereby. (Angell on Water Courses, secs. 227, 228, 149, a et seq.) Besides, that part of the decree here referred to is
Assuming, then, that Sweeney has never been prohibited by any lawful order of court from selling his sixteen-hunr dredths of the stream in Carson city, how does the case
No. 1 finds that Sweeney was diverting from the stream and conducting to Carson about forty inches of water; but there is no finding — and there can be no presumption or intendment in aid of a special verdict in a criminal case (and that is what these findings are) — that forty inches are sixteen-hundredths of the stream.
No. 2 amounts at most to this: That at the time of the decree Sweeney had no right to the water which he was conveying to Carson. Suppose he had no right to that water, what was to prevent him from doing what he afterward did, take the water he was entitled to for irrigation and bring that to Carson?
No. 3 finds that Phillips was deprived of water and thereby injured. But if Sweeney was not taking more than he was entitled to, then it was not by Sweeney but by some one else that Phillips was injured.
No. 4 finds that while Sweeny was diverting water to
No. 5 shows that another parcel of land, of which Sweeney had acquired title after the decree, was being occupied and cultivated, and all the water awarded to it in the decree used in connection with it. This finding that all the water awarded to the Quill ranch was being used to irrigate it, stands in significant contrast to the finding that Sweeney’s tenant, Authers, was using some water on the Sweeney ranch, and proves that the court no more intended to find than it did actually find that Sweeney and Authers together were using more water than had been allotted to Sweeney.
I repeat, therefore, that the findings of the court, construed as a special verdict in a criminal case should be construed, do not establish facts from which it can be inferred that Sweeney diverted a drop more of the water of the stream than he had a right to divert. They are perfectly consistent with the oral decision that he was innocent of that charge.
It is constantly assumed throughout the opinion of the court that it is necessary to resort to the evidence in the case to retry it on its merits, to convert the writ of review into a writ of error in order to be able to see that Sweeney was not convicted of excessive diversion of water, and was convicted and fined for diverting water to Oarson. I believe I have sufficiently shown that an examination of what is conceded on all sides to be a part of the record in the case— that is, the written findings of the court — will show that Sweeney was acquitted on the first and convicted only on the second charge. I believe, moreover, that I have shown by the authority of a case directly in point that the oral decision of the court is properly a part of the record before us, under the stipulation of the parties, and that it clearly expresses what is alone inferrable from the written findings.
Assuming it to have been shown that Sweeney’s diversion of his share of the water to Carson was no violation of the
There ought to be no doubt or question, it seems to me, that a court, however extensive or general its jurisdiction in other respects, is, with respect to its power to punish for contempts, of special and strictly limited jurisdiction. The process is summary. There is no right to a jury trial, and there is no appeal. Necessity alone can justify the conferring of such arbitrary power upon any tribunal, and the extent of the power is accordingly limited by the extent of the necessity. Every court has power, by summary process, to punish contempts of its authority; but if it punishes by that process an act which is not a contempt, it exceeds its jurisdiction. Whenever a charge of contempt is laid before a court, it must compare the facts alleged with the law, or the order which defines the contempt, and decide in limine whether they constitute a violation of such law or order. If they do, the court has jurisdiction to proceed, and an error in deciding any question of law that may incidentally arise in the course of the trial, or in finding the person accused guilty on insufficient evidence, or against the weight of evidence, will be an error merely, and not an excess of jurisdiction. But if the facts alleged do not constitute a con-, tempt, the court has no jurisdiction to proceed, and if it erroneously decides that a contempt has been charged, and does proceed with the case, the error in deciding that a case has been presented within its jurisdiction is not merely an error, it is an error that involves an excess of jurisdiction. Every excess of jurisdiction is an error, though every error is not an excess of jurisdiction. This is a distinction which, it seems to me, has been too little attended to in the opinion of the court, where it is in effect held that, the district court being obliged to decide whether the facts found constituted a breach of its order, an erroneous decision on that point was an error merely, and not an excess of jurisdiction.
The case of Batchelder v. Moore (42 Cal. 415), establishes the principle for which I am contending: “If there be no
Suppose that instead of one affidavit there had been two, one charging Sweeney with excessive diversion of water and the other with diverting water to Carson. Would the charge made in the first have authorized the court to try and convict him on the second ? If not, what difference does it make that both charges are embraced in one document instead of two ?
I am thus brought back to the point from which I started.
This will set the power of the court in motion, and it can then ignore the charge of which it has jurisdiction, and try, convict, and fine the person accused on the other charge; and although this may clearly appear, certiorari will afford no remedy.
This is a doctrine to which I cannot assent. I think the judgment of the district court should be set aside.