SPECIAL TERM OPINION
This case presents another iteration of a frequently recurring question concerning when an appellant must file a notice of appeal if a district court has issued multiple orders or judgments. In the circumstances of this case, we conclude that an appellant may obtain appellate review of an order that was filed more than 60 days before the entry of judgment, even though the appellant did not file a notice of appeal until after the entry of judgment.
In the district court, appellant Sandra Ann Phillips brought a motion for an order that would require her former husband, respondent James Craig LaPlante, to pay spousal-maintenance arrearages and to continue paying spousal maintenance on a monthly basis. Respondent had suspended his monthly maintenance payments after appellant remarried. At the same time, appellant also sought need-based attorney fees pursuant to Minn.Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1 (2010).
In an order that was filed on April 19, 2012, the district court denied appellant’s
On August 6, 2012, appellant filed a notice of appeal, which states that the appeal is taken from the order filed on April 19, 2012, and the judgment entered on June 19, 2012. The only issue identified in appellant’s statement of the case is whether the district court erred by terminating respondent’s spousal-maintenance obligation, which was decided in the April 19, 2012 order.
On August 18, 2012, this court issued an order in which we questioned our jurisdiction over the appeal. Specifically, we asked whether the pendency of appellant’s motion for need-based attorney fees affected the finality of the April 19, 2012 order and, if not, whether the appeal is timely. Respondent simultaneously moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that the appeal is untimely.
DECISION
The central issue for the special term panel is whether the April 19, 2012 order was appealable at the time it was issued. If so, appellant’s notice of appeal is untimely because she was obligated to file her notice of appeal within 60 days of the April 23, 2012 notice of filing of the order.
If not, appellant’s notice of appeal is timely because she was permitted to file her appeal within 60 days of the June 19, 2012 judgment. See Minn. R. CivApp. P. 104.01, subd. 1 (specifying 60-day appeal period).
Under the rules of civil appellate procedure, an order is appealable if it, “in effect, determines the action and prevents a judgment from which an appeal might be taken.” Minn. R. CivApp. P. 103.03(e). In a marital-dissolution action, a final order is appealable if it grants or denies a motion for modification of custody, visitation, maintenance, or the child-support provisions of an existing judgment or decree. Minn. R. Civ.App. P. 103.03(h); Angelos v. Angelos, 367 N.W.2d 518, 520 (Minn.1985). In addition, a final order is appealable if it clarifies, interprets, or enforces a dissolution decree. Erickson v. Erickson, 430 N.W.2d 499, 500 (Minn.App.1988).
In this case, the order filed on April 19, 2012, is an appealable order pursuant to rule 103.03(e) and rule 103.03(h) if it was a final order. There is no dispute that the district court finally determined in that order that respondent does not have an obligation to pay spousal maintenance after appellant’s remarriage. But the district court’s April 19, 2012 order did not finally determine appellant’s motion for an award of need-based attorney fees. Thus, the question arises whether the April 19, 2012 order was final, and thus appealable, despite the pendency of appellant’s motion for an award of need-based attorney fees.
In other contexts, the supreme court and this court have considered whether an order or judgment is final in light of the pendency of a request for attorney fees. In TA. Schifsky & Sons, Inc. v. Bahr Constr., LLC, 773 N.W.2d 783 (Minn.2009), a mechanic’s lien action, the district court
The result in Schifsky — that the first judgment was final and appealable despite the pendency of a motion for attorney fees — was different from the result in the supreme court’s earlier opinion in American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Peterson, 380 N.W.2d 495 (Minn.1986), in which the district court also entered two judgments. Id. at 496. The first judgment in American Family reflected the district court’s determination that an insurer was liable for a bad-faith breach of its duty to defend an insured and the district court’s determination that the insured was entitled to an award of attorney fees in an amount to be determined later. Id.; see also Schifsky, 773 N.W.2d at 789 (citing American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Peterson, 393 N.W.2d 212, 217 (Minn.App.1986)). The second judgment reflected the district court’s subsequent determination of the amount of the fee award. American Family, 380 N.W.2d at 496. The supreme court held that the first judgment was not a final judgment and, thus, not immediately ap-pealable upon entry. Id. at 497. The first judgment was not final because, in a bad-faith action against an insurer, attorney fees “incurred as a direct result of an insurer’s breach of the contractual duty to defend are part of the damages owed by the breaching insurer.” See Schifsky, 773 N.W.2d at 789. Thus, the award of attorney fees in American Family was neither a separate claim nor a component of an award of costs and disbursements. See id. (citing American Family, 393 N.W.2d at 217).
This court considered the applicability of Schifsky and American Family in D.Y.N. Kiev, LLC v. Jackson, 802 N.W.2d 821 (Minn.App.2011), a case involving two judgments resolving claims brought under the limited-liability company statute. Id. at 822. The first judgment reflected the district court’s determination that the third-party plaintiff had proved its claims and was entitled to an award of attorney fees. Id. The second judgment reflected
The supreme court’s opinions in American Family and Schifsky demonstrate that a pending request for attorney fees does not affect the finality of an otherwise final order or judgment, except in two situations. The first exception arises if the request for attorney fees is a separate claim, independent of the underlying claim or claims that comprise the merits of the action. See Schifsky, 773 N.W.2d at 788. The second exception arises if an award of attorney fees is part of the damages that may be awarded on a claim. See id. at 789 (citing American Family, 393 N.W.2d at 217). With respect to either exception, a pending request for an award of attorney fees causes an otherwise final order or judgment to not become final and, thus, to not be appealable, until the request for attorney fees is finally determined.
There is no suggestion that this case falls into the second exception described above. Whether this case is within the first exception depends on whether appellant’s motion for need-based attorney fees is a separate claim, independent of the merits of her underlying motion concerning spousal maintenance. See Id. at 788. In this context, the supreme court has defined the terms “claim” and “cause of action” to mean “a group of operative facts giving rise to one or more bases for suing” or “the legal theory of a lawsuit.” Id. at 787 (citations omitted). The purpose of an award of need-based attorney fees is “to enable a party to carry on or contest the proceeding.” Minn.Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1 (2010). The party seeking need-based attorney fees must prove, and the district court must find, three facts: (1) the fees are necessary for the good-faith assertion of the party’s rights in the proceeding and will not contribute unnecessarily to the length and expense of the proceeding, (2) the party from whom fees are sought has the means to pay them, and (3) the party to whom fees are awarded does not have the means to pay them. Id. If a party seeks need-based attorney fees, the inquiry is focused on a distinct group of operative facts, which are different in kind from the facts relevant to the merits of the underlying claim or claims. An award of need-based attorney fees does not depend in any way on whether the party seeking fees is the prevailing party. Indeed, the district court in this case awarded need-based fees to appellant even though it had denied appellant’s motion concerning spousal maintenance. Thus, appellant’s motion for need-based attorney fees under section 518.14, subdivision 1, is a separate claim, not an issue that is ancillary to her underlying spousal-maintenance claim.
In sum, the order filed on April 19, 2012, was not final and, thus, not appealable because the order did not fully determine appellant’s separate claim for need-based attorney fees under Minn.Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1. The time in which to appeal from the order filed on April 19, 2012, did not begin to run until judgment was entered on June 19, 2012. See Doering v. Doering, 629 N.W.2d 124, 128 (Minn.App.2001) (holding that if separate post-decree motions are joined, time to appeal ruling on either motion does not begin to run until
Motion denied.