332 S.E.2d 715 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1985
Joseph M. PHELPS
v.
DUKE POWER COMPANY, A Corporation.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*717 Coleman, Bernholz, Dickerson, Bernholz, Gledhill & Hargrave by Douglas Hargrave, Hillsborough, for plaintiff.
William I. Ward, Jr., Charlotte, and Newson, Graham, Hedrick, Bryson & Kennon by E.C. Bryson, Jr., Joel M. Craig and Charles F. Carpenter, Durham, and Cheshire & Parker by Lucius Cheshire, Hillsborough, for defendant.
JOHNSON, Judge.
Negligence
A motion for a directed verdict made pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 50 tests the sufficiency of the evidence to go to the jury. In determining the sufficiency of the evidence to withstand a motion for a directed verdict, the court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and may grant the motion only if, as a matter of law, the evidence is insufficient to justify a verdict for the plaintiff. Plaintiff's claim must be taken as true and viewed in the light most favorable to him, giving him the benefit of every reasonable inference which may legitimately be drawn therefrom. Ingold v. Light Co., 11 N.C. App. 253, 181 S.E.2d 173 (1971).
We believe that in passing upon the motion for directed verdict the trial court must consider all competent evidence presented by the plaintiff, therefore we first consider the trial court's exclusion of plaintiff's evidence relating to the National Electrical Safety Code and defendant's own adopted safety standards. We believe it was error to exclude such evidence. As to the National Electrical Safety Code, we still adhere to the principle set forth in Hale v. Power Co., 40 N.C.App. 202, 252 S.E.2d 265, disc. rev. denied, 297 N.C. 452, 256 S.E.2d 805 (1979) that the code is not decisive on the issue of negligence and that the prudent or reasonable man rule still controls. But, Hale also stands for the proposition that the code is instructive as to whether an electrical company used reasonable care. Id.; See also, Cole v. Duke Power Co., 68 N.C.App. 159, 314 S.E.2d 808, disc. rev. denied, 311 N.C. 752, 321 S.E.2d 129 (1984). The code therefore is admissible as an aid to the prudent or reasonable man rule, therefore it was error for the trial court to exclude evidence of the National Safety Codes' standard as to appropriate height for electrical lines.
As to defendant's own internal standards of appropriate height of its electrical lines, we also believe the trial court erred in excluding this evidence. We are acutely aware of the general proposition that voluntary safety codes or policies, which have not been given compulsory force by the legislature, whether issued by government agencies on voluntary safety councils, are not admissible in evidence. Sloan v. Light Co., 248 N.C. 125, 102 S.E.2d 822 (1958). However, we find Slade v. Board of Education, 10 N.C.App. 287, 178 S.E.2d 316, cert. denied, 278 N.C. 104, 179 S.E.2d 453 (1971) dispositive of this contention. In that case the defendant had voluntarily adopted certain safety policies and procedures, published in a handbook for bus drivers, to insure the safety of children riding in school buses. The court admitted the handbook into evidence, holding, inter alia:
[W]here it appears that defendant has voluntarily adopted the rules or safety standards as a guide for the protection of the public, they are admissible as some evidence that a reasonably prudent person would adhere to their requirements.... The book obviously set forth the rules and standards of conduct which defendant instructed its drivers to follow in order to protect passengers and the public. They are defendant's rules and standards. It is universally held that a defendant may not complain about the introduction in evidence of its own relevant rules of conduct.
See also, Briggs v. Morgan, 70 N.C.App. 57, 318 S.E.2d 878 (1984). We find that in the case sub judice, defendant's internal standards of safety should have been admitted into evidence.
*718 We would hold that in light of the exclusion of this evidence, the trial court in directing a verdict for defendant, did not view all the competent evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff. The evidence would then have revealed: (1) that the industry standard as contained in the National Electrical Safety Code required minimum line heights over cultivated field of sixteen feet four inches since the 1941 code and twenty-one feet in the 1977 code; (2) that defendant's own internal standards required a minimum height of eighteen or nineteen feet; (3) that the Code required regular inspection and maintenance of lines; (4) that defendant's powerline constructed around 1948 was approximately twelve feet three inches high; and (5) that defendant had no record of inspection or maintenance of this powerline.
Applying all the evidence produced by plaintiff to the standard of care required of electric companies as enunciated by our Supreme Court, see Helms v. Power Co., 192 N.C. 784, 136 S.E. 9 (1926); see also, Alford v. Washington, 238 N.C. 694, 78 S.E.2d 915 (1953), we believe reasonable minds could differ as to defendant's negligence; therefore, we cannot agree that the trial court properly entered a directed verdict based on the ground that defendant, as a matter of law, was not negligent.
The trial court rendered no opinion and stated no reason for granting the directed verdict. The trial court having failed to note any reason for awarding the directed verdict, we have no way to know whether such action related to the question of negligence on the part of the defendant, proximate cause of the injury or contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff. It is necessary, therefore, to review the questions of proximate cause and contributory negligence.
Proximate Cause
The test of proximate cause is whether the risk of injury, not necessarily in the precise form in which it actually occurs, is within the reasonable foresight of the defendant. Brown v. Power Co., 45 N.C. App. 384, 263 S.E.2d 366, disc. rev. denied, 300 N.C. 194, 269 S.E.2d 615 (1980). However, it is only in exceptional cases, in which reasonable minds cannot differ as to foreseeability of injury, that a court should decide proximate cause as a matter of law. "[P]roximate cause is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury, to be solved by the exercise of good common sense in the consideration of the evidence of each particular case." (Citations omitted). Williams v. Power & Light Co., 296 N.C. 400, 250 S.E.2d 255 (1979).
If under the circumstances of this case, defendant could have reasonably foreseen that placing its wires over the McKee field, where large farm machinery would be used, might result in harm to others, it would be answerable for plaintiff's injuries. We do not find as a matter of law that the type of injury incurred by plaintiff from defendant's alleged negligence was unforeseeable. We believe that reasonable minds might differ, as to whether plaintiff's injuries were foreseeable, therefore the question is one properly left for the jury to resolve. If the directed verdict was granted upon this ground it was error.
Contributory Negligence
It has long been the law in this State that "[t]he burden of showing contributory negligence ... is on the defendant, and the motion for nonsuit may never be allowed on such an issue where the controlling and pertinent facts are in dispute, nor where opposing inferences are permissible from plaintiff's proof, nor where it is necessary... to rely, in whole or in part, on evidence offered for the defense." Williams v. Power & Light Co., supra.
Plaintiff's evidence reveals that plaintiff had made more than one circle around the McKee field. While making these circles, he noticed smoke coming from the right front tire. Plaintiff knew he had to check the tires. Plaintiff's evidence would further show through reasonable inferences that he climbed down from the cab of the combine, whereupon he went *719 around to the front right tire to check on the cause of the smoke. At this point his right shoulder came in contact with the combine giving him an electric shock. The doctor's report cited the wound on plaintiff's shoulder as the entry wound and the wound on plaintiff's thigh as the exit wound. The record does not reveal whether plaintiff knew that the combine was in contact with the powerline. From this evidence, we believe it is for the jury to determine if plaintiff's actions were reasonable under the circumstances.
Defendant argues that the plaintiff was aware of the electrical lines, thus he was negligent in bringing the combine in contact with the lines. We disagree. We are well aware of the rule, which is well settled, that a person has a legal duty to avoid contact with an electrical wire of which he is aware and which he knows may be very dangerous. Alford v. Washington, 244 N.C. 132, 92 S.E.2d 788 (1956). "That does not mean, however, that a person is guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law if he contacts a known electrical wire regardless of the circumstances and regardless of any precautions he may have taken to avoid the mishaps." Williams v. Power & Light Co., supra.
Defendant relies on cases where the plaintiff through an affirmative act on his part brought his machinery in contact with the electrical line. Floyd v. Nash, 268 N.C. 547, 151 S.E.2d 1 (1966) (plaintiff raised the blower pipe of his feed tank into contact with the power line); Lambert v. Power Co., 32 N.C.App. 169, 231 S.E.2d 31, disc. rev. denied, 292 N.C. 265, 233 S.E.2d 392 (1977) (workman contacted electrical wire while working on top of a large outdoor sign); Bogle v. Power Co., 27 N.C.App. 318, 219 S.E.2d 308 (1975), disc. rev. denied, 289 N.C. 296, 222 S.E.2d 695 (1976) (workman, while moving an aluminum ladder, allowed the ladder to come to rest against an overhanging powerline). These cases are clearly distinguishable from the case sub judice. We fail to find that plaintiff was contributory negligent as a matter of law, therefore if the directed verdict was granted on this ground it was error to do so.
We find that the trial court erred in directing a verdict for the defendant. Because the trial court runs the risk of invading the province of the jury, directed verdicts and summary judgments are to be sparingly granted in negligence actions. Williams v. Power & Light Co., supra. "The jury has generally been recognized as being uniquely competent to apply the reasonable man standard. Because of the peculiarly elusive nature of the term `negligence', the jury generally should pass on the reasonableness of conduct in light of all the circumstances of the case. This is so even though in this State `[w]hat is negligence is a question of law, and when the facts are admitted or established, the court must say whether it does nor does not exist.'" Willis v. Power Co., 42 N.C.App. 582, 257 S.E.2d 471 (1979).
Also, as a general proposition, issues of negligence are ordinarily not susceptible of summary adjudication either for or against the claimant "but should be resolved by trial in the ordinary manner." See, Vassey v. Burch, 301 N.C. 68, 73, 269 S.E.2d 137, 140 (1980). We believe the better practice is for the trial court to deny the motion for a directed verdict and submit the case to the jury. After the jury has rendered its verdict, the trial court may reconsider the sufficiency of the evidence and if its finds the evidence insufficient, it can enter judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Therefore, if on appellate review the trial court's decision is vacated, the jury's verdict may be reinstated without the need for a new trial.
In his final assignment of error, plaintiff contends the trial court erred in granting defendant's motion for directed verdict on the issues of punitive damages.
Our Court has stated that "[u]nder the common law of this State punitive damages may be awarded `when the wrong is done willfully or under circumstances of rudeness or oppression, or in a manner which evinces a reckless and wanton disregard of plaintiff's rights.'" "`An act is *720 wanton when it is done of wicked purpose or when done needlessly, manifesting a reckless indifference to the rights of others.'" An act is wilful when there exists "a deliberate purpose not to discharge some duty necessary to the safety of the person or property of another," a duty assumed by contract or imposed by law. (Citations omitted).
Beck v. Carolina Power & Light Co., 57 N.C.App. 373, 291 S.E.2d 897 (1982).
Applying these principles of law to the evidence presented by plaintiff, we conclude that the evidence was insufficient to permit the jury reasonably to infer that defendant's actions were motivated by malice, wickedness or a reckless indifference to the rights of the plaintiff. We find that the trial court properly directed a verdict in favor of the defendant on the issue of punitive damages.
We do not believe plaintiff's remaining assignments of error will arise at the new trial.
For the reasons stated,
Directed verdict on the issue of negligence is reversed and plaintiff is entitled to a new trial.
Directed verdict on the issue of punitive damages affirmed.
WELLS and COZORT, JJ., concur.
