Pharr v. Bachelor

| Ala. | Jun 15, 1841

COLLIER, C. J.

It is objected to the declaration, that the ■first count is in case, and the second in assumpsit; and it is therefore insisted, that the demurrer should have been sustained for a misjoinder. The first count, after setting out a parol contract and breach,"concludes as a declaration in case, and the conclusion, it is insisted, must determine its character. This argument cannot be maintained. If the conclusion of the count' •was stricken out, it would be good in assumpsit; and it may therefore be rejected as surplusage. No other objection is made to the first count, nor indeed can, on general demurrer, as the second count, is confessedly good.

It has been repeatedly adjudged, that a party who introduces no evidence upon a trial before the jury, as a matter of right, may demur to the evidence of his adversary ; the more especially if the evidence demurred to, is not “ loose, indefinite or circumstantial.” Such was the decision of this Court in Alexander v. Fitzpatrick, 4 Porters Rep. 405. A demurrer to the evidence admits the truth of the facts proved, together with the conclusions fairly inferrible therefrom, arid asks the judgment of the Court as to their legal effect. As it is the office of the jury to ascertain the facts, and determine what is proved, if these are admitted upon the record, the cause may be withdrawn from them, and the question of law arising upon the admission, decided by the Court. Such is the purpose and effect of a demurrer to the evidence.

The law, as we have stated it, is not denied by the defendant in error, but it is insisted that the demurrer tendered, does •not distinctly admit on the record, the truth of all the facts offered in evidence, and of every conclusion which the facts conduce to prove. The demurrer explicitly admits “ every word, figure and statement,” of the evidence which is set out in ex-tenso, “to be true,” — it also admits “every conclusion that may be reasonably drawn therefrom, to be true,” and refers in usual form, the legal questions to the Court. This is certainly sufficient, unless there be something in the case to show, that the demurrer is not adapted to it. The Circuit Judge states upon the record, that the demurrer truly set forth all the material evidence in the cause, but that the Court refused to compel a joinder, because the demurrer itself was deemed insufficient.

Tn Copeland v. New Eng. Ins. Co. 22 Pick. Rep. 135, the Court considered that where the evidence consists of written documents, or of direct positive testimony of witnesses, it may be demurred to, by stating it as it was submitted to the jury, and admitting its truth, as well as the conclusions fairly infer-rible from it. “But where the evidence is circumstantial or uncertain, leaving much to inference and presumption,” the Court say, “ it is not easy or safe to frame a demurrer upon it, or a rejoinder thereto. It will not be sufficient to demur to the evidence generally, and leave to the Court to ascertain what it tends to prove, or what inferences may be drawn from it. But in reciting the evidence in the demurrer, the party demurring must state distinctly the facts which the evidence tends to prove, and which he thereby admits, that the Court may readily perceive the facts upon which they are to decide.” Conceding that the law is correctly laid down in the case cited, and still the demurrer is sufficient. The evidence is direct and positive, and it is quite enough, after reciting it, to admit its truth as well as the conclusion deducible from it, without undertaking to particularize the facts and conclusions which are admitted.

We will not stop to inquire, whether the demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained, or whether its rejection, if it were not sustainable, would authorise a reversal of the judgment. Alexander v. Fitzpatrick, 4 Porter’s Rep. 409.— Other and more important questions, which arise in the cause, are decisive of its fate here.

In an action upon a verbal contract, time is considered in general as forming no material part of the issue; it is therefore allowable for the pleader to assign one time to a given fact, and prove another. But to tolerate this discrepancy between the allegation and the proof, he should lay the time under a videlicet, and take care that he do not lay a time that is intrinsically impossible, or inconsistent with the fact to which it relates. Step. on Plead. 292; 2 Phil. Ev. C. & H. ed. 533. In the present case, the declaration states the time when the contract was made thus, “heretofore, to wit: on the 19th day of July,” &c. According to the law', as we have cited it, from very eminent elementary vfriters, this mode of pleading does not oblige the pleader to show, that the contract was made on the day alleged.

The Circuit Court, in the instructions to the jury, employs this language: “ that if a recovery by the plaintiff on the first count in his declaration, would be a bardo a second suit on the same cause, the special contract mentioned in said first count, is substantially' proved.” The conclusion of this charge is clearly a nonsequitur from the premises laid down — it deduces a conclusion of fact from a question of law, and while the Court decides the fact hypothetically, it refers the law to the decision of the jury. To be more precise, the jury are directed to inquire, whether a recovery upon the first count would bar another action for the cause embraced by it, and if it would, the Court says the ‘ special contract, “ is substantially proved.” This instruction cannot be sustained, for it is erroneous in itself, as well as for the additional reason, that it makes the jury judges of law. We should have been inclined to think itpro-pable, that the bill of exceptions was not correctly transcribed into the record, if a bill, in all respects similar to that accompanying the writ .of error, had not been sent'up in answer to a certiorari.

In pleading, the legal effect and identity of the contract should be stated, and any variance in this respect, relating to the prorhise or undertaking upon which the action is predicated, or the consideration thereof, will be fatal; but where a party agrees to do several things, though the declaration describe the contract at length, yet if it allege a breach, applying only to some one of the stipulations, the plaintiff’s proof should be confined to the breach stated. Where a declaration contains impertinent matter, foreign to the cause, it need not be proved; but the same remark is not universally true of immaterial aver-ments. “An immaterial averment is one, alleging with needless particularity or unnecessary circumstances, what is material and necessary, and which might properly have been stated more generally, and without such circumstances or particulars; or mother words, it is a statement of unnecessary particulars in connection with, and as descriptive of what is material.” Gould’s Plead. 160, et post. “The rule, as limited by the more modem authorities,” says Judge Gould, appears to be, that no immaterial averment requires precise proof, unless the failure of such proof would occasion a variance between the pleading and the proof: or (in different language) strict proof of such averment is not at this day necessary, unless the subject of the averment is a record — a written instrument, or as I conceive, an express contract. Inasmuch as these are in strictness, the only subjects of variance, (properly so called) when the mistake in the pleading is in a point not in itself material. Gould’s Plead. 164.

It is certainly a correct principle, that a contract cannot be rescinded in tolo, by one of the parties, where both of them cannot be placed in the identical situation which they occupied, and cannot stand upon the same terms as those which existed, when the contract was made. But all executory contracts may be rescinded by the parties to them, if their interest continues until the agreement to rescind is made. And a contract will be considered as rescinded, when the party who is to perform an act, has made his performance impracticable, or where he is prevented from doing the act by the other party. Chitty on Con. 573 and cases cited, 4 A. ed. Johnson v. Reed; 9 Mass. 78" court="Mass." date_filed="1812-05-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/johnson-v-reed-6403862?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6403862">9 Mass. Rep. 78; see also 1 Johns. Cases, 116; 16 Mass. 161" court="Mass." date_filed="1819-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/newcomb-v-brackett-6404862?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6404862">16 Mass. Rep. 161.

It has been held, that an agreement rescinded in part, is rescinded in toto ; and that upon a rescission, the parties are remitted to the rights to which they were entitled before the agreement was entered into. Conner v. Henderson, 15 Mass. 319" court="Mass." date_filed="1818-11-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/conner-v-henderson-6404773?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6404773">15 Mass. Rep. 319; Raymond v. Beasnard, 12 Johns. Rep. 274; Griffith v. Fred. County Bank, 6 G. & Johns. Rep. 424. These decisions, however, must be understood, as declaring the law in those cases only, where the contract is rescinded absolutely, and not sub modo, for it is entirely competent for the parties to rescind on terms, or under a modified contract.

In the case at bar, the declaration requires the plaintiff to show, that he was prevented from performing his part of the agreement by the refusal of the defendants to permit him, or by a failure to perform theirs. If there was a voluntary rescission of the contract by the mutual assent of the parties, and an agreement to pay the plaintiff for his services, his furniture, wines, &c., and to compensate him for any loss he sustained by its dissolution, then the plaintiff should declare upon this latter agreement — he could not give it in evidence under his declation, for it wmuld not harmonize with its allegations. Whether the proof in the record shows such to have been the case, we will not undertake to say; we merely state the law, to show that the Court, in its charge on this point, misapprehended it.

If one party, who has paid money, or delivered goods upon a contract, which the other refuses to perform, elects in a proper case to rescind it, he may recover back his money in an action for money had and received, or his goods, in detinue, or after a demand and refusal to deliver them, he may maintain an action of Trover, or he may waive the tort and treat' the defendant as a purchaser, and recover for goods sold, &c. Chauncey, et al. v. Yeaton, 1 N. Hamp. Rep. 151; Hill v. Davis, 3 ib. 384; Gilmore v. Wilbur, 12 Pick. Rep. 120; Pierce v. Drake, 15 Johns. Rep. 475; M. & Mech. Bank v. Gore, 15 Mass. Rep. 79; Willson v. Force, 6 Johns. Rep. 110; Butler v. Plaight, 8 Wend. 535" court="N.Y. Sup. Ct." date_filed="1832-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/butler-v-haight-5513854?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="5513854">8 Wend. Rep. 535; Norton v. Young, 3 Greenl Rep. 30. See also Pope v. Nance, 1 Stew. 354" court="Ala." date_filed="1828-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/pope-v-nance-ex-rel-lucas-6531356?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6531356">1 Stew. Rep. 354; 4 Mass. Rep. 505.

It was also argued, that the best and only evidence (if it be attainable) of the value of the furniture, &c., is the written estimate of those who were appointed to value it. This objection is founded upon the supposition, that the evidence offered was not the best of which the fact is susceptible. True, where there is written evidence, which is itself admissible, it must in general be adduced, or its absence accounted for, in order to let in proof of an inferior grade; but the rule requiring the best evidence, does not operate to exclude proof, because it is not all, or the most satisfactory which might be adduced, where the evidence offered, and that which is withheld, is all of the same general quality: but in such case, it in general, goes no farther than to forbid that evidence, which is in its nature, merely circumstantial, shall be received, when'direct and conclusive evidence may be had. In the case before us, the written valúation would not be legal evidence; it had not been made by the direction of the parties; it does not appear that it had been assented to by them, or communicated to them, and if there is such a paper, it can only be regarded as a mere memoranda of the persons valuing the property, to aid their memory, or to be handed to the parties to indicate what had been done, and to enable them to settle.

But if it was a part of the agreement between the parties, that the value of the furniture, &c., was to be ascertained by persons to be designated, and persons in obedience to the contract, were appointed for that purpose, then their evidence of the value (if it could be had,) should have been required before other proof of value was received. But if such valuation was not required by the contract, or was not assented to by the parties, as fixing the sum which the plaintiff in error was to pay, it would be of no higher grade, than evidence founded on the judgment oropinion of other witnesses; and consequently, would not exclude all other parol proof.

It is provided by the 11th section of the act of 1807, “ concerning witnesses,” that a commission shall issue to take the testimony of a witness in any cause pending in a Court of this State, upon oath being made, that such witness resides out of the State. It is argued for the plaintiffs in error, that the issuance of the commission must immediately follow the oath, and that five months, the period which elapsed before the commission issued, was too long. If the commission issued upon a suggestion, that the witness was about to leave the State, or was incapable of attending Court, by reason of bodily infirmity, or other cause, then the argument would be entitled to great consideration. In such case, we incline to think that it should be shown that the witness was still absent from the State, or incapable of attending Court. But where a deposition is taken upon an oath being made, that the witness resides out of the State, his non-residence will (when the deposition is offered as evidence,) be presumed at any distance of time. It would then seem, upon principle, that an affidavit that a witness resides out of the State- made after suit brought, will authorise a commission to issue any-time before trial, to take his testimony; in the absence of proof to the contrary, his continued non-residence will be presumed.

The record presents many other points than those noticed, but the principles decided, it is believed cover them all, and will lead to a decision of the cause on its merits. The eause comes up in an exceedingly confused state. The bill of exceptions, which is almost unintelligible, presents the same question in several different forms; and charges, founded upon the same principle are several times asked and refused, and others perhaps several times given.

We have stated several errors in the proceedings of the Circuit Court, for which the judgment should be reversed. There are perhaps others which may be discovered by a comparison of this opinion with.the points raised, but which we shall not stop to particularize.

judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded.