56 So.3d 840 (2011)

Lorie PETERSON and Clayton Peterson, Appellants,
v.
SUN STATE INTERNATIONAL TRUCKS, LLC, Appellee.

No. 2D08-5529.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.

February 2, 2011. Rehearing Denied March 25, 2011.

*841 George A. Vaka and Nancy A. Lauten of Vaka Law Group, P.L., Tampa, for Appellants.

William J. McFarlane, III, and Mark T. Babcock of McFarlane & Dolan, Coral Springs, for Appellee.

WALLACE, Judge.

Lorie Peterson and Clayton Peterson appeal the circuit court's order denying their motion for a new trial on Mr. Peterson's claim for loss of consortium. A jury found that Mrs. Peterson had sustained a permanent injury as a result of an automobile accident caused by an employee of Sun State International Trucks, LLC. The jury awarded Mrs. Peterson damages for her injuries but awarded nothing to Mr. Peterson on his claim for loss of consortium. Because the Petersons presented substantial unrebutted testimony concerning the adverse effect that Mrs. Peterson's injuries had on their marital life, Mr. Peterson was entitled to an award of at least nominal damages on his claim. Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court's order in part and remand for a new trial limited to the issue of the amount of Mr. Peterson's damages for loss of consortium.

I. THE FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In November 2006, Mrs. Peterson was injured when the vehicle she was driving was struck from behind by a truck driven by an employee of Sun State. The impact of the collision was severe enough that it broke the front seat in Mrs. Peterson's vehicle. Later, the Petersons' insurance company declared the vehicle to be a total loss. Mrs. Peterson claimed that she sustained painful injuries to her neck and back as a result of the rear-end collision.

The Petersons filed an action against Sun State for damages, including a claim by Mr. Peterson for loss of consortium. Sun State admitted liability for the accident. But Sun State contended at trial that Mrs. Peterson's injuries resulting from the accident were not permanent in nature and that her physical problems stemmed from preexisting conditions and a later automobile accident involving a collision with a deer.

The case went to trial in June 2008, approximately nineteen months after the accident. A jury found that Mrs. Peterson had sustained a permanent injury as a result of the accident caused by Sun State's employee. The jury awarded Mrs. Peterson damages for past and future medical expenses. The jury also awarded Mrs. Peterson relatively modest sums for past and future noneconomic damages. But the jury did not award Mr. Peterson anything on his derivative claim for past and future loss of consortium.

The Petersons moved for a new trial on several grounds, including the failure of the jury to award Mr. Peterson anything on his claim for loss of consortium. In a written order, the trial court addressed the *842 issue of the loss of consortium claim as follows:

[T]he refusal of the jury to award Plaintiff Clayton Peterson damages for loss of consortium after determining that Plaintiff Lori[e] Peterson suffered a permanent injury is not a basis for ordering a new trial under the facts of this case. The jury considered evidence that indicated that the injury suffered by Plaintiff Peterson did not affect the marital relationship. Since the evidence on the issue of consortium was disputed, Plaintiff Clayton Peterson is not entitled to a new trial. See[ ] Hagens v. Hilston, 388 So.2d 1379 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980).

On this basis, the trial court denied the motion for a new trial on Mr. Peterson's claim for loss of consortium.

II. THE PARTIES' ARGUMENTS

On appeal, the Petersons contend that the trial court abused its discretion in denying their motion for a new trial on Mr. Peterson's claim for loss of consortium. They argue that the unrebutted evidence concerning the adverse effect that the accident had on various aspects of their marital life required an award of at least nominal damages on Mr. Peterson's claim. Sun State responds that the trial court properly denied the motion for a new trial. In Sun State's view, the evidence at trial was disputed concerning whether Mr. Peterson had actually sustained any damages for loss of consortium.

III. THE STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the order denying the motion for a new trial in this case for abuse of discretion. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Manasse, 707 So.2d 1110, 1111 (Fla. 1998); Big Lots Stores, Inc. v. Diaz, 18 So.3d 1065, 1067 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009); Tavakoly v. Fiddlers Green Ranch of Fla., Inc., 998 So.2d 1183, 1185 (Fla. 5th DCA 2009).

IV. DISCUSSION

A claim for loss of consortium is for the loss by the claiming spouse of

the companionship and fellowship of husband and wife and the right of each to the company, cooperation and aid of the other in every conjugal relation. Consortium means much more than mere sexual relation and consists, also, of that affection, solace, comfort, companionship, conjugal life, fellowship, society and assistance so necessary to a successful marriage.

Gates v. Foley, 247 So.2d 40, 43 (Fla.1971) (citing Lithgow v. Hamilton, 69 So.2d 776 (Fla.1954)). When a jury finds that one spouse has sustained injuries as a result of the negligence of a third party, an award of damages to the other spouse for loss of consortium is not automatic. Instead, in order to prevail on a claim for loss of consortium, the claiming spouse must present competent testimony concerning the impact that the incident has had on the marital relationship. See Albritton v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 382 So.2d 1267, 1268 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980). "[T]he test for granting a new trial to the spouse that was awarded `zero' damages [on a claim for loss of consortium] is whether testimony establishing the substantial impact the accident had on the marital life of the couple is `substantial,' `undisputed,' and `unrebutted.'" Lofley v. Insultech, Inc., 527 So.2d 902, 903 (Fla. 2d DCA 1988); accord Tavakoly, 998 So.2d at 1185; Jones v. Double D Props., Inc., 901 So.2d 929, 931 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005); Frye v. Suttles, 568 So.2d 983, 986 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990).

When this case went to trial, Mrs. Peterson was forty-six years old; Mr. Peterson was sixty-five. The couple had been married for approximately twenty-five years. *843 They had two adult sons. Mrs. Peterson had previously worked part-time cleaning new homes for initial occupancy. Mr. Peterson had retired from a utility company, but he kept busy as an ordained elder and pastor serving small churches in various locations.

Mr. Peterson testified that he and his wife shared an active lifestyle before the accident. Mr. Peterson described Mrs. Peterson as a "workaholic" who did housework and worked in their yard. The Petersons enjoyed time spent together fishing, attending a variety of church events, and travelling to visit their two sons. After the accident, Mrs. Peterson became unable to perform many of the tasks she had previously performed around the house. The pain of her injuries limited her willingness to travel to the events she had previously enjoyed with her husband. In Mr. Peterson's words, his wife was "not as happy as she used to be. She gets short-tempered sometimes and she gets depressed." Finally, Mr. Peterson testified that the accident had resulted in a substantial decrease in the frequency with which he and Mrs. Peterson had sexual relations.

In turn, Mrs. Peterson testified that the accident had limited her ability to do housework. After the accident, Mr. Peterson assisted her with many tasks that she had previously performed on her own. Mrs. Peterson confirmed Mr. Peterson's testimony that the effects of the accident had limited her ability to travel to the kind of events and activities that she had previously enjoyed with her husband. Mrs. Peterson also testified that although Mr. Peterson had been patient and helpful, the pain associated with her injuries had caused her to become "short with him." As Mrs. Peterson put it, "It's affected me to the point where I've pulled away from him."

As her husband did, Mrs. Peterson testified at trial that her injuries sustained in the accident had caused a decrease in the frequency with which the couple engaged in sexual relations. Sun State's counsel successfully impeached Mrs. Peterson on this point. In her deposition, when asked "[a]nd do you attribute the decreased level to the injuries from the accident," Mrs. Peterson had answered, "no." The only explanation Mrs. Peterson offered for the discrepancy between her trial testimony and her deposition on this point was that she did not remember making the statement in the deposition.

In a detailed review of the evidence during his closing argument, the only reference made by Sun State's counsel to Mr. Peterson's claim for loss of consortium was to the discrepancy between Mrs. Peterson's trial testimony and her deposition on the cause of the decrease in the level of the couple's sexual activity after the accident. This was a fair observation. But the interests involved in a claim for loss of consortium involve far more than sexual relations. See Albritton, 382 So.2d at 1268 n. 2. In this case, the Petersons presented evidence of the following facts: (1) Mrs. Peterson's level of activity had decreased after the accident; (2) Mr. Peterson was now doing the household chores that Mrs. Peterson used to do; (3) after the accident, Mr. Peterson began to help Mrs. Peterson in her part-time job cleaning newly constructed residences; (4) Mrs. Peterson ultimately had to quit her job because she was no longer able to do the work; (5) Mrs. Peterson had become more short-tempered with her husband and had begun to pull away from him emotionally; (6) it had become difficult for Mrs. Peterson to travel on family vacations or participate in family events, such as attending her sons' football games; and (7) it had become impossible to do some things, such as going *844 out in the family's canoe or going fishing.

We acknowledge that there were one or two points of conflict in the evidence. For example, about seven or eight months after Mrs. Peterson was rear-ended by the Sun State truck, she drove herself to New York to visit her son and her daughter-in-law. But this fact, taken out of context, paints a distorted picture. Immediately before the trip to New York, Mrs. Peterson had learned that her daughter-in-law had gone into labor. Mrs. Peterson insisted on going to New York immediately to be present for the arrival of the new baby and decided to drive, despite her husband's protestations. Mrs. Peterson testified that she was in considerable discomfort during the trip and had to take medication for her pain. There was no evidence to the contrary. Throughout the trip, Mrs. Peterson had regular telephone contacts with Mr. Peterson. When Mrs. Peterson arrived in Washington, D.C., she called her husband because she was in pain and panic-stricken. Mr. Peterson followed his wife to New York by plane, and he drove back to Florida with her. In short, Mrs. Peterson's unplanned trip to New York was clearly imprudent. But Mrs. Peterson's road trip to New York does not support the conclusion that she was not seriously injured in the collision with the truck driven by Sun State's employee, nor does it disprove Mr. Peterson's consortium claim.

There was also evidence that Mrs. Peterson was involved in an accident involving a deer on the return trip from New York. But the evidence demonstrated that the collision with the deer was a relatively minor event for Mr. and Mrs. Peterson. The deer was small, the damage to their car was minimal, and the Petersons were not seriously hurt. There was no evidence to the contrary.^[1] By contrast, in the rear-end collision with the Sun State truck, Mrs. Peterson's seat back reclining mechanism was broken, the frame of her vehicle was damaged, and the insurance company declared the vehicle a total loss. In addition, the tires of the truck driven by the Sun State employee were blown out, the air bag deployed, steam or smoke was observed coming from the engine compartment, and it too was declared a total loss. In short, this was no mere fender-bender. And, although Mrs. Peterson did not seek medical attention immediately, she did so a few days later. A delay of several days in seeking medical attention following a rear-end collisionsuch as the one in this caseis not uncommon. And the evidence showed that on the night of the accident, Mrs. Peterson began to complain of pain, and she "couldn't hardly get out of bed" the next day.

Before the accident, Mrs. Peterson was employed by a building contractor to clean new homes. In fact, she continued to work at this job for several months after the accident. But here again two additional facts concerning Mrs. Peterson's continued employment provide a more complete picture of the situation. First, Mrs. Peterson's employer testified that Mrs. Peterson's ability to do her job changed drastically after the accident. In the employer's words: "It was difficult for her. Her back bothered her. I mean, you could tell she just . . . moved slower[. S]he was not able to work like she did before. . . . [S]he was in pain." Mrs. Peterson's employer also *845 testified that after a few months Mrs. Peterson was unable to do the work and that she had to resign. The employer's testimony on these points was uncontradicted. Notably, about a month before her ill-advised trip to New York, Mrs. Peterson had resigned from her employment because of her continuing inability to do the work. Second, after the collision with the Sun State truck, Mr. Peterson came to the job sites with his wife and helped her do the work. Mrs. Peterson had not previously required help from Mr. Peterson to do her job.

In summary, the undisputed facts showed that following the accident, Mrs. Peterson's relationship with her husband deteriorated, her ability to contribute to the couple's income by working outside the home stopped, she became unable to accomplish common household chores without the assistance of Mr. Peterson, and her injuries were significant enough that she underwent a series of injections and ultimately decided to seek surgical treatment. After a thorough review of the record, we conclude that Mr. Peterson presented substantial, undisputed evidence sufficient to require an award of at least nominal damages for his loss of consortium claim. See Waldron v. Dorsey, 585 So.2d 403, 404 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (reversing for a new trial on loss of consortium claims even though some of the evidence was conflicting where there was also substantial, undisputed evidence showing that at least nominal damages should have been awarded); see also Noah v. Threlkeld, 543 So.2d 431, 432 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989) (holding that the plaintiffs "were at least entitled to nominal damages in view of their unrebutted testimony on [their] claims" for loss of services and consortium); Big Lots Stores, Inc., 18 So.3d at 1068 (holding that the evidence presented on the plaintiff's claim for loss of consortium was sufficient to "require an award of at least nominal damages"); Tavakoly, 998 So.2d at 1185 ("[I]t is . . . well settled that where sufficient undisputed evidence is presented on a consortium claim that would require an award of at least nominal damages, a zero verdict is inadequate as a matter of law."); Kirkland v. Allstate Ins. Co., 655 So.2d 106, 108 (Fla. 1st DCA 1995) (holding that evidence of a husband's hospitalization for three days and the difficulty that he had experienced in sleeping and participating in family activities required reversal of the trial court's denial of a motion for new trial on a loss of consortium claim); Frye, 568 So.2d at 986 (holding that uncontradicted evidence of a husband's inability to participate in the leisure activities he and his wife had both enjoyed before the accident and of the necessity for the wife to assume greater responsibility in raising their children and to help the husband in his own care and in doing household chores required reversal for a new trial for damages for loss of consortium).

The trial court could have properly denied the motion for a new trial on Mr. Peterson's claim for loss of consortium if there had been evidence in the record from which the jury could have concluded that the adverse effects on the Petersons' marital life were attributable to causes other than the accident. See Ballagas v. Scott, 589 So.2d 334, 335 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991); see also Tieche v. Panlener, 504 So.2d 49, 50 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (affirming the trial court's denial of a new trial on the wife's claim for loss of consortium when there was evidence from which the jury could have concluded that the deterioration in the parties' lifestyle was caused by the husband's disease rather than by the accident for which the claim was made); Hagens v. Hilston, 388 So.2d 1379, 1381 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980) (reversing an order granting a new trial on the wife's claim for loss of consortium when there was evidence *846 from which the jury could have concluded that the difficulties in the parties' relationship were caused by their immature attitudes rather than by the accident for which the claim was made). But this case is unlike Tieche and Hagens. Here, despite the conflicts in the evidence asserted by Sun State concerning the true extent of Mrs. Peterson's injuries, there was no evidence that would link the deterioration in the Petersons' marital relationship to anything other than the accident. See Jones, 901 So.2d at 931 ("When the claiming spouse presents evidence that is substantial, undisputed, and unrebutted concerning the impact the injury had on the marital relationship, such spouse is entitled to receive at least nominal damages for loss of consortium.").

V. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the trial court erred in denying the Petersons' motion for a new trial on Mr. Peterson's claim for loss of consortium. See Lofley, 527 So.2d at 903; Albritton, 382 So.2d at 1268-69; Big Lots Stores, Inc., 18 So.3d at 1068; Tavakoly, 998 So.2d at 1185-86; Jones, 901 So.2d at 931-32; Frye, 568 So.2d at 986. Accordingly, we reverse the order denying the motion for a new trial in part and remand for a new trial limited to the issue of the amount of damages on Mr. Peterson's claim for loss of consortium.

Reversed and remanded.

LaROSE, J., Concurs.

BLACK, J., Dissents with opinion.

BLACK, Judge, Dissenting.

When a spouse is awarded zero damages on a loss of consortium claim, the test for granting a new trial is whether the record contained substantial, undisputed evidence of loss of consortium. Hagens v. Hilston, 388 So.2d 1379, 1381 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980). The category of damages for loss of consortium "is necessarily a vague and subjective one left largely to the discretion of the jury." Orlando Reg'l Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Chmielewski, 573 So.2d 876, 881 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990). In my opinion, because there was disputed evidence of Mr. Peterson's loss of consortium claim, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial and the order should be affirmed.

The subject accident resulted in what is commonly referred to as soft tissue or "whiplash" injuries to Mrs. Peterson. As a result of the impact, Mrs. Peterson did not strike anything on the inside of her vehicle, was not knocked unconscious, was not bleeding, had no broken bones, and was able to get out of the vehicle under her own power. She did not go to the emergency room or otherwise seek medical care for several days. She took aspirin and personally drove the accident vehicle home.

As noted by the majority, loss of consortium means more than impairment of the sexual relationship. Here, the jury instructions and verdict form indicate that the jury was asked to consider each aspect of Mr. Peterson's consortium claim, including services, comfort, society, and attentions. By reviewing these claims individually and analyzing the trial record, it becomes clear that there were either disputed issues of fact or insubstantial claims that justify the jury verdict, as well as the judge's denial of the new trial motion.

At trial, the defense presented testimony from a board certified orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Steven Knezevich, who opined that because Mrs. Peterson sustained only soft tissue injuries, she would have reached maximum medical improvement within ninety days, should have required no further treatment, and did not sustain a permanent injury. Dr. Knezevich placed *847 no physical restrictions or limitations on Mrs. Peterson's activities, and he found that she was perfectly capable of working as a housekeeper, which she had been doing both before and after the subject accident. Dr. Knezevich's testimony contradicted the parties' testimony and created disputed issues of fact for the jury to determine.

Regarding the claim for diminished sexual relations, Mrs. Peterson's veracity sustained a material blow on this point when she was impeached based upon a direct conflict between her trial testimony and her deposition testimony. At trial, she testified that the subject accident greatly reduced the frequency of the parties' relations. In her deposition, however, Mrs. Peterson denied that the subject accident had anything to do with the couple's decreased relations. She had no reasonable explanation for her changed testimony. Therefore, Mrs. Peterson's inconsistent testimony created a conflict in the evidence that the jury was apparently unable to reconcile.

Regarding the claim for loss of society and attentions, Mr. Peterson testified that one of the activities that he enjoyed with his wife prior to the accident was travel, both within Florida and to North Carolina. He testified that he was no longer able to enjoy these trips with Mrs. Peterson due to her injuries. However, Mr. Peterson conceded that several months after the accident, Mrs. Peterson was alone when she drove from Florida to New York. Mr. Peterson estimated the trip to require twenty-six or twenty-seven hours of driving. He testified that she made this drive straight through the night without stopping. These inconsistencies were placed before the jury, and a fair interpretation of its verdict is that the jurors resolved the claim against Mr. Peterson.

Regarding the claim for loss of comfort and services, while Mr. Peterson testified that because of his wife's injuries he was called upon to clean windows and countertops and to vacuum floors, the unrebutted evidence was that Mrs. Peterson continued to perform these sorts of house-cleaning duties at work for several months after the accident. This begs the question as to why Mrs. Peterson was not able to do these things at home. Again, this conflict was within the province of the jury to resolve, and a reasonable conclusion from its verdict is that the jurors were not persuaded.

It is important to note that the subject trial took place over a period of four days. The jury was in the best position to observe Mrs. Peterson's demeanor and mobility, both on and off the witness stand. It is also important to note that the jury awarded Mrs. Peterson zero damages for past or future wage loss, although Mrs. Peterson's occupation was a physically demanding one, that of a housekeeper. A reasonable interpretation of the jury verdict is that while the jury was satisfied that Mrs. Peterson sustained an injury, the injury that she sustained was minimal and insufficient to support Mr. Peterson's derivative claim.

The aforementioned New York trip was an important topic in the trial. Mr. Peterson testified that on his wife's return trip to Florida, her vehicle struck a deer in Pennsylvania, causing property damage. Although Mrs. Peterson denied sustaining injuries as a result of this incident, there was record evidence that a significant portion of her medical treatment was undertaken after this accident. In addition, Mrs. Peterson had been working after the subject accident but did not work after the Pennsylvania accident involving the deer.

Also important is the fact that the jury was instructed pursuant to Florida Standard *848 Jury Instruction (Civil) 601.2(a), formerly 2.2(a), which allowed them to assess the believability of the witnesses. Instruction 601.2(a) provides:

[The jury] may properly consider the demeanor of the witness while testifying; the frankness or lack of frankness of the witness; the intelligence of the witness; any interest the witness may have in the outcome of the case; the means and opportunity the witness had to know the facts about which the witness testified; the ability of the witness to remember the matters about which the witness testified; and the reasonableness of the testimony of the witness, considered in the light of all of the evidence in the case and in the light of your own experience and common sense.

Based upon the jury verdict, a reasonable conclusion is that the jury believed much of Dr. Knezevich's testimony and did not believe some of the claimants' testimony. Where, as here, "there is some evidence, whether by direct testimony or cross-examination, that rebuts the claim of loss of consortium" the jury's award of zero damages is justified. Christopher v. Bonifay, 577 So.2d 617, 617 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991).

As the majority opinion notes, the standard of review applicable to the trial court's ruling is abuse of discretion. Because there were significant disputes in the evidence regarding Mr. Peterson's consortium claim, I would affirm the trial court's ruling.

NOTES

[1] Counsel for Sun State argued that because Mrs. Peterson sought medical attention after the accident involving the deer, her medical problems must have stemmed from that accident. However, this argument was based on speculation, not on any evidence presented at trial.