Plaintiff-respondent had verdict and judgment for $1,263 in his action for $15,000 damages for alleged personal injuries, sustained as a result of having fallen from a front porch by reason of the alleged defective condition of one of the banisters. The trial court sustained plaintiff’s motion for new trial on the issue of damages only, on the ground that the amount of the verdict was inadequate, and overruled the motions of defendants to enter judgments for them and for new trials.
The defendants contend that the trial court erred in refusing to direct verdicts for them at the close of all the evidence and in giving and refusing • instructions.
The evidence showed, without dispute that the owners of the involved property were Paul F. Bruñe and Anna Bruñe, his wife. Strangely enough, however, plaintiff did not sue Anna Bruñe as an owner. Anna Brune’s liability was averred on the sole ground that she was a partner along with her husband and others doing business as Bruñe Realty Company, which partner- . ship, it was alleged, had the full control ■ and management of, and obligation to maintain, the premises in question. For convenience, we shall consider last the question involving Paul and Anna Bruñe as partners. We first consider the liability of Paul Bruñe as owner.
The property involved was a 4-family flat on the south side of east and west LaSalle . Street in ■ St. Louis. Entrances to two of the flats were- at the front. The entrances to the other two flats, with which we are not; concerned, were in the rear. A wood porch; about 15' 10" long and 4⅛' wide, extended across the front of the brick building so that, one porch served as the front porch for two flats. There were five wood steps (excluding the floor of the porch) about 7 wide, leading from the sidewalk to the middle of the porch. On the porch ■floor, at-places-about even with the respective ends of the steps, were banisters or railings running to posts at the east and ■ west ends, respectively, of the porch, and then southwardly to posts against the front wall of the building. These banisters consisted of three rails, the top rail of which,, in each instance, was a two-by-four toe-nailed into the sides of the respective posts. The two lower rails, between the floor of the porch and the top rail, are not here involved. The particular top rail here involved was about 38 or 40 inches above the porch floor, was attached to the post at the east edge of the steps, and extended from that post 40" eastwardly to another post at the northeast corner of the porch.
Plaintiff lived in the east flat which he had rented from defendant, Paul F. Bruñe, about 12 years prior to the accident. On May 5, 1951, plaintiff returned to his flat from a grocery store. A friend had accompanied him to the bottom of the front steps. Plaintiff, carrying a paper sack of groceries in his left arm, ascended the steps and was about to open his front door when the friend, still on the sidewalk, called to plaintiff for the purpose of further conversation. Plaintiff turned to his left, took one or two steps forward (north) and placed his right hand on the railing in question. The railing “fell out” and plaintiff fell 4' 8" to the ground immediately in front of the railing. He sustained a broken wrist and other injuries, the nature and extent of which are not here involved. Other evidence will be discussed at appropriate places in the course of this opinion.
One of the reasons for defendants’ contention that verdicts should have been directed is that plaintiff failed to sustain his burden to prove that “the defendants retained control of the porch for the use of their several tenants”. Defendants do not dispute the established rule that a landlord is under a duty to exercise ordinary care to keep the portions of the premises which he retains in his control in a reasonably safe condition for the use intended and is liable for damages for personal injuries resulting from his failure to perform that duty. Schneider v. Dubinsky -Realty Co.,
The ultimate question, of course, is whether the landlord did retain control of the particular portion of the premises under consideration. This, because the foundation of the landlord’s duty is based upon his retention of control. Defendants concede that retention of control of a portion ■of the premises may be implied from the fact of common user; but they contend that, when implied retention of control by reason of common user is relied upon, there must be a showing of
necessity
for common user of the particular part of the premises in question. This contention is based upon the assertion that retention of control of common approaches is implied because a landlord, when he rents premises, which the tenant may enjoy only by using common approaches, is held to have granted an easement in such approaches to the tenants who must of necessity use in common the approaches, halls, and the like. See: Roman v. King,
All the evidence showed that there was only
one
set of steps leading to only
■one
porch, and that that set of steps and that porch were used by the two front entrance tenants. ■ Defendants, nevertheless, •argue that because the other tenant could (and usually did) use the west side of the steps and the west side, of the porch and plaintiff could and did use the east side of the steps and the east side of the porch, in entering and leaving their respective flats, it must follow that defendants did not retain control of the one porch; We think, defendants’ position is untenable. This, because it ignores the fact that the basic question of whether the porch was a common porch used by, or subject to being used by, two or more tenants, depends upon whether there was
one
porch or
two
porches. If there was one porch which had to be used by two tenants to gain access to their flats, it must follow that it was a common porch. As noted, .all the evidence was that there was only one porch. Neither the steps nor the porch were constructed so as to indicate that two porches rather than one existed. There was no division rail dividing the east from the west half of the steps or the porch. Cf. Gray v. Pearline, supra,
As a corollary to their Contention just considered, defendants contend further that plaintiff’s instructions 1 and 2 were erroneous because they hypothesized the issue of retention of control by requiring the jury to find “that said-porch was used in common by the plaintiff and another tenant at the premises mentioned in the evidence”. Defendants say that such a submission gave the jury a “roving commis *282 sion” to find retention of control without any “factual guide”, and that the element of “necessity” was ignored. While it is true, as we have heretofore noted, that the ultimate question for the jury on this phase of the case was whether defendants had in fact retained control of the porch, and while the instruction submits this issue by requiring only an evidential finding, still we are of the opinion that under the facts in this case a finding by ■ the jury that the porch was in fact used by two of the tenants was sufficient. This, because, as noted, defendants’ own evidence (in the form of a picture exhibit portraying the porch), the tacitly conceded fact that the two doors leading from the porch were the only entrances to two flats, and the absence of evidence of any agreement pertaining to the porch, eliminated any real issue in the case as to retention of control by the landlord. So that while, under' other evidence, the hypothesis referred to might be insufficient, we hold that it was sufficient in this case.
In connection with this subject, and, in reality, for the same reasons advanced by them for a directed verdict heretofore considered, it is defendants’ further contention that the trial court erred in refusing to give defendants’ instructions B and C. The trial court properly refused these instructions. Instruction B would have directed a verdict for defendants if the jury found that the portion of the porch upon which plaintiff stood prior to his fall and the handrail immediately in front of that place were not reasonably necessary or convenient for the use- of the tenant in the west flat. In other words, the instruction hypothesized defendants’ theory that' unless a particular portion of a common porch was necessary or convenient for use by more than one tenant, a landlord has not impliedly retained control of the common porch. This theory would mean that the landlord had divided the common porch into imaginary (unspecified) sections, and that no section of the common porch was retained by the landlord unless that particular section was necessarily used by two tenants. What we have said heretofore concerning this -theory suffices to overrule defendants’ contention as to the refusal of instruction B.
Instruction C, after preliminary statements which abstractly stated some principles of law involved, directed that if defendant Paul Bruñe “did not retain control of the east side of the porch and the hand rail mentioned in the evidence at the place plaintiff alleges he fell for the use in common of plaintiff and other of said defendants’ tenants in said building”, then a verdict should be returned for defendants. The trouble with this instruction is that it encompasses the fallacious theory set forth in instruction B. It is true that unless the landlord retained control of the porch, including its east side and east handrail, plaintiff could not recover. - But the instruction-by singling out the east side and the east handrail as distinguished from the porch as a whole, would likely cause the jury to-believe that they would find for defendant if they found that only plaintiff needed to-use the specific portion of the common-porch singled out in the instruction. Instruction C does not clearly submit the converse of instructions 1 and 2, and does not otherwise clearly submit the issue as to-whether the porch as a whole was used by more than one tenant.
We hold that the trial court did not err in refusing instructions B and C.
Another reason assigned by defenfl-ants as demonstrating the error of the triali court in failing to direct verdicts for them, is that “the evidence does not show that defendants had actual or constructive notice of the alleged defect in time to remedy same before plaintiff’s injury”. It is, of-; course, true that before liability for damages may accrue, plaintiff must show that defendants had notice, actual or constructive, of the alleged defect in .the common-porch which was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury. 32 Am.Jur., Landlord and Tenant, § 694, p. 571.
Viewing all the evidence and the reasonable inferences therefrom from the-standpoint most favorable to plaintiff, giv *283 ing plaintiff the benefit of defendants’ evidence favorable to plaintiff and not contrary to his own testimony or to the fundamental theory of his case, and disregarding ■defendants’ evidence unfavorable to plaintiff, we are of the opinion that the question ■of whether defendants had notice of a defect in time to have remedied it was a question for the jury. This conclusion is based upon the facts which the jury reasonably ■could have found. These are set forth below.
In August or September, 1950 (ten or eleven months prior to plaintiff’s fall), one Anderson, a carpenter, who had been in the continuous employ of defendants for 28 years (and two other carpenters employed by Anderson), went to the premises in question at the direction of the defendant, Paul Bruñe, for the-specific purpose of inspecting and repairing the porch. As a result, the porch and the steps leading to it were repaired in certain respects, but no repair was made which affected the instantly involved banister or to the posts to which it was attached. An inspection at that time showed that the wood post at the east edge of the steps was decayed from its top down to the place where the two-by-four railing was toenailed to it. Decay such as existed would have begun at the top of the post and would have spread from the top ■of the post downwardly. Rain water would flow downwardly on the post into the crevice where the two-by-four was joined to the post. If the visible decay which existed ■extended to the place where the nails holding the two-by-four to the post were located, the condition would be “dangerous.” Defendant, Paul Bruñe, inspected the porch three or four times a year for the specific purpose of determining its condition. Whether the two-by-four railing, which ■gave way when plaintiff placed his hand upon it, was sufficiently fastened so as to be, reasonably safe depended more upon the ■condition of the posts to . which it was attached than upon the condition of the two-by-four. When the two-by-four was examined after it fell, the nails which had secured it to the post at the east edge of the steps had pulled from the post and were in the end of the two-by-four, and the post “just looked like it had rotted out.”
We think the jury reasonably could find from the foregoing evidence that the landlord and his agent (Anderson) failed to exercise ordinary care in inspecting the condition of the railing and posts in August or September, 1950, and thereafter, in that the visible condition of the part of the post above the two-by-four should have caused the landlord or his agent, under the circumstances, to have determined the condition of the wood immediately below the visibly rotted portion, which was covered by the fastened end of' the-two-by-four; and that such an inspection would have disclosed' that the railing was insufficiently secured by reason of the rotted condition of the wood to which the two-by-four was nailed. The fact, emphasized by defendants, that the particular portion of the post to which the two-by-four railing was attached was not visible on a visual inspection, and therefore was in the nature of a “concealed defect”, did not relieve the landlord of the duty to use ordinary care to discover the so-called “concealed defect” and thereafter to repair it, if the part -he could see should have constituted notice, to him that the decayed and rotted condition of the post extended to the portion of the post covered by the two-by-four. Buchanan v. Wolff, Mo.App.,
Defendants contend that plaintiff’s instructions 1 and 2 were erroneous in a respect not heretofore discussed; viz., that they assumed an essential controverted fact. There is no doubt that, as defendants contend, “Instructions should not assume or impliedly assume the existence of disputed essential facts.” Osborn v. Chandeysson Elec. Co., Mo.Sup.,
We think the aforequoted language, standing alone, is subject to the criticism that it impliedly assumed that the railing was not in a reasonably safe condition. However, we are-of the opinion that defendants were not prejudiced by that language because of the further requirement of the instruction that, before a verdict could be returned for plaintiff, the jury had to find that “while plaintiff was using said porch and placing his hand on said railing on May 5, 1951, * * * said railing fell or gave way * * Thus the instructions, in effect, required the jury to find that the railing was so insecurely fastened that it gave way and caused the plaintiff to fall when plaintiff only placed his hand on it. Such a finding by the jury was, we believe, under the circumstances, tantamount to a finding that the railing was not in a reasonably safe condition. In other words, while the jury was not required to find the conclusion that the banister was not in a “reasonably safe condition”, nevertheless the jury was re-' quired to find facts which, if -true, compelled the conclusion that the condition of the 'banister was not reasonably safe-for the use intended. We hold, therefore, that any implied assumption of an essential controverted fact in one portion of the instruction was rendered harmless-because of the facts required to be found by the instruction as a whole.
Defendants Paul Bruñe and Anna Bruñe, doing business as Bruñe Realty Company, contend that a verdict should have been directed for them at the close of all the evidence because plaintiff’s proof failed to show that there was any duty on them as partners doing business as Bruñe-Realty Company to maintain the premises.. Inasmuch as the judgment as 'to liability must be affirmed against Paul Bruñe as an owner, we need not concern ourselves with his liability by reason of having been a partner in Bruñe Realty .Company. For,, obviously, Paul Bruñe is only one individual, and there may be only one judgment against Paul Bruñe as an individual in this case, irrespective of upon how many theories Paul Bruñe, the individual, may be liable’.
Consequently, the only remaining question is whether Anna Bruñe, the wife' of Paul Bruñe, was liable because she was a partner in Bruñe Realty Company. We-again point out that if Anna Bruñe had been sued as an owner, no question here-would be important as to her additional' liability by reason of having been a partner-in Bruñe Realty Company. But, as heretofore noted; a judgment against Anna. Bruñe was sought on the sole basis that she was a partner in the Bruñe Realty-Company, on the theory that the partnership was the agent for Paul Bruñe, the-owner, and, as such agent, had sole management, control, and supervision of the-premises as to repairs and maintenance. The evidence was that the premises were-rented from Paul Bruñe; that he, Anna Bruñe, his wife, his son and daughter-in-law, were, prior to and on May 5, 1951,. partners doing business under the name *285 and style of Bruñe Realty Company (the son and daughter-in-law were not made defendants); that plaintiff’s wife paid the rent during the 12-year period of the tenancy by delivering the money tó a young lady at a counter in the office of Bruñe Realty Company on Chestnut Street in St. Louis; that, in the early spring of 1950, plaintiff’s wife made a complaint to the young lady at the counter concerning the porch in question directed to the fact that it was pulling away from the front of the house; that “When I [plaintiff’s wife] made the report, they sent somebody out to fix it, and I thought that they would make an inspection of the whole porch and fix it all if necessary, because I didn’t know anything about it”; that the young lady at Bruñe Realty Company office worked for the partnership and received complaints concerning properties which were managed by Bruñe Realty Company and also complaints concerning the property owned by Paul Bruñe or by Paul Bruñe and his wife; that the employees of Bruñe Realty Company kept a file as to complaints and repairs made on the instant premises; that a rent collector, hired by Bruñe Realty, would, if necessary, go to the instant premises and collect rents; that at least one of the carpenters heretofore referred to, who had made repairs in 1950 on the porch, was employed both by Paul Bruñe and Bruñe Realty Company; that Paul Bruñe, an owner, was the managing partner of Bruñe Realty Company. Paul Bruñe testified that the partnership of Bruñe Realty Company had no interest in the particular property so far as repairs and maintenance were concerned but that he, as an owner, looked after the repairs and maintenance; that Bruñe Realty Company managed other property not owned by Paul Bruñe and his wife; that if a complaint was lodged with Bruñe Realty Company concerning property which Paul Bruñe owned, he would get a memorandum of the complaint from employees of Bruñe Realty Company; and that the partnership, Bruñe Realty Company, was not an agent for Paul and Anna Bruñe in any respect relating to repairs and maintenance of property owned by Paul Bruñe or by Paul Bruñe and Anna, his wife.
Now it is clear that if Paul Bruñe, admittedly the managing partner of the partnership, Bruñe Realty Company, acted in behalf of the partnership as well as for himself as owner in inspecting, repairing, and maintaining the property in question, then Anna Bfune was liable for any negligence of which he may have been guilty in failing to exercise ordinary care in maintaining the common porch in reasonably safe condition. Schneider v. Schneider,
*286
We have examined the evidence and are constrained to the view that it does not justify a reasonable inference contrary to Paul Brune’s testimony that Bruñe Realty Company was not the agent for him and his wife in the control or management of the property other than to collect rents and receive complaints. The jury was at liberty to not believe Paul Brune’s conclusion; but the trouble is, there was no evidence from which a contrary inference reasonably could be drawn. The testimony concerning the agency relationship between Paul Bruñe, owner and Bruñe Realty Company went no farther than to prove that the Bruñe Realty Company was agent, for the owner only to the extent of collecting rents and receiving complaints. “When an agent does not have complete control of the premises
and it
is,
not sought to fasten the liability of an owner or possessor on him
the test is and. should be whether he has breached his legal duty or been negligent with respect to something over which he did have control.” (Italics ours.) Giles v. Moundridge Milling Co., supra,
Defendants make no contention here on the adequacy of plaintiff’s damages.
It follows from all we have said that the judgment against Anna Bruñe is reversed, that the judgment as to liability against Paul F. Bruñe is affirmed, and that the portion of the trial court’s order granting plaintiff a new trial as to damages only against Paul F. Bruñe is affirmed.
PER CURIAM.
The foregoing opinion by COIL, C., is adopted as the opinion of the court.
All concur.