104 Wash. App. 283 | Wash. Ct. App. | 2000
Ronald Petersen appeals from an order committing him as a sexually violent predator to the Special Commitment Center (SCC). He challenges, on constitutional grounds, several provisions of chapter 71.09 RCW. He also challenges various evidentiary and other rulings by the trial court during the commitment trial and claims prosecutorial misconduct deprived him of a fair trial. The constitutional arguments are not well taken. There was no reversible error in any of the trial court’s rulings and no prosecutorial misconduct. We affirm.
In 1993, the State commenced an action to commit Ronald Petersen, under chapter 71.09 RCW, as a sexually violent predator. The trial court denied Petersen’s motion to dismiss the commitment proceeding based, among other things, on the alleged unconstitutional conditions of confinement at the Special Commitment Center in Monroe. A jury found him to be a sexually violent predator and also found that there was no less restrictive alternative to total confinement. The trial court then committed him to the SCC for treatment.
In 1996, the trial court conducted an annual review of Petersen’s case under RCW 71.09.090.
Petersen appeals.
Ex Post Facto
Petersen argues that his commitment under chapter 71.09 RCW is punitive as applied to him and thus violates
The federal and state constitutions prohibit the enactment of ex post facto laws.
Our Supreme Court has adopted a two-part test to determine whether a statute is criminal or civil. The first step is to look to the language and legislative history of the statute to determine whether the legislature intended the statute to be civil or criminal.
In In re Personal Restraint of Young, our Supreme Court applied the above two-part test and held that chapter 71.09 RCW is civil in nature and does not violate the ex post facto clause.
In In re Detention of Campbell,
Petersen’s reliance on Young v. Weston
Petersen argues that the differences in the annual review and release procedures between chapter 71.09 RCW and chapter 71.05 RCW, which governs commitment of the mentally ill, violate the equal protection clauses of the state and federal constitutions. Specifically, he claims that the annual review and release procedures for sexually violent predators are more stringent than those for other mentally ill persons. Because there is a rational basis for treating sexually violent predators differently from other mentally ill persons with respect to release procedures, we disagree.
We need not separately analyze Petersen’s equal protection challenge under the state and federal constitutions.
Under RCW 71.09.070, a sexually violent predator generally receives an annual review of his or her mental condition to determine suitability for release while individuals committed with mental disorders under chapter 71.05 RCW receive review hearings every 180 days.
There is a rational basis for treating sexually violent predators and other mentally ill persons differently with respect to release procedures. As the Young court noted, differences in dangerousness, treatment methods, and prognosis for the mentally ill and violent sex offenders justify treating the two groups differently.
Because sexually violent predators are more dangerous than mentally ill individuals committed under chapter 71.05 RCW,
We affirm.
The remainder of this opinion has no precedential value and will be filed for public record in accordance with the rules governing unpublished opinions.
Agid, C.J., and Kennedy, J., concur.
Reconsideration denied December 26, 2000.
Review denied at 143 Wn.2d 1020 (2001).
RCW 71.09.090 sets forth the procedures for the committed individual to annually petition for either conditional release to a less restrictive alternative or unconditional discharge.
U.S. Const, art. I, § 10, cl. 1; Const, art. I, § 23.
State v. Hennings, 129 Wn.2d 512, 525, 919 P.2d 580 (1996).
In re Per. Restraint of Young, 122 Wn.2d 1, 24, 857 P.2d 989 (1993) (citations omitted).
Young, 122 Wn.2d at 18.
Young, 122 Wn.2d at 18; In re Det. of Turay, 139 Wn.2d 379, 416-17, 986 P.2d 790 (1999) (quoting Hudson v. United States, 522 U.S. 93, 99, 118 S. Ct. 488, 493, 139 L. Ed. 2d 450 (1997); see also Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346, 361, 117 S. Ct. 2072, 138 L. Ed. 2d 501 (1997).
Young, 122 Wn.2d at 18; Turay, 139 Wn.2d at 416-17.
In re Per. Restraint of Young, 122 Wn.2d 1, 23-24, 857 P.2d 989 (1993).
139 Wn.2d 341, 986 P.2d 771 (1999).
Campbell, 139 Wn.2d at 346.
Campbell, 139 Wn.2d at 348.
Campbell, 139 Wn.2d at 348.
898 F. Supp. 744 (W.D. Wash. 1995) (holding that chapter 71.09 RCW, on its face, violated the ex post facto clause because it is punitive and applies retrospectively as well as double jeopardy because it imposes additional incarceration on a person who has already been punished for the commission of a criminal offense).
Young v. Weston, No. C94-480C (Feb. 10, 1998). Young subsequently appealed the district court’s order denying his habeas petition and the Ninth Circuit reversed in part on grounds that Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346, 117 S. Ct. 2072, 138 L. Ed. 2d 501 (1997) does not preclude the possibility that chapter 71.09
Turay, 139 Wn.2d at 412 (declining to determine whether annual review I provisions of RCW 71.09.090 violate equal protection clause of the state constitution after holding that the annual review provisions do not violate the equal protection clause of the U.S. constitution because the two clauses have the same | impact) (citations omitted).
Turay, 139 Wn.2d at 410 (quoting In re Det. of Dydasco, 135 Wn.2d 943, 951, 959 P.2d 1111 (1998)); In re Det. of Patterson, 90 Wn.2d 144, 149-50, 579 P.2d 1335 (1978), overruled in part on other grounds by Dunner v. McLaughlin, 100 Wn.2d 832, 676 P.2d 444 (1984).
Turay, 139 Wn.2d at 410 (citing State v. Thorne, 129 Wn.2d 736, 771, 921 P.2d 514 (1996)); see also In re Per. Restraint of Stanphill, 134 Wn.2d 165, 175, 949 P.2d 365 (1998).
Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 320, 113 S. Ct. 2637, 125 L. Ed. 2d 257 (1993).
Taray, 139 Wn.2d at 410.
RCW 71.09.070 states that “[e]ach person committed under this chapter shall have a current examination of his or her mental condition made at least once every year.” RCW 71.05.320(2) states that “[a]t the end of the one hundred eighty day period of commitment, the committed person shall be released unless a petition for another one hundred eighty day period of continued treatment is filed and heard.. ..”
RCW 71.09.090(2); In re Det. of Petersen, 138 Wn.2d 70, 85, 980 P.2d 1204 (1999).
RCW 71.05.330(1), (2) state in relevant part:
(1) Nothing in [RCW 71.05] shall prohibit the superintendent... in charge of the hospital... in which the person is being involuntarily treated from releasing him or her prior to the expiration of the commitment period when, in the opinion of the superintendent.. ., the person being involuntarily treated no longer presents a likelihood of serious harm.
(2) Before a person committed [after being acquitted of a felony on grounds of insanity and who presents a substantial likelihood of repeating a felony] is released ..., the prosecuting attorney may petition the court... for a hearing to determine whether the person is to be released.... The issue to be
Turay, 139 Wn.2d at 411-12.
Young, 122 Wn.2d at 44-45; see also RCW 71.09.010, where the Legislature | specifically found that:
[T]he prognosis for curing sexually violent offenders is poor, the treatment! needs of this population are very long term, and the treatment modalities fori this population are very different than the traditional treatment modalities fori people appropriate for commitment under the involuntary treatment act.
See RCW 79.09.010; Young, 122 Wn.2d at 45.
See Powell v. Florida, 579 F.2d 324, 333 (5th Cir. 1978) (Florida’s system ofl allowing involuntarily hospitalized persons to be released solely on the recom-l mendation of the hospital administrator but requiring court approval before those committed after an insanity acquittal is rationally based on insanity acquittee’a greater dangerousness); see also Williams v. Wallis, 734 F.2d 1434, 1437 (11th Cir. 1984).
Petersen, 138 Wn.2d at 90.
RCW 2.06.040.