476 F.2d 557 | 7th Cir. | 1973
Lead Opinion
Plaintiffs appeal from the dismissal of their amended complaint.
The four named plaintiffs were allegedly entitled to 4-D exemptions,
Kochlacs had received an order from his board to report for induction and he had refused to comply with the order “for the reason that his religious beliefs call him to a higher obedience above that obedience demanded of him by the laws of the United States Selective Service System.” There is no indication that he had been prosecuted for his refusal. The other three named plaintiffs allegedly expected similar orders of induction. There is no allegation, however, that any of them had been reclassified from 4-D. A violation of First Amendment rights was claimed by the four as well as for the members of the class.
It is the plaintiffs’ view that there is an unconstitutional violation of their freedom of religion for them to have to participate in the Selective Service System in any way. They thus seek to be exempted from all requirements, including, apparently, the registration requirements. We find this contention without merit. Title 50 U.S.C. App. § 456(g), in setting out the exemption for ministers and students preparing for the ministry, specifically states that they are exempted from training and service, but not from the registration provisions of the section.
Although their underlying contention must be rejected, plaintiffs contend that the dismissal of their complaint was still incorrect when considered in the light of Oestereich v. Selective Service System Local Board No. 11, 393 U.S. 233, 89 S. Ct. 414, 21 L.Ed.2d 402 (1968),
We have no difficulty in affirming the district court’s dismissal as to all plaintiffs except Kochlacs. An examination of the contentions of the other three named, plaintiffs shows that none has even been threatened by his board with reclassification. In essence, these plaintiffs can only point to isolated actions by local boards (e. g., Kochlacs’s board) for their expressed fear that they will be reclassified in violation of the thrust of Oestereich. We, in effect, are asked to assume that local boards will disregard the Oestereich clear mandate against punitive reclassifications. We do not conceive that mere suspicion without some reasonable basis entitles a person to sue an agency of the Government to prevent that agency taking action which is in violation of the law. There must be some substance to the fear and we can find none for the three plaintiffs. We also note that the regulation under which the local board declared the registrant in Oestereich to be a delinquent, 32 C.F.R. § 1642.4(a), has been omitted from the most recent edition of the regulations. Plaintiffs cite Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1116, 14 L.Ed.2d 22 (1965), to support their position that fear is enough. We do not so read Dombrowski where the chilling or fear certainly did not border on the chimerical. In sum, we will not assume that local boards and the operative apparatus of the Selective Service System will act in blatant violation of the law as set out in Oestereich.
What we have said with regard to the specific cases of the three plaintiffs would a fortiori be applicable to those unnamed but theoretically fearing students and ministers who had supposedly repudiated jurisdiction over themselves by the Selective Service System. We find no basis for a class action in this instance.
As we have indicated, Kochlacs presents a more troublesome case as he allegedly suffered exactly the deprivation visited on Oestereich, i. e., a punitive reclassification because of returning cards to his board. There are, however, significant factual distinctions between the cases. First, Kochlaes’s local board acted after the decision in Oestereich. Arguably this might make the action of the board more reprehensible and unsupportable because of being in violation of the holding of the Supreme Court. But upon further analysis it would be reasonably predictable that upon appeal within the administrative framework of the System there would be a reversal. In Oestereich, the board was operating
We note that Kochlacs, consistent with his view that he should be exempt from any contact with the Selective Service System on grounds of freedom of religion, never appeared before his local board, never requested a personal appearance, and never took an administrative appeal from his reclassification as I-A. Thus, he is in the situation of the defendants in McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 89 S.Ct. 1657, 23 L.Ed.2d 194 (1969), and McGee v. United States, 402 U.S. 479, 91 S.Ct. 1565, 29 L.Ed.2d 47 (1971).
On the surface, the present case is close to McGee since both deal with divinity students, but the distinction does exist in that in McGee the local board had no real evidence in its files that the registrant was entitled to a 4-D. Here, Kochlacs’s file had evidence of his status since the board had previously granted him a 4-D exemption, and, allegedly, the only reason the board reclassified him was that he returned his cards. We do not have to resolve this difficult question, however, since both McGee and McKart were cases involving defense to criminal prosecutions. Kochlacs, although he has refused to report for induction, has never been indicted.
It is our view that the exception to the bar on preinduction review (not habeas corpus or defense to a criminal charge) set out in Oestereich should not be applied in a case such as the present one where there is no reason to think an appeal would be fruitless and where there has been no exhaustion of the administrative remedies within the Selective Service System. Kochlacs contends that his case is exactly like Oestereich’s and therefore there was blatantly lawless misconduct. But as Mr. Justice Harlan in his concurrence emphasized, Oestereich also had the element that a regulation of the Selective Service System was being challenged. Such “a challenge to the validity of the administrative procedure itself not only renders irrelevant the presumption of regularity, but also presents an issue beyond the competence of the Selective Service Boards to hear and determine. . To withhold pre-induction review in this case would thus deprive petitioner of his liberty without the prior opportunity to present to any competent forum — agency or court — his substantial claim that he
We recognize that the Court did not draw the line in this way in Oestereich, see Fein v. Selective Service System Local Board No. 7, 405 U.S. 365, 375, 92 S.Ct. 1062, 31 L.Ed.2d 298 (1972). However, in deciding whether the rationale of McKart or of McGee controls on the issue of exhaustion, it is our opinion that it is crucial to the integrity . of the System to require in cases of allegedly aberrant behavior by a local board in improperly classifying a registrant, when not based on the uniform application of a duly adopted controlling regulation as in Oestereich, that the Selective Service System itself be given a chance to deal with the mistake and rectify it through its appellate procedures. As the Court said in McGee v. United States, supra, 402 U.S. at 484, 91 S.Ct. at 1568, “After McKart the task for the courts, in deciding the applicability of the exhaustion doctrine to the circumstances of a particular case, is to ask ‘whether allowing all similarly situated registrants to bypass [the administrative avenue in question] would seriously impair the Selective Service System’s ability to perform its functions.’ 395 U.S., at 197.”
In the present ease, we think that that question must be answered in favor of requiring exhaustion. This does not mean that such exhaustion would have to be required in a case involving habeas corpus or criminal defense. The balance is different and we do not pass on this question other than to note that the balance may lead to a different result since the threat to the integrity of the System is substantially less in that type of case as noted by Congress when it passed § 10(b)(3) barring most preinduction review.
We rest our decision on one further basis. As the Court noted in McKart, “[c]ertain very practical notions of judicial efficiency come into play as well. A complaining party may be successful in vindicating his rights in the administrative process. If he is required to pursue his administrative remedies, the courts may never have to intervene.” 395 U.S. at 195, 89 S.Ct. at 1663. Here, we find no reason for thinking that the Appeals Board would have let this allegedly improper reclassification stand if Kochlacs had shown that his case was actually identical to Oestereich. Thus, when we read the considerations of efficiency in pari materia with those of exhaustion and the congressional disfavor of preinduction review, we believe that exhaustion is also mandated in the present ease. Once again, the balance is substantially different in a case where § 10(b)(3) is not concerned. Further, the balance might be different if the case were like Oestereich’s, where the local board and the appeals board were operating under a presumably valid regulation and thus the challenge was not to aberrant board behavior but to the process itself.
Finally, we sense no compelling interest in granting access to the courts in situations where the relief sought is .readily available through more expeditious and less expensive administrative procedures, particularly where there is a basis for the thought that the courts are being used, inter alia, because of their greater exposure to the news media as a vehicle to publicize views, no matter how sincerely those views may be held.
Affirmed.
. The Government's motion to dismiss asserted that the court lacked civil jurisdiction over the subject matter pursuant to 50 U.S.C. App. § 460(b)(3), § 10(b) (3) of the Selective Service Act, and that the complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Rule 12(b) (1) and (6), Fed.R.Civ.P., was the basis
. Subsequent to the filing of the suit a change of Selective Service Regulations placed theology students in a deferred 2-D classification while ministers would remain in a 4-D exemption status. For the purposes of this appeal we do not consider the distinction of significance, Breen v. Selective Service Local Board No. 16, 396 U.S. 460, 463, 90 S.Ct. 661, 24 L.Ed. 2d 653 (1970), and therefore shall collectively refer to the plaintiffs, as they have in their complaint, as being entitled to a 4 — D classification.
. This provision was in the Act prior to the 1971 amendments and was carried over by those amendments into the present law.
. The companion case to Oestereich, Clark v. Gabriel, 393 U.S. 256, 89 S.Ct. 424, 21 L.Ed.2d 418 (1968), upheld the constitutionality of § 10(b) (3) as a bar to preinduction judicial review in cases in which the draft board had exercised its statutory discretion in evaluating the evidence of the registrant’s conscientious objector claim.
. In Breen v. Selective Service Local Board No. 16, 396 U.S. 460, 90 S.Ct. 661, 24 L.Ed.2d 653 (1970), the registrant sought preinduction review of his local board’s punitive reclassification of him from a student deferment. Breen appealed his reclassification but, while that appeal was pending, sought an injunction in the district court against any possible induction. The district court dismissed for want of jurisdiction, not mentioning failure to exhaust the administrative appeals remedies. However, during the pendency of Breen’s appeal to the Court of Appeals, the Selective Service Appeal Board ruled against him and upheld his reclassification. We believe that this action mooted any possible claim by the Government that Breen was barred from preinduction review for failure to exhaust his administrative remedies. In Breen, it was arguable until the decision of the Supreme Court whether or not Oestereich controlled.
. In Fein v. Selective Service System Local Board No. 7, 405 U.S. 365, 92 S.Ct. 1062, 31 L.Ed.2d 298 (1972), the Government virtually conceded that Fein had a valid defense if he refused induction, yet it opposed vigorously allowing that defense to be raised by preinduction review. The Court accepted this distinction and denied such review. 405 U.S. at 380, 92 S.Ct. 1062.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring in part, dissenting in part).
Respectfully, I would reverse the dismissal as to Kochlacs, and affirm in all other respects.