526 F.2d 1131 | Ct. Cl. | 1975
This case comes before the court on plaintiff’s exceptions to the recommended decision filed by Trial Judge Louis Spector on March 19, 1975, pursuant to Buie 134 (h), haying been submitted to the court on the briefs without oral argument of counsel. Upon consideration thereof, since the court agrees with the trial judge’s recommended decision, as hereinafter set forth, it hereby affirms and adopts the same as the basis for its judgment in this case. It is therefore concluded as a matter of law that plaintiff is not entitled to recover and the petition is dismissed.
OPINION OE TRIAL JUDGE
This is one of those tax cases which involves a small sum of money hut a large issue. It is an issue
Plaintiff,
This case involves the deductibility
As a condition of his employment, plaintiff was required to use and maintain certain manuals, tools and other equipment. Some were required while piloting the aircraft, and depended upon the type of aircraft being flown, and upon whether plaintiff was serving as captain, copilot or flight engineer.
In addition, plaintiff was required to carry certain street clothing and other personal effects for use while not in flight, because use of his airline uniform while off duty was restricted. The amount and type of such clothing varied with the geographical destination of the flight, and the length of the layover at destination. The average weight of that suitcase was 24 pounds. In summary, plaintiff was regularly required to carry a total of about 50 pounds of equipment and clothing between home and airport.
To some extent plaintiff determined his working hours and his flight assignments under a procedure whereby pilots “bid” for available flight schedules based on personal preference coupled with seniority. Plaintiff testified that during 1968 his bids were predicated on varying factors, but were primarily motivated by an interest in higher earnings, a desire to fly the most sophisticated aircraft (which is closely related to higher earnings), and an occasional need to secure certain days or weekends off as requested by his wife.
Plaintiff was required, subject to disciplinary action, to report 1 hour prior to departure for necessary preflight check-in. He could be asked to report for special flying assignments, called “reserve” assignments, on as little as 3 hours’ notice, thus allowing him as little as 2 hours to prepare and commute to the airport. In many instances, he received much longer notice (up to 24 hours) of reserve flying assignments.
In the tax year 1968, plaintiff made a total of 82 trips between residence and Logan, 74 of them on regular flying assignments requiring transportation of the earlier described flight equipment and personal items. He seeks an income tax deduction as to those 74 trips, for the difference in cost be
On the eight remaining trips to Logan in 1968, for flight training purposes not requiring the transport of equipment and baggage, plaintiff also used his private automobile, and he could recall no trip by public transportation during 1968. He explains this by noting that his commuting pattern had been established by the need to use his car when burdened with equipment on the far more numerous flying assignment trips to the airport.
The available public transportation consisted of the following. In 1968, there was a local bus stop about 500 feet from plaintiff’s residence. That bus system provided service on a regular basis to a shopping center in Framingham, Massachusetts, about 1 miles away. The service originating near his residence was on a regular basis at intervals ranging from every 15 minutes to every hour, depending on the time of day. Plaintiff’s wife could have driven him to Framingham, if necessary, to catch the next bus, which went from Framing-ham to the airport, or to downtown Boston, sometimes as an express and sometimes not, all depending on the schedule.
These large buses from Framingham to Boston had the typical storage bins underneath for baggage, so that a bus operator stopping for a passenger carrying baggage, would have to disembark and use special handles to open the storage bins and load or unload a passenger’s bags. Plaintiff was concerned that a driver might not always stop for a baggage-laden passenger, especially in inclement weather.
From downtown Boston it was a 10-minute walk to the Park Square subway terminal, and a 5-minute subway ride to the Government Center terminal. From there it was a subway ride to the airport, followed by a shuttle bus ride to the Northeast Airlines terminal. About 25 percent of Northeast’s flights departed before 9 a.m.
It was plaintiff’s testimony that the travel time from his home to the Northeast terminal at Logan by the above-described public transportation system would be approxi
When plaintiff arrived at the airport in his private automobile, he parked in an area reserved for airline employees about three-fourths of a mile from the terminal area, and took a shuttle bus to the terminal. This shuttle bus also operated on a regular schedule but, unlike the one available to those using public transportation, it had been specially adapted for flight personnel and their baggage, by removal of seats in the front of the bus.
Plaintiff testified that he declined to use the public transportation system above-described for any of his 74 regular flying assignments because it was impractical to carry his heavy equipment, tools and other baggage to the bus stop, and on and off the buses and subway trains, and to stow them in a separate luggage compartment on the large intercity bus. He states that he otherwise could have used public transportation on many flight assignments, and that he could have bid for monthly flight schedules so as to permit the use of such public transportation; but he did not testify that he would have done so, absent the baggage problem.
As the cases show, this is a key issue because we must search out the “but for” cause which triggered the use of a private automobile in this case. On that point plaintiff testified with commendable candor that if he had not been required to carry equipment, tools and baggage he “could only speculate that I would take it [public transportation] sometimes; as to how many times, or what percentage, I — it would be specula-lative, and I don’t know how much value it would be to you; I could say a third of the time perhaps — I don’t know. I wouldn’t have any business at the airport if I didn’t have my tools and instruments; they wouldn’t let me on the airplane.”
It is equally speculative whether the availability of public transportation would have been a significant factor motivat
Plaintiff owned two automobiles during 1968, a period when he and his wife were the only licensed drivers in his household. Here again one can only speculate whether the second car was maintained because of plaintiff’s special commuting problems, or for personal convenience.
In summary, plaintiff has had the burden of describing an available public transportation system, so difficult and inconvenient as to render it impractical for a commuter laden with the above-described equipment and baggage; but at the same time so convenient and practical that it would be the preferred mode of travel by a commuter not so laden. That is a difficult burden, and it has not been met.
The conclusion can fairly be drawn from the record that plaintiff would have commuted between residence and airport by private automobile, and not by public transportation, whether or not he was obliged to carry approximately 50 pounds of equipment, tools and other baggage as a condition of employment. It is concluded that travel by private automobile was selected because it offered greater comfort, convenience, reliability and flexibility in meeting mandatory schedules.
Once it is concluded that plaintiff would have employed his private vehicle to commute in any event, the carrying of his job-required equipment, tools and baggage in the car involved no additional expense to him, and it is not deductible. That is the teaching of the Supreme Court’s opinion in Fausner,
The taxpayer in Fausner was also a commercial airlines pilot, who regularly commuted by private automobile. He sought to deduct the entire cost of commuting, not just an allocable portion, as in this case. The Tax Court and later
Fausner (originating in the Fifth Circuit), specifically declined to follow the rule announced in Sullivan (Second Circuit), and Tyne (Seventh Circuit),
As stated in Fausner:
* * * This is not a situation where a proper allocation can be made by any analytical determination of actual cost of the deductible component. * * *
* ¡i: * # *
The short answer is that since he introduced no evidence that he incurred any expense in excess of nondeductible corrwmting expense in transporting his two bags, Fausner failed to carry the burden of establishing his right to the deduction claimed. * * *
*****
* * * Since the record shows that Fausner would have driven his car to and from, his place of employment anyway, we cannot find that he is entitled to what would amount to special relief which would distinguish him from other taxpayers because of the mere fortuity that he placed the bags he was required to carry in the trunk of his commuting vehicle. Congress has determined that all taxpayers shall bear the expense of commuting to and from work without receiving a deduction for that expense. This common burden cannot be negated for a particular taxpayer by the happenstance that he must carry incidentals of his occupation with him. [Emphasis supplied.] [13 ]
* * * We cannot read §262 of the Internal Revenue Code as excluding such expense from “personal” expenses because by happenstance the taxpayer must carry incidentals of his occupation with him. Additional expenses may at times be incurred for transporting job-required tools and material to and from work. Then an allocation of costs between “personal” and “business” expenses may be feasible. But no such allocation can be made here. [Footnotes omitted.] [15 ]
It is clear that the intent of the Court is that “no such allocation can be made” when, as here (and as in Fausner), the taxpayer “would have commuted by private automobile regardless of whether he had to transport his two bags.” The Second Circuit has since modified its rule in the Sullivan case to conform with Fausner,
In summary, the mere availability or adequacy of a less expensive public transportation alternative, is insufficient to trigger an allocation.
BINDINGS OP PACT
1. Plaintiff Peter I. Kallander is a commercial airline pilot. He was employed during 1968 (the tax year in issue) by Northeast Airlines which has since merged into Delta Airlines. Elaine M. Kallander is a party to this action solely because she filed a joint income tax return with her husband. Hereinafter the term plaintiff or taxpayer refers to Peter I. Kallander.
2. During the year in issue plaintiff resided at 14 Meadow Lane, Southborough, Massachusetts, which had been his home for about 25 years. Plaintiff grew up in Southborough and chose to live on the same street where his parents resided. His place of residence was not a condition of employment.
3. In 1968 Northeast Airlines was a trunk carrier, 11th in size in the United States, operating from Montreal, Canada, to Miami, Florida, and points in between. Plaintiff was based at Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts, about 30 miles from his residence. All of his flight assignments in 1968 originated and terminated at Logan.
4. As an express condition of his employment, plaintiff was required to use and maintain certain manuals, tools and other equipment. Some were required while piloting the aircraft, depending upon the type of aircraft being flown; and whether plaintiff was flying as captain, copilot or flight engineer. In 1968 plaintiff flew four different types of aircraft in various positions. Each had its own separate set of instruction manuals, which further varied with the position of pilot, or copilot.
5. As a condition of his employment, plaintiff was required to study and update his various manuals and related equipment to maintain his personal qualifications and proficiencies. Plaintiff also had to be prepared for tests by his employer and the Federal Aviation Agency at irregular intervals to insure that he was maintaining the requisite flight skills under normal and abnormal conditions.
7. Plaintiff was required to wear an airline uniform while on duty, but its use was restricted while plaintiff was off duty. Hence plaintiff was also required to carry certain street clothing and other personal effects for use while not in flight. The amount and type of such clothing varied dependent upon the geographical destination of the flight and the length of the layover period prior to return to Logan. The average weight of the suitcase in which plaintiff carried his personal clothing was 24 pounds, so that plaintiff regularly carried a total of about 50 pounds of clothing and equipment between home and airport.
8. Plaintiff determined his working hours and flight assignments to some extent by “bidding” for available flight schedules. The bidding procedure was based on relative seniority and personal preferences. During 1968 plaintiff predicated his bids on a number of factors which varied from month to month. The evidence shows that the factors which motivated him were (1) higher earnings; (2) a desire to fly the most sophisticated aircraft, which was also related to higher earnings; and (3) an occasional desire to bid for certain days or weekends off, as requested by his wife.
9. In the tax year 1968 plaintiff made a total of 82 trips between residence and Logan. Of these, 74 were related to regular flying assignments for which he was required to carry the above-described flight equipment and personnel items. As to these 74 trips, he seeks a tax deduction for the difference in cost between commuting by means of his private automobile and the corresponding cost of public transportation. He asserts that private automobile was required by reason of the described flight equipment and baggage.
11. In 1968 there was a public bus stop about 500 feet from plaintiff’s residence. It provided service on a regular basis at intervals ranging from every 15 minutes to every hour, depending on the time of day. That bus proceeded to a shopping center in Framingham, Massachusetts, about 7 miles away. Plaintiff’s wife could have driven him to Framingham, if necessary. From there plaintiff could have taken an express bus, if available, during some hours of the day direct to the airport. At other hours of the day that bus went to downtown Boston. These large buses from Framingham to Boston had storage bins underneath for baggage. When stopping for a passenger carrying 'baggage, the bus operator would have to disembark and use special handles to open the storage bins and load or unload a passenger’s bags. Plaintiff was concerned that a driver might not always stop for such a passenger, especially in inclement weather. From downtown Boston it was a 10-minute walk to Park Square subway terminal, and a 5-minute subway ride to the Government Center terminal. From there, it was a subway ride to the airport, followed by a shuttle bus ride to the Northeast terminal. About 25 percent of Northeast’s flights departed before 9 a.m.
12. Plaintiff estimated that travel time from his home to the terminal at Logan, by the above-described public transportation system, would be approximately 1 hour and 10 minutes during nonrush hour periods. He estimated normal driving time, by private automobile during corresponding periods, to be approximately 45 minutes to 1 hour and 10 minutes. It depended on traffic congestion on the expressways and in the tunnels leading to the airport. From downtown
13. Upon arrival at the airport in his private automobile, plaintiff parked in an area reserved for airline employees, about three-fourths of a mile from the terminal area. It was served by a shuttle bus operating on a regular schedule, and specially adapted for flight personnel and their baggage. Seats had been removed in the front of the bus to accommodate pilots’ and other crew members’ flight bags. The earlier mentioned public shuttle bus lacked this feature.
14. Under union contract, plaintiff was entitled to 3 hours’ notice when asked to report to Logan for special, i.e., “reserve” flying assignments. He was required (subject to disciplinary action) to report 1 hour prior to departure for preflight check-in, thus allowing him 2 hours to prepare and commute to the airport. In many instances, much longer notice (up to 24 hours) was provided for reserve flying assignments.
15. In 1968 plaintiff declined to use public transportation from residence to airport and return for any of his 74 regular flying assignments. He felt it was impractical to carry his equipment, tools and other required baggage to the bus stop, and on and off the buses and subway trains, and to stow them in a separate luggage compartment on the large bus. He states that he could have used public transportation on many flight assignments, and that he could have bid for monthly flight schedules so as to permit the use of such public transportation. But he testified that if he had not been required to carry equipment, tools and baggage, he “could only speculate that I would take it [public transportation] sometimes; as to how many times, or what percentage, I — it would be speculative, and I don’t know how much value it would be to you; I could say a third of the time perhaps — I don’t know. I wouldn’t have any business at the airport if I didn’t have my tools and instruments; they wouldn’t let me on the airplane.”
16. Plaintiff could have bid flight schedules so as to permit maximum use of public transportation, but he did not consider the possible use of public transportation in bidding for
17. Plaintiff owned two automobiles in 1968, and his household had only two licensed drivers during that year.
18. In 1968 the cost of public transportation from plaintiff’s residence to the airport was $1:82 each way. The cost of driving a private automobile at 10 cents per mile was $3 (plus tolls) each way.
ULTIMATE FINDINGS OF FACT
19. Plaintiff was required on a regular basis, and as a condition of employment, to carry approximately 50 pounds of equipment, tools and other baggage between residence and airport, and return.
20. On the evidence of record, plaintiff would have commuted between residence and airport by private automobile, and not by public transportation, whether or not he was obliged to carry approximately '50 pounds of equipment, tools and other baggage as a condition of employment. Travel by private automobile was selected because it offered greater comfort, convenience, reliability and flexibility in. meeting mandatory schedules.
21. Since plaintiff would have employed his private automobile to commute between residence and airport in any event, the carrying of the above-described equipment, tools and baggage in the automobile involved no additional expense to him.
CONCLUSION OF LAW
Upon the foregoing findings of fact and opinion, which are adopted by the court and made a part of the- judgment herein, the court concludes as a matter of law that plaintiff is not entitled to recover, and plaintiff’s petition is dismissed.
Coker v. Commissioner, 487 F. 2d 593 (2d Cir. 1973) ; Fausner v. Commissioner, 472 F. 2d 561 (5th Cir. 1973) ; Tyne v. Commissioner, 385 F. 2d 40 (7th Cir. 1967) ; and Sullivan v. Commissioner, 368 P. 2d 1007 (2d Cir. 1966).
Fausner v. Commissioner, 413 U.S. 838 (1973). See also, case note on Fausner, 26 Baylor L. Rev. 262.
Referring to Peter I. Kallander. Blaine M. Kallander is a party solely because she filed a joint income tax return with her husband.
Since merged into Delta Airlines.
As a trade or business expense under Int. Rev. Code of 1954, § 162 (26 U.S.C. § 162).
26 U.S.C. § 262 (Int. Rev. Code of 1954).
In 1968, plaintiff flew four different types of aircraft, and in various positions on each aircraft.
At 10 cents per mile, $3 each way, plus tolls.
$1.82 each way.
Note 2 supra.
Note 1 supra, 472 E. 23 at 562.
Note 1 supra.
472 F. 2d at 562-63. In Sullivan, note 1 supra, the taxpayer lived on Staten Island and worked for a construction contractor at various sites in Manhattan, Brooklyn and Staten Island. He carried a 32-pound bag of tools which he had to take back and forth each day. He also had a bad knee which rendered difficult the walking and standing required by public transportation. The Commissioner had conceded that a taxpayer may deduct reasonable driving expenses "if he can show that he would not have driven his automobile to work if it had not been necessary to take his tool bag.” [Emphasis supplied.]: 368 F. 2d at 100.8. But the court in Sullivan, confronted with the
“* * * Even If taxpayer would have driven to and from wort had It not been necessary to transport his tools, he ought to be allowed to deduct that portion of his reasonable driving evpenses which Is allocable to the transportation of tools.
*****
“* * * Eor example, where a journey Is made primarily for business but partly for personal reasons, its expenses may be allocated between the two purposes.” [Emphasis supplied.] 368 P. 2d at 1008-09.
Tyne (note 1 supra) was in accord with Sullivan.
Goiter, note 1 supra.
“* * * Fausner clearly overrules Sullivan, and holds that none of the commuting costs are deductible when, as in this case, the taxpayer would have used his automobile in any event. * * *” 487 P. 2d at 594.
See & cf. Tyne, 385 P. 2d at 42-43.