157 N.Y. 251 | NY | 1898
We think this judgment must be reversed, because it does not appear that the injury sustained by the plaintiff was due in any degree whatever to the omission of the defendant to perform any duty which, as master, he owed to his servant, this plaintiff. The learned trial judge submitted the case to the jury upon the theory that there was some evidence tending to show that the defendant omitted to perform the duty the law charges upon all masters of furnishing a reasonably safe place in which the servant may work. But an examination of the evidence will show that it furnishes no support whatever to this view. Let us examine it. In July, 1894, the defendant, in pursuance of a contract with the city of New York, was engaged in cutting down a ledge of rock on the bank of the Harlem river, work necessary to be done in order to construct the speedway. At the time the defendant commenced the work this ledge of rock rose about one hundred feet above the surface of the water, and the face of the rock was nearly at right angles with the river. The means employed in removing this rock was drilling and blasting. The work was commenced by drilling with steam drills a large number of holes twenty feet deep on the top of the bank, and about eight or ten feet from the edge. In these holes an explosive was placed, and the explosion resulted in shattering the rock and throwing out most of the fragments for a space of about thirty feet in length, twenty feet in depth, and from eight to ten feet in width. The place thus cleared out was called a bench. Upon the seat of the bench after an explosion was left necessarily a large amount of stone, both fine and coarse, and about its sides and back would sometimes be left fragments of stone *254 that had been partially but not wholly torn from their resting places by the force of the explosion. In order to provide a reasonably safe and convenient place for the steam drillers to prosecute their work requisite to the blasting out of a bench still lower down, it became necessary to clean from off the bench created by the last blast the stone and dirt that had settled there after the explosion, and men were required to climb up on the bench and so clean it off. Down at the bottom of the cliff there were some men called hand-drillers, who were at work making openings for explosives at about the height above the river required for the foundation of the speedway. That was the principal work of this defendant, but he was also required, when called upon by the foreman, to do the work of a mucker, a name given to those who shoveled off the stone and dirt that accumulated on the benches after explosions. On the 19th day of July, 1894, the plaintiff was directed by one Bundy, who was the foreman in charge of the men, to go up on the bench, which was then about forty feet above the roadway, in company with Washington and Davis, for the purpose of cleaning it off. While the plaintiff was thus engaged a large stone fell out of the wall, at a place six or seven feet above the seat of the bench, struck plaintiff's leg and crushed it so badly that it had to be amputated between the knee and the ankle.
While there was evidence tending to show that the plaintiff was actually prying out smaller stones that constituted the foundation of the stone that fell upon him, and thus it was caused to fall by his own act, there was also evidence pointing in the other direction, and, therefore, we must assume that it fell without being touched by the plaintiff, and that the cause of the accident was a blast that took place some two or three days previously. At that time the master was not present; a man named Ryan was the superintendent of the whole work, and Wilbert Bundy was the foreman in charge at this point. Now let us see what are the master's duties. He must provide a reasonably safe place in which the servant may prosecute his labors — not a "safe place," as the learned court said *255
in charging the jury. The law is reasonable and does not require impossibilities, and work along any part of the face of this precipice of one hundred feet in height could not in the very nature of things be in a safe place. In addition to the dangers of the situation, there were those incident to the use of high explosives, which were required to throw out such large quantities of rock. The master could not provide a place other than the precipice itself in which to prosecute this work; the next step was to furnish proper appliances, and it is conceded that he did so; his third duty was to employ competent and skillful men to work with this plaintiff in the discharge of the hazardous employment in which all were engaged, and the competency of the other servants of the defendant is not at all questioned. The rules referred to are those that point out the duties a master owes to a servant such as this plaintiff was, and we readily see it has not been made to appear that the defendant failed to perform any duty. But the learned trial court was of the opinion that the duty of the defendant to provide a reasonably safe place for his workmen was continuous, so that in every change in the surface of this great ledge of rock, whether occasioned by blasting out a bench or shoveling off the crushed and broken stones, the master's duty of providing a reasonably safe place for his workmen at once attached. But although the particular act of omission or commission causing the injury may be that of a fellow-servant, for whose negligent acts the master is not responsible in law, as the master's duty cannot be delegated, the respondent contends that the rule is in effect overborne in such a case as this. But it has not been understood to be the rule in this state that in the performance of work of this character the master, after making the place in the first instance reasonably safe for the prosecution of the work, has any duty to perform other than in the furnishing of safe appliances and the employment of competent and skillful employees. Under the guise of an application of the rule requiring a master to furnish a reasonably safe place for his servants to work in, other attempts before this have been made to deprive *256
a defendant of the benefit of another equally well-settled and just rule of the law of negligence, that a party shall not be held responsible to a servant for an injury occasioned by the neglect of a competent co-employee. Such an attempt was made in the case of Armour v. Hahn (
In Loughlin v. State of New York (
In Hussey v. Coger (
So in this case the master furnished everything that he was obliged to, including competent employees and a skillful foreman, and if there was any negligence on the part of any one other than the plaintiff, it was that of the foreman in omitting to give the plaintiff notice to pry off the piece of rock that fell and hit him, instead of going to work directly under it; but in this omission he was not acting in place of the master; it was an ordinary detail of the work in which the plaintiff, the foreman and the others were engaged. They were to clean off this bench and make it a safe and convenient place for the steam-drillers to work, and it necessarily included the removal from the sidewalls of loosened fragments of rock that threatened to fall; but this the plaintiff apparently did not think of doing, nor did it occur to the foreman that there was danger, or, if it did, he omitted to speak about it. In that omission he may have been negligent, but it was the negligence of a fellow-servant, although in the performance of the work he was the plaintiff's foreman, for it was not the master's duty to tell the plaintiff to take down threatening fragments of stone, made dangerous by the plaintiff or his co-employees, before working under them, or to take them down for him. It formed one of the many details of the work incident to the removal of this rocky cliff, which the defendant had a right to intrust to a skillful foreman and *259 competent workmen, after providing them with the necessary and proper machinery, appliances and tools.
The cases to which we have referred have been lately approved in McCampbell v. C.S. Co. (
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide event.
All concur, except O'BRIEN, BARTLETT and VANN, JJ., dissenting.
Judgment reversed, etc.