OPINION
Jose Perez-Arellano appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for attorney’s fees and costs under the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). His petition was filed after the district court granted the parties’ joint motion for dismissal of Perez-Arella-no’s action, which sought review of the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s (“INS”) denial of his application for naturalization. The INS granted naturalization upon Perez-Arellano’s re-submission of his naturalization application. Perez-Arellano contends that the district court erred in denying attorney’s fees under the EAJA. He asserts that attorney’s fees are warranted because the INS’ position was not substantially justified. The district court rejected this claim, finding that the INS’ position was substantially justified.
We affirm the district court’s denial of attorney’s fees, but on the ground that Perez-Arellano was not a “prevailing party.”
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Perez-Arellano first applied for naturalization in 1996, and the INS denied his application because he failed the necessary English-language test. In 1997 Perez-Ar-ellano again applied for citizenship, but his application was denied for willful failure to reveal a prior arrest and conviction for driving under the influence of alcohol. The INS found that this false testimony given under oath barred the finding of good moral character that is necessary for naturalization.
On administrative appeal to the INS, Perez-Arellano argued that he had not intentionally lied during the INS interview. He pointed out that he had accurately reported that he had been deported in 1984, but at the time of interview did not recall the DUI that had occurred more than two decades earlier. The District Adjudications Officer requested that Perez-Arellano submit court-certified copies of his 1977 conviction for drunk driving. Perez-Arellano submitted that disposition to the INS. It indicated that PereznArella-no was required to pay a $375 fine, to be paid at $40 per month. Perez-Arellano did not pay the fine until May 4, 1999, twenty-one years after the conviction and one week after his appeal hearing with the INS. The INS upheld the denial of naturalization on appeal, for lack of good moral character.
Perez-Arellano then filed an action in federal district court seeking de novo review of the INS’ denial of his 1997 application. The parties filed a joint status report that proposed that the case be held in
Perez-Arellano then filed a petition for EAJA fees and costs. See 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d). The district court denied the petition for fees, finding that the government had met its burden of showing that its position was substantially justified.
Perez-Arellano appeals.
DISCUSSION
For the court to award attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to the EAJA, it must be shown that (1) the plaintiff is the prevailing party; (2) the government has not met its burden of showing that its positions were substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust; and (3) the requested attorney’s fees and costs are reasonable. See 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A).
Although the parties do not address whether Perez-Arellano was a “prevailing party” for purposes of an award under the statute, a recent Supreme Court case calls into question Perez-Arellano’s “prevailing party” status.
In Buckhannon, although interpreting statutes other than the EAJA, the Supreme Court repudiated the “catalyst theory”
Although the Buckhannon case involves the fee-shifting provisions of the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (“FHAA”), 42 U.S.C. § 3613(c)(2), and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12205, the Supreme Court’s express rule of decision sweeps more broadly and its reasoning is persuasively applicable to an award of attorney’s fees under the EAJA. In Buckhannon, the Supreme Court explicitly referred to “[n]u-merous federal statutes [that] allow courts to award attorney’s fees and costs to the ‘prevailing party,’ ” id. at 1838, and noted that it has consistently interpreted the nearly identical fee-shifting provisions of other statutes, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k), the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1975, 42 U.S.C. § 19731(e), and the Civil Rights Attorney’s Fees Awards Act of 1976, 42 U.S.C. § 1988, id. at 1839. The Supreme Court did not expressly limit its interpretation of “prevailing party” to the FHAA, ADA, and those statutes listed as examples of similar text.
It might be argued that the Supreme Court’s Buckhannon decision should be viewed as binding precedent only with respect to the statutes there in issue, the FHAA and the ADA, each of which provides attorney’s fees for a “prevailing party” who makes a claim under it. Doubtless the same words in different statutes may have different meanings if a different intention of Congress is manifest in the purpose, history, and overall design or context of the statute. See Atl. Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United States,
We therefore hold that a “prevailing party” under the EAJA must be one who has gained by judgment or consent decree a “material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties.”
Here, the parties did not litigate to judgment the initial federal court action seeking review of the INS’ denial of Perez-Arellano’s 1997 application for naturalization. The action was held in abeyance by the court upon agreement of counsel. During the period while the action was deferred, Perez-Arellano tried anew to obtain the benefit of naturalization at the administrative level by re-submitting an application to the INS. He was successful because the INS then voluntarily granted his application for naturalization. His change of status was the result of the INS’ voluntary decision and was not compelled by the district court. The lawsuit was dismissed by the court upon joint motion of the parties. Consequently, although Perez-Arellano obtained his goal of naturalization, there was no enforceable judgment on the merits nor any enforceable settlement agreement.
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. The Ninth Circuit may affirm the district court’s decision to deny attorney's fees on any ground supported by the record. See United States v. Soueiti,
. Under the "catalyst theory,” "a plaintiff is a ‘prevailing party' if it achieves the desired result because the lawsuit brought about a voluntary change in the defendant's conduct.” Buckhannon,
. The Sixth Circuit has held that "[t]he legislative history of section 2412 indicates that Congress intended that 'prevailing party' as used in the Equal Access to Justice Act be read consistently with its use in other fee-shifting statutes.” Heeren v. City of Jamestown,
. The United States Court of Federal Claims in Brickwood Contractors, Inc. v. United States,
The court in Brickwood also noted the difference in the wording of the fee-shifting provisions of the FHAA and ADA from that of the fee-shifting provision of the EAJA. Id. at 745-46. The FHAA and ADA state that "the court ... may allow the prevailing party ... a reasonable attorney's fee.” 42 U.S.C. § 3613(c)(2) (emphasis added); 42 U.S.C. § 12205 (emphasis added). The EAJA states that "a court shall award to a prevailing party ... fees ... unless the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A) (emphasis added). This distinction makes no difference for the present purpose. All three statutes use the identical term, "prevailing party.” There is no reason to assume this
Brickwood further stated that the EAJA establishes a presumption that the prevailing party is entitled to attorney's fees unless the government’s position was not "substantially justified.” Brickwood,
Brickwood is not persuasive to us, but we find persuasive instead the decisions of other courts that have given heed to the Supreme Court’s reasoning and held that "prevailing party” under the EAJA must be interpreted with reference to Buckhannon. See Alcocer v. INS, No. 300CV2015-H,
. In Barrios v. Calif. Interscholastic Fed’n, 111 F.3d 1128 (9th Cir.2002), we recently addressed the relationship between an enforceable settlement agreement and prevailing party status for statutory attorney’s fee award purposes. Because no settlement agreement is involved in this case, we need not address whether Perez-Arellano would qualify for prevailing party status under that theory.