Percy D. AYRES, Appellant, v. MERRILL LYNCH, PIERCE, FENNER & SMITH, INC.
No. 75-2007
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit
June 28, 1976
538 F.2d 532
Argued March 11, 1976.
Decided June 28, 1976.
C. Clark Hodgson, Jr., Stradley, Ronon, Stevens & Young, Philadelphia, Pa. and Roger J. Hawke, Brown, Wood, Ivey, Mitchell & Petty, New York City, for appellee.
Harvey L. Pitt, Gen. Counsel, Paul Gonson, Associate Gen. Counsel, Frederic T. Spindel, Asst. Gen. Counsel, Martin S. Berglas, Atty., S. E. C., Washington, D. C., amicus curiae.
Before VAN DUSEN and WEIS, Circuit Judges, and STERN, District Judge.
OPINION OF THE COURT
VAN DUSEN, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from a district court judgment entered July 7, 1975, confirming a decision rendered by arbitrators of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE“). The principal question involves the applicability and validity of an Exchange arbitration rule in the context of a dispute arising under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder.1 For the reasons set forth below, we vacate the judgment of the district court and remand for further proceedings.
During a period, from 1945-1970, plaintiff-appellant, Percy D. Ayres, was employed as a registered representative or “account executive” with the firm of Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., a well-known broker-dealer. Through various stock purchases and stock dividends, Ayres became the owner of 8,000 shares of Merrill Lynch common stock. In connection with his original and subsequent purchases, Ayres entered into agreements with Merrill Lynch which, inter alia, gave Merrill Lynch an option, exercisable for any reason on 90 days’ notice, to repurchase all or any part of such stock held by Ayres. Merrill Lynch stock was not publicly owned during the period, and Ayres was permitted to own the stock solely because of his status as an employee.
The complaint alleged that, in the spring of 1970, Merrill Lynch began actively to explore the possibility of making a public offering of its stock. By July, the corporation‘s management had made an initial decision to go public and was taking prelimi
Advised by a fellow employee of the possibility that Merrill Lynch would exercise its 90-day options upon his retirement, Ayres approached a Merrill Lynch vice president to inquire about the firm‘s plans. The vice president told Ayres that he would take up the matter with the corporation‘s executives in New York and subsequently reported that Ayres would, in fact, be required to sell his stock if he chose to retire. Neither the vice president with whom Ayres spoke nor any other representative of Merrill Lynch informed Ayres of the prospective public offering. Unaware of the firm‘s plans, Ayres decided, on the basis of available information, to retire and thus to sell his 8,000 shares. Merrill Lynch subsequently purchased Ayres’ stock for $209,064.
Asserting that Merrill Lynch had “wrongfully concealed” material non-public information in connection with the purchase and sale of securities, in violation of
Defendant Merrill Lynch responded to the complaint by moving, pursuant to § 3 of the United States Arbitration Act,
The district court agreed with Merrill Lynch‘s contentions that Exchange Rule 347(b) was applicable on its face and was exempt from the anti-waiver provision of the Act. Accordingly, by opinion and order dated January 19, 1973, the court stayed all
In our view, the primary question presented by this appeal concerns the district court‘s conclusion that the arbitration agreement embodied in Exchange Rule 347(b) governs this controversy. That Rule provides:
“Any controversy between a registered representative and any . . . member organization arising out of the employment or termination of employment of such registered representative by and with such . . . member organization shall be settled by arbitration, at the instance of any such party, in accordance with the arbitration procedure described elsewhere in these rules.”
Acknowledging that the present controversy “does not clearly and squarely relate to the business functions and commercial transactions normally engaged in by a registered representative of the Exchange in the performance of his prescribed duties,”7 the district court nevertheless concluded that the dispute in this case was “any controversy . . . arising out of [Ayres‘] employment or termination of employment” with Merrill Lynch and hence fell within the purview of Exchange Rule 347(b). The exclusive basis for this determination was the fact that Ayres was initially permitted to purchase Merrill Lynch stock solely because of his status as an employee.Ayres v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, supra, 353 F.Supp. at 1087, 1091.
Although we find the question not free from doubt, we do not think that Exchange Rule 347(b) was intended to cover a controversy that has a causal connection to the fact of employment as remote as that involved in this dispute. All of the cases that have applied Exchange Rule 347(b) concerned the terms of the consensual relationship between registered representatives and Exchange members and the respective rights and duties of the parties as employer and employee.8 While we have no occasion to mark the bounds of Exchange Rule 347(b), we believe the Rule was primarily designed to cover such disputes and that the present controversy falls outside the perimeter of the rule.
In our view, the dispute here has its primary genesis in an alleged securities fraud and concerns Ayres’ rights under federal and state securities laws as a stockholder and as a seller of securities. It does not center on Ayres’ rights as a former employee under any consensual arrangement relating to the terms and conditions of his employment or termination. Although, in a purely factual sense, the claims are connected with the termination of employment, the legal rights being asserted have a source wholly independent of the employment relationship. Arbitration is a matter of contract, and we do not think Ayres can rea
The Supreme Court has characterized Exchange Rule 347(b) as relating to the “exchange‘s housekeeping affairs” and has suggested it deals primarily with “the area of wage claims.” Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith v. Ware, 414 U.S. 117, 136, 94 S.Ct. 383, 38 L.Ed.2d 348 (1973). To conclude that the Rule applied under the unusual circumstances of this case would be, in our view, to stretch the Rule well beyond those goals. Here the arbitrators would be called upon to apply legal precepts whose importance transcends the Exchange‘s interests in self-governance and to draw upon far more than the specialized knowledge of industry needs and practices that makes arbitration appropriate when the terms and conditions of the employment relationship are at issue. Cf. Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36, 56-57, 94 S.Ct. 1011, 39 L.Ed.2d 147 (1974). Moreover, the Securities and Exchange Commission, which now has jurisdiction to amend, modify or repeal any Exchange rule, opposes any construction which would make Exchange Rule 347(b) applicable under the circumstances of this case. See
Our conclusion that Exchange Rule 347(b) is inapplicable here is buttressed by the fact that even if Exchange Rule 347(b) was intended to govern controversies such as this, we believe it would, in any event, be unenforceable and invalid as applied to this case.9 In Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L.Ed. 168 (1953), the Supreme Court held that the anti-waiver provision of the Securities Act of 1933,
we note that Congress appears to have accepted the view that Wilko v. Swan applies in the 10b-5 context. Cf. H.R.Rep.No.94-229, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., at 111 (1975), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1975, p. 321.
Merrill Lynch contends that the anti-waiver provision of the Securities Exchange Act and the policy considerations articulated in Wilko are inapplicable here because Ayres’ complaint fails to state a claim for relief under the Act. Relying on Ryan v. J. Walter Thompson Co., 453 F.2d 444 (2d Cir. 1971) (per curiam), cert. denied, 406 U.S. 907, 92 S.Ct. 1611, 31 L.Ed.2d 817 (1972), Merrill Lynch argues that the facts it failed to disclose concerning the planned public offering were not “material” from Ayres’ standpoint because “regardless of what he knew or did not know,” Ayres was, in any event, contractually obligated under the 90-day option agreement to sell his Merrill Lynch stock. See Ryan v. J. Walter Thompson, supra, 453 F.2d at 447. We disagree.
In Ryan, the plaintiff brought a 10b-5 action against his former employer which had exercised its contractual option to purchase his stock but had not informed him of its plans to go public. Because Ryan‘s sale was totally involuntary from his own point of view, the court concluded that the undisclosed facts were not material.13 In the present case, this critical element of lack of choice on the plaintiff‘s part is lacking. According to the complaint, Ayres’ voluntary decision to retire was also a voluntary decision to sell. The complaint alleges that Ayres could and would have elected not to retire and not to sell his stock had he known of Merrill Lynch‘s plans.14 More significantly, before discussing the merits of the 10b-5 claim, the Ryan court noted its agreement with the district court‘s holding on summary judgment, that the repurchase option in that case was valid under New York law. Here, in contrast, the district court has made no such determination. Without intending to finally determine an issue on which the trial judge has yet to express a view, we note that arguments can be made that Merrill Lynch‘s option agreement, as exercised in this case, was invalid under either federal or state law and that the information Merrill Lynch failed to disclose was therefore material. See St. Louis Union Trust Co. v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., supra note 3, at 20-28.15 Under these circumstances, we be-
Merrill Lynch also argues that § 28(b) of the Securities Exchange Act exempts Exchange Rule 347(b) from the invalidating effect of the anti-waiver provision of the Act. As amended,16 § 28(b) provides:
“Nothing in this title shall be construed to modify existing law with regard to the binding effect (1) on any member of or participant in any self-regulatory organization of any action taken by the authorities of such organization to settle disputes between its members or participants, . . . or (3) of any action described in paragraph (1) . . . on any person who has agreed to be bound thereby.”
Merrill Lynch argues that § 28(b)(3) operates to preserve the “binding effect” on Ayres of Exchange Rule 347(b). In their view, promulgation of Exchange Rule 347(b) constituted the type of “action” contemplated by the statute and Ayres is a “person who has agreed to be bound thereby.”
We agree with Merrill Lynch that the term “action taken by the authorities . . . to settle disputes between members or participants” includes Exchange “action” in prescribing compulsory arbitration rules and is not limited to the actions of Exchange arbitrators in settling pre-existing disputes. See Axelrod & Co. v. Kordich, Victor & Neufeld, 451 F.2d 838, 841 (2d Cir. 1971); Brown v. Gilligan, Will & Co., 287 F.Supp. 766, 774 & n. 18 (S.D.N.Y. 1968);
Our construction of § 28(b) is mandated by the plain and unambiguous language of the statute. It is, as well, the interpretation suggested by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which has appeared in this case as amicus curiae. As the agency charged with the duty of administering the Securities Exchange Act and of supervising the stock exchanges’ regulatory procedures, its view is to be given consideration. See, e. g. Saxbe v. Bustos, 419 U.S. 65, 74, 95 S.Ct. 272, 42 L.Ed.2d 231 (1974).
The only case whose holding is arguably inconsistent with the view we have taken is Axelrod & Co. v. Kordich, Victor & Neufeld, 451 F.2d 838 (2d Cir. 1971). But see Newman v. Shearson, Hammill & Co., 383 F.Supp. 265 (W.D.Tex.1974). But the court in Axelrod did not discuss the question of whether § 28(b) was limited to “disputes between members” and decided the question sub silentio, without apparent recognition of the problem. Moreover, Axelrod is distinguishable on both factual and policy grounds.18 See Newman v. Shearson, Hammill & Co., supra, 383 F.Supp. at 268-69.
For all of the foregoing reasons, including our view of the applicable federal policies, we conclude that Exchange Rule 347(b) did not require arbitration of the present controversy. Accordingly, we vacate the July 7, 1975, judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.19
Percy Ayres became a registered representative with Merrill Lynch in 1945. For the next 25 years he worked as a professional dealer in securities. At the time he was hired, he agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the New York Stock Exchange and to be bound by the rules of the Exchange and all amendments thereto. He reaffirmed that agreement in 1961, when he applied for Exchange approval to become the holder of Merrill Lynch non-voting common stock. Ayres purchased a total of 2,000 shares of Merrill Lynch in two separate transactions in January 1962 and December 1964. The total purchase price was $49,741.50. With each purchase Ayres executed a Stock Subscription Agreement under which Merrill Lynch reserved the absolute right at any time to repurchase any or all of Ayres’ stock on 90-days’ notice. As the majority notes, ante at 533, the option to repurchase was exercisable for any reason. Over the years Ayres’ stock split several times, and on the date of his retirement he held 8,000 shares. Merrill Lynch exercised its repurchase option when Ayres retired on or about October 1, 1970, and required Ayres to sell his stock to Merrill Lynch for $209,064.00.
The gravamen of Ayres’ claim is his allegation that Merrill Lynch withheld from him the information that it was planning to go public. Ayres contends that if the corporation had informed him of the upcoming public offering he would have decided not to retire in the hope of realizing still greater appreciation of his stock. He claims that his decision not to retire would have caused Merrill Lynch not to exercise its admittedly absolute and unqualified right to repurchase. Thus, according to Ayres, Merrill Lynch withheld from him material information in connection with his sale of stock to Merrill Lynch, in violation of Rule 10b-5.
I am unable to concur in the Court‘s opinion. I cannot agree that this complaint states a claim under Rule 10b-5, and I therefore find the Court‘s analysis of Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L.Ed. 168 (1953), inapplicable.
Congress intended, in enacting section 10(b), “to eliminate deceptive and unfair practices in security trading and to protect the public from inaccurate, incomplete and misleading information. The thrust of the Act and the decisions interpreting it is to give the investing public the opportunity to make knowing and intelligent decisions regarding the purchase or sale of securities.” Kahan v. Rosenstiel, 424 F.2d 161, 173 (3rd Cir. 1970). Cf. Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 96 S.Ct. 1375, 47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976). This Court held in Rochez Bros., Inc. v. Rhoades, 491 F.2d 402, 408 (3rd Cir. 1974):
The test of the materiality of undisclosed or misrepresented facts is basically an objective one—i. e., whether “a reasonable man would attach importance [to them] in determining his choice of action in the transaction in question.” List v. Fashion Park, Inc., 340 F.2d 457, 462 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 811 [86 S.Ct. 23, 15 L.Ed.2d 60] (1965).
To the extent that Ayres had any choice to make, it was not a decision to sell securities. The decision was whether to retire or not. This decision, and this alone, was what would have been influenced by the information which Ayres claims was withheld by Merrill Lynch. See Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723, 95 S.Ct. 1917, 44 L.Ed.2d 539 (1975); Landy v. FDIC, 486 F.2d 139 (3rd Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 960, 94 S.Ct. 1979, 40 L.Ed.2d 312 (1974). In my view any controversy concerning this decision is one “arising out of the employment or termination of employment” of Ayres with Merrill Lynch, and is governed by Exchange Rule 347(b).
The assertion in the complaint that Ayres’ decision to retire amounted to a decision to sell his stock, because it influenced Merrill Lynch‘s decision to exercise its option to repurchase, is well answered by the Second Circuit‘s opinion in Ryan v. J. Walter Thompson Co., 453 F.2d 444 (2nd Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 406 U.S. 907, 92 S.Ct. 1611, 31 L.Ed.2d 817 (1972). In that case the court began with an observation equally apposite here:
This case is another example of a trend we have observed with disturbing frequency, namely, the invocation of the salutary anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws in cases where those provisions are wholly inappropriate and wide of the Congressional mark.
The court held that an employee-stockholder‘s lack of knowledge of his company‘s plans to go public, under circumstances similar to those before us, could afford him no basis for relief under Rule 10b-5:
With respect to the Rule 10b-5 claim, the District Court held that, since Ryan was obligated to sell his shares to JWT in January 1969, whatever he knew or did not know regarding JWT‘s plans to go public was irrelevant. We agree. See Fershtman v. Schectman, 450 F.2d 1357, 1360 (2nd Cir. 1971).
Under the facts alleged in this complaint, I would apply the Ryan rule and affirm.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.
Notes
Section 29(a) of the 1934 Act,“Any condition, stipulation, or provision binding any person acquiring any security to waive compliance with any provision of this subchapter or of the rules and regulations of the Commission shall be void.”
“Any condition, stipulation, or provision binding any person to waive compliance with any provision of this chapter or of any rule or regulation thereunder, or of any rule of an exchange required thereby shall be void.”
R. Jennings & H. Marsh, Securities Regulation, 1128 n. 33 (3d ed. 1972). See also Fershtman v. Schectman, 450 F.2d 1357, 1360 (2d Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 1066, 92 S.Ct. 1500, 31 L.Ed.2d 796 (1972).“If the other party to the transaction has no choice in the matter, then no information is ‘material’ to him.”
The court held the option involved in that case was unenforceable.“The nondisclosure was part of a scheme to maintain management control and to increase the per share earnings of Merrill Lynch stock prior to a public offering at the expense of plaintiffs and other non-employee shareholders. A means of accomplishing these purposes lay near at hand: exercising the corporation‘s option to call the stock of shareholders who had left the employ of Merrill Lynch through termination, retirement, or death.”
“[T]he policy considerations relied on by the Supreme Court in Wilko are inapposite here, the Supreme Court found that the non-waiver provision there involved was designed to protect investors. 346 U.S. at 431, 74 S.Ct. 182. Without such provision, financial houses might escape statutory liability by taking advantage of the inferior bargaining position of customers. But the legislative policy of protecting investors will not be thwarted by compelling an exchange member to arbitrate, at the instance of a nonmember, a dispute which is arbitrable under the exchange‘s constitution.”