THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. WENDOL YARBER, Defendant and Appellant. THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. BONNIE SUE YARBER, Defendant and Appellant.
Crim, No. 17077. Crim. No. 16836.
First Dist., Div. Three.
Mar. 23, 1979.
81 Cal. App. 3d 895
William D. Farber and Quin Denvir, State Public Defender, under appointments by the Court of Appeal, Clifton R. Jeffers, Chief Assistant State Public Defender, B. E. Bergesen III and Gary D. Sowards, Deputy State Public Defenders, for Defendants and Appellants.
Evelle J. Younger and George Deukmejian, Attorneys General, Jack R. Winkler and Robert H. Philibosian, Chief Assistant Attorneys General, Edward P. O‘Brien, Assistant Attorney General, Derald E. Granberg and John H. Sugiyama, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
FEINBERG, J.—Appellant Wendol Yarber was found guilty by jury of 18 counts of oral copulation with a minor (
Criminal proceedings were adjourned, and mentally disordered sex offender proceedings were instituted against both appellants. Ultimately Bonnie was sentenced to prison. On April 28, 1977, the court found that appellant Wendol was a mentally disordered sex offender and committed him to a state hospital. Both defendants appeal.
The testimony of five girls in their early teenage years showed that they had been present on several occasions during the early summer of 1976 in the apartment of the appellants, where they (or some of them) were allowed to view films on sexual themes, to observe sex acts between appellants, and to engage in oral copulation with appellant Wendol. Appellants did not testify, but appellant Bonnie‘s sister, an alleged victim, was called by the prosecution and denied that the sex acts had taken place. The testimony was uncontradicted that no coercion had been applied to the girls, and, in fact, they solicited each other to perform the sex acts. There was evidence that on occasion they screened the films for themselves, and three of the girls made home movies of each other orally copulating Wendol. Two of the girls once accompanied Wendol to an adult book store where one overheard him inquire with regard to developing the movie films. None of the films or other corroborating physical evidence was introduced.
The crucial events so far as Bonnie is concerned took place between June 12 and June 17. Wendol was charged with engaging in oral copulation with one or more of the girls on June 12, 14, 15 and 17. Bonnie was charged with offenses on June 15 and 17. No proof was presented at trial concerning illegal acts on the 15th, and the charges relating to that date were “dismissed” by the court, leaving Bonnie charged only with what occurred on the 17th. One of the girls, Mary S., testified that she orally copulated Wendol on June 12 at the request of Renee M., another girl. She testified that she repeated the act on June 14 at Bonnie‘s request.
Wendol was found guilty of having committed the offense with Mary on June 14 and 17, among other dates, and Bonnie with having aided and abetted him on the 17th.
A. Appellants’ contentions as to Mary S.‘s testimony about Wendol‘s statement.
Both appellants complain of the admission of certain testimony of Mary S.
Mary S. testified that she went with Wendol to an adult book store where he “wanted to know if that man could get some films developed for him . . . the ones that were made at his apartment.” The district attorney offered the testimony on the issue of “intent,” and an objection on the ground of “hearsay” was sustained. Eventually, the testimony was allowed in evidence not on the question of intent but “as an admission” by Wendol and for the “sole purpose” of showing that films were made involving the participants in the alleged acts. In his argument, the district attorney referred to this testimony and said that it proved intent on the part of both appellants. Bonnie‘s attorney objected that the testimony was not admitted as to his client. The court noted the objection and directed the district attorney to proceed with his argument.
Mary‘s testimony as to Wendol‘s statement was hearsay. Because the statement was a statement of a party, it was an exception to the hearsay rule and admissible against Wendol. (
The statement had no tendency to prove “intent.” There was not even an issue of intent in the case, the evidence being such that “the acts, if committed, indisputably show an evil intent.” (People v. Kelley (1967) 66 Cal.2d 232, 243.)
For these reasons, the district attorney should not have been allowed to argue that the testimony proved Bonnie‘s intent. But for precisely the same reasons, her contention that she was denied an opportunity to cross-examine Mary and was harmed by the evidence is without force.
The testimony did not add anything substantial to Mary‘s other testimony as to the making of the films and Bonnie‘s burning them. To the extent that it proved that the films were made, it proved nothing as to whether Wendol engaged in oral copulation with Mary on June 17 or whether Bonnie aided and abetted him. Her contradictory testimony placed the making of the films both before and after June 17, but, whenever they were made, she did not indicate that Bonnie played a part in making them.
It is contended on Wendol‘s behalf that this testimony varied from the district attorney‘s offer of proof and did not identify the films sought to be developed with the films made of and by the girls. It could not be contended that the testimony was irrelevant, simply that it had limited probative value. But, by the same token, it had a negligible prejudicial effect. Thus there was no reason to exclude it.
The more serious contention in this regard is that the judge, in admonishing the jury that the evidence was being received for a limited
No objection was made to this statement, nor was any clarifying admonition sought at trial.
The judge did not say that the testimony showed that films were made at the apartment, only that it was admitted for the purpose of showing that fact. At the conclusion of the case, the judge instructed the jury that he had “not intended . . . to intimate or suggest what you should find to be the facts. . . .”
Again, the testimony of Mary stood or fell according to whether the jury believed or disbelieved her allegations that she had orally copulated Wendol on a number of occasions and did not depend for support on her further allegation that he spoke of a photographic record of such acts.
B. Appellant Wendol Yarber asserts prosecutorial misconduct as impairing the presumption of innocence.
During his opening statement, the district attorney, referring to Bonnie‘s sister, said “the sixth witness, the evidence will show, we‘ve been unable to subpoena but that we fully expect her to testify, in that she has been subpoenaed by the defense.” Wendol‘s and Bonnie‘s trial attorneys objected and moved for a mistrial, and Wendol (but not Bonnie) now seeks reversal on the ground that the district attorney‘s statement implied that the defendants had a burden of producing evidence to disprove the charges.
It appears from the record that such an implication was not intended by the district attorney. That the defense had to call a witness is a secondary inference to be drawn from the remark; the primary inference is that they would do so. Certainly, it is no secret to jurors that defendants do call witnesses.
Although he might have been more specific, the judge promptly told the jurors to disregard the remark. As it turned out, Bonnie‘s sister was called as a witness on behalf of the prosecution. The judge fully and
C. Appellant Wendol Yarber‘s assertion of error arising out of the trial court‘s failure to ascertain whether appellant should be treated as a mentally disordered sex offender at a facility other than a state hospital.
Upon adjourning criminal proceedings and instituting mentally disordered sex offender proceedings as to Wendol, the trial judge appointed psychiatrists and ordered them to report as to whether Wendol “would benefit from care and treatment in a state hospital.” His attorney requested that advice also be sought as to whether he would be amenable to treatment in a facility other than a state hospital. The judge expressed the view that the issue for the psychiatrists was whether the offender were “treatable,” not where he should be treated.
On the basis of the doctor‘s reports and the probation report, the court found that Wendol was a mentally disordered sex offender and that “he could benefit by treatment in a state hospital . . . ,” and committed him to the Department of Mental Health for placement in Atascadero State Hospital pursuant to
1. The court-appointed experts made no recommendation as to whether defendant could be treated in some mental health facility other than a state hospital.
The statute providing for the appointment of psychologists or psychiatrists in a mentally disordered sex offender proceeding,
Although the better practice may be for the court to direct the appointed experts to state an opinion as to whether an offender could benefit from treatment in a facility other than a state hospital, it does not necessarily follow that the offender has a procedural right that the court do so. The offender does have other means to the same end. He can informally seek the opinion of the court-appointed psychologists or psychiatrists on this question. He can call them as witnesses at the hearing. (
Moreover, as we shall discuss below,
Before being committed to Atascadero, Wendol was not evaluated by the county mental health director. It is contended on appeal that his commitment was therefore void.
The first paragraph of
Prior to 1975,
The respondent contends that the amendment contemplated a reference to the county mental health director only if the court was thinking in terms of a commitment to other than a state hospital. We disagree. In our view, the Legislature intended that before a court decided to commit a defendant to a mental health facility, it would have the recommendation of the county mental health director as to whether the commitment should be to a state hospital or to some other mental health facility.5 It would seem absurd to say, in effect, that the court should make up its mind as to what facility the defendant should be committed before it receives information from the county mental health director as to what facility may be appropriate. Our view is buttressed by the fact, as we have noted above, that the recommendations of the court-appointed experts, under
Numerous cases hold that procedural errors or omissions in mentally disordered sex offender commitment proceedings render the commitment void. (People v. Succop (1967) 67 Cal.2d 785, 789; In re Acosta (1971) 21 Cal.App.3d 51, 54; In re Baker (1970) 5 Cal.App.3d 55, 57; People v. Harvath (1969) 1 Cal.App.3d 521, 525-526; People v. Hunter (1969) 270 Cal.App.2d 683, 685; People v. McDonald (1968) 257 Cal.App.2d 846, 849-850.)
Respondent argues that “appellant has a limited equitable basis for claiming error,” because he submitted the question of his mentally disordered sex offender status on the reports and failed to request an evaluation by the county mental health director. However, even if he had had a full hearing, an evaluation by the county director would not have been a part of it, and, absent a showing that he knew his right to an
The failure to order an evaluation by the county mental health director was prejudicial, i.e., the result of such an evaluation might well have been a recommendation for treatment other than in a state hospital. Wendol had no known prior record except “spending two weeks in jail in Arkansas when he was 15 years of age as a result of a family argument” and “one overnight in an Oklahoma jail for being drunk.” Prior to his arrest for this offense, he had worked for the same employer for three years as a machine operator. He and Bonnie had children, now 10 and 7, and there is nothing in the record to indicate that he molested them. He had sought psychotherapy on his own initiative. His condition was evaluated at various mental hospitals as “a mixture of the features of schizophrenia and depression.”
Though the error was prejudicial, the march of events may have made the matter largely moot. Almost two years have elapsed since the date of commitment. For all that we know, defendant may no longer be at the state facility. He may have been transferred to a local facility (see
The other points raised by appellant in connection with his commitment as a mentally disordered sex offender need not be discussed in view of the resolution made above.
D. Appeal of Bonnie Yarber.
We consider, in addition to the error claimed by appellant Bonnie discussed in part A above, her contention that there was evidence on the basis of which the jury might have found that Mary S. was her
1. Failure to give, sua sponte, instructions as to the testimony of an accomplice with respect to Mary S.
It is contended on appellant Bonnie‘s behalf that, if her liability for Wendol and Mary S.‘s engaging in oral copulation is premised on her “aiding and abetting” Wendol by encouraging Mary to orally copulate him, then Mary may have been an accomplice, depending on the jury determination of her capacity to commit the crime, and the court, therefore, should have, on its own motion, instructed the jury that accomplice testimony is untrustworthy (CALJIC No. 3.18) and insufficient unless corroborated (CALJIC No. 3.11).
An accomplice is defined by the Penal Code as “one who is liable to prosecution for the identical offense charged against the defendant. . . .” (
In People v. McRae (1947) 31 Cal.2d 184, the defendant was charged with violating
Moreover, it is the general rule that a person for whose protection a penal statute is intended is not liable to prosecution for aiding and abetting the violation of that statute.
“The essence of the offense is its tendency to debauch or corrupt minors. . . . In such circumstances, ‘the minor is regarded as a victim and not as an accomplice whose testimony it is necessary to corroborate under the provision of section 1111 of the Penal Code.’ [Citation.]
“Defendant argues that since the girl here was concerned in the commission of the crime, she was a principal under section 31 of the Penal Code so as to be liable to prosecution for the identical offense, and section 1111 of the Penal Code, requiring corroboration of the testimony of an accomplice, would therefore be applicable. But ‘an accomplice must stand in the same relation to the crime as the person charged therewith and must approach it from the same direction.’ [Citation.] Since the minor involved is the victim and the offense . . . is the harmful act to that victim with the resulting harm to society in general, it necessarily follows that in a prosecution under that section the minor involved cannot be held a principal in the sense of being subject to prosecution for the same identical offense, within the meaning of section 1111 of the Penal Code. [Citation.]”
De Paula is followed in People v. Poindexter (1958) 51 Cal.2d 142, 149-150 [furnishing a narcotic (marijuana) to a minor]; People v. Montalvo (1971) 4 Cal.3d 328, 331 [ditto (heroin)]; De Paula and Poindexter are followed in a number of intermediate appellate decisions, some of which are collected in People v. Thomas (1968) 267 Cal.App.2d 698, 703, disapproved on other grounds in People v. Mayberry (1975) 15 Cal.3d 143, 158; see Williams v. Superior Court (1973) 30 Cal.App.3d 8 (a prostitute cannot be charged with conspiracy in a case in which the alleged coconspirator is her pimp or panderer).
2. Sufficiency of the evidence and instructions as to aiding and abetting.
According to the testimony of Mary S., Bonnie asked her if she would orally copulate Wendol on June 14. Mary said she orally copulated Wendol on June 17 but at no one‘s request. Wendol was convicted of violating
Appellant urges, and respondent concedes, that, whatever the reason for the jury‘s having found Bonnie guilty (see fn. 2 above), she could not properly have been convicted of an offense occurring on the 17th based solely on what she did on the 14th.
This conclusion is based on the general principle that “Due process of law requires that an accused be advised of the charges against him in order that he may have a reasonable opportunity to prepare and present his defense and not be taken by surprise by evidence offered at his trial” (In re Hess (1955) 45 Cal.2d 171, 175) and on its corollary that “where there are multiple acts placed before a jury, each being a separate chargeable offense in itself, the prosecution must elect the act on which the charge will stand,” or otherwise “the jurors [might] range over the evidence at will and pick out any one of the offenses upon which to found its verdict” (People v. Creighton (1976) 57 Cal.App.3d 314, 318, disapproved on other grounds in People v. Thomas (1978) 20 Cal.3d 457, 468), and there would be the danger of a defendant “being convicted of an uncharged offense, or that part of the jury might think one offense proved and part think a different offense proved.” (People v. Gavin (1971) 21 Cal.App.3d 408, 420; People v. Creighton, supra, at page 320.)
For the same reasons, the parties also agree that, assuming the evidence to have been sufficient to support a conviction of Bonnie for aiding and abetting Wendol to have oral intercourse with Mary S. on June 14, but not on June 17, the jury‘s finding that she did so on June 17 would be a “material variance.” (See generally People v. LaMarr (1942) 20 Cal.2d 705, 711.)
Therefore, we turn to the question of whether the evidence was indeed sufficient to support a conviction of the offense on June 17.
The facts of this case present the unusual situation in which the liability of an aider and abettor depends not on her aiding by encouraging the perpetrator of the crime but on her aiding the perpetrator by encouraging a third party, who could not be liable either as a perpetrator or as an aider and abettor, to engage in an act in violation of the law.
Our research has disclosed two cases which present similar situations.
In People v. Lewis (1952) 113 Cal.App.2d 468, appellant was convicted of statutory rape. C, an 18-year-old boy, brought B, a 16-year-old girl, to L‘s home, where L and S showed “moving picture films depicting the sexual act and other obscenities” to B. Then S drove C and B to a “secluded spot in the country” where C and B had sexual intercourse and L took pictures. (Id., at p. 469.) It was assumed, but not decided, that the act of taking pictures did not by itself prove aiding and abetting the statutory rape. It was held, however, that “[t]he jury could reasonably infer . . . that . . . [L] showed the pictures to B to encourage and induce her to engage in the forbidden act and later took the pictures in aid and furtherance of that preconceived design.” (Id., at p. 470.)
In the present case, the jury might have found that Bonnie orally copulated Wendol on the 17th (although, as indicated in fn. 1 above, the evidence of such fact was highly conflicting), and might have inferred that she did so in order to encourage and induce Mary to follow suit. That inference would perhaps not be the most reasonable one, given the facts that on June 12 Mary had orally copulated Wendol upon Renee M.‘s or Bonnie‘s sister‘s encouragement and inducement, that on June 17 Bonnie did not offer any other encouragement or inducement, and that Mary could not say why she engaged in the act on the latter occasion. An at least equally strong inference would be that Bonnie orally copulated Wendol for her own purposes and without regard for whether Mary followed suit.
Recognizing that this case “seems to go to the limit of the law” (Williams, Criminal Law (2d ed. 1961) § 121, p. 356), we are constrained to find that the evidence met the minimal standards of sufficiency.
It will be noted, however, that both People v. Rios, supra, at page 622, and People v. Lewis, supra, at page 470, speak in terms of the “design” or
In the present case, the jury was not instructed that the aider and abettor must have the purpose of aiding the perpetrator. It was instructed, in accordance with CALJIC No. 3.006 and No. 3.01,7 that Bonnie might be found guilty of aiding and abetting Wendol if she knew his purpose—i.e., regardless of her purpose in orally copulating him.
The general rule is: “In order to aid and abet another to commit a crime, it is necessary that the accused in some sort associate himself with the venture, act with knowledge that an offense is to be committed, and share in the criminal intent of the principal in the first degree; the same criminal intent must exist in the minds of both. . . .” (22 C.J.S., Criminal Law, § 87, p. 255.)
A substantial body of decisional law supports the proposition that, in order to be liable as an aider and abettor, a defendant must share the criminal intent of the perpetrator. (People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66, 72; People v. Durham (1969) 70 Cal.2d 171, 181; People v. Bohmer (1975) 46 Cal.App.3d 185, 199; People v. Doptis (1969) 276 Cal.App.2d 738, 742; People v. Butts (1965) 236 Cal.App.2d 817, 836; Pinell v. Superior Court (1965) 232 Cal.App.2d 284, 287; People v. Villa (1957) 156 Cal.App.2d 128, 134 (Peters, P. J.); People v. Terman (1935) 4 Cal.App.2d 345, 347, 349; People v. Kerrick (1927) 86 Cal.App. 542, 550; see People v. Hoover (1974) 12 Cal.3d 875, 879, and cases cited thereat for the proposition that “it had to be demonstrated that . . . [an asserted accomplice] acted with ‘guilty knowledge and intent with regard to the commission of the crime’ “; People v. Cisneros (1973) 34 Cal.App.3d 399, 414; People v. Williams (1968) 260 Cal.App.2d 868, 873.) CALJIC Nos. 3.00 and 3.01 (3d ed. 1961) so stated the rule.
Between these two lines of cases lie a few decisions which suggest that either shared intent or knowledge of intent is required. People v. Vasquez (1972) 29 Cal.App.3d 81, 87, says that “[he] may so aid and assist with knowledge or awareness of the wrongful purpose of the perpetrator [citations] or he may so act because he has the same evil intent as the perpetrator [citations].” People v. Standifer, supra, 38 Cal.App.3d 733, 744 [which appears to be the main authority for the 1974 CALJIC changes], states that “the test is ‘did the defendant aid and abet the perpetrator with knowledge of the perpetrator‘s criminal intent’ ” and that an instruction that ” ‘the proof must show not only aiding the actor but also sharing the required intent’ ” gave an appellant “more than he was legally entitled to,” but then rules that “[t]he only intent the jury was obligated to find . . . was his intention to knowingly aid . . . [the perpetrator] in the commission of a felony.” (Italics added.)
People v. Ellhamer (1962) 199 Cal.App.2d 777, 782, attempts a synthesis of the opposing lines of cases: “[a]lthough the guilt of the aider and abettor is dependent upon the actor‘s crime, criminal intent of the aider and abettor is presumed from his actions with knowledge of the actor‘s wrongful purpose.”8 People v. Ott, supra, 84 Cal.App.3d 118,
That one may be an aider and abettor and not necessarily share—i.e., have the same—intent as the perpetrator (contra the rule of the line of cases ending in Francis), follows from the well-established principle that perpetrators and their aiders and abettors may be found guilty of different degrees of a crime. For example, a man may be guilty of murder because his actions preceding a fight show that he harbored malice aforethought but a person who came to his aid during the fight and acted upon “a sudden quarrel or heat of passion” would be guilty only of manslaughter. (People v. Blackwood (1939) 35 Cal.App.2d 728, 732-733.) However, it does not follow that an aider and abettor need not have any criminal intent.
That knowledge of the wrongful purpose of the perpetrator may be insufficient (contra the rule of the line of cases ending in Terry) follows from the “feigned accomplice” cases, where the non-criminal liability of such persons, who may do all the things that would otherwise constitute aiding and abetting and with knowledge of the purpose of the perpetrator, can only be based on their lack of specific intent. (See People v. Brocklehurst (1971) 14 Cal.App.3d 473, 476-478, and cases cited therein.) But, again, it does not follow that there is no knowledge element.
An additional reason why knowledge of the purpose of the perpetrator is not, without an intent to aid him, sufficient for proof of aiding and abetting is that the alleged aider and abettor may know the purpose of the perpetrator and take an action which aids him, and yet not be guilty of aiding and abetting because of the existence of a state of mind which negates intent, such as mistake of fact or mistake of law or a belief that one‘s life would be endangered if one refused to aid the perpetrator (duress). Thus, in a robbery case (a specific intent crime), if A intends to rob a store of property which B (but not A) believes (honestly but mistakenly) is rightfully B‘s, and B knows A‘s purpose and aids him to
Aiding a perpetrator with knowledge of his wrongful purpose does not necessarily entail an intent to aid him (contra the Ellhamer and Ott notion) because a person might know a perpetrator‘s purpose and commit some act which in fact aids or encourages him but which the person did not intend and reasonably did not expect to have such an effect. The picturesque facts of Hicks v. United States (1893) 150 U.S. 442, illustrate this point. Hicks and Colvard were riding on horseback along a road when they encountered Rowe, also on horseback and armed with a Winchester rifle. Twice Rowe raised his rifle and pointed it at Colvard. Hicks took off his hat and said to Colvard “Take off your hat and die like a man,” whereupon Rowe pointed his rifle a third time at Colvard, shot and killed him. The judge instructed the jury that Hicks could be found guilty if he encouraged the shooting of Colvard, and Hicks was found guilty. The Supreme Court reversed. It noted Hicks’ testimony that he expected Rowe to shoot him or Colvard and that his ambiguous gesture with regard to his hat and remark concerning Colvard‘s may not have been meant to encourage Rowe, even though it may have had that effect, but may have been an act “of desperation, occasioned by his belief that Rowe would shoot one or both of them.” (Id., at p. 447.) The court held the trial judge erroneously “omitted to instruct the jury that the acts or words of encouragement and abetting must have been used by the accused with the intention of encouraging and abetting Rowe. So far as the instruction goes, the words may have been used for a different purpose, and yet have had the actual effect of inciting Rowe to commit the murderous act. Hicks, indeed, testified that the expressions used by him were intended to dissuade Rowe from shooting. But the jury were left to find Hicks guilty as a principal because the effect of his words may have had the result of encouraging Rowe to shoot, regardless of Hicks’ intention.” (Italics added.) (Id., at p. 449.)
The jury in the present case should have been instructed that a person aids and abets the commission of a crime if, with knowledge of the unlawful purpose of the perpetrator, he intentionally aids, promotes, encourages or instigates by act or advice the commission of such crime.10 On the peculiar facts of this case, it is reasonably probable that the jury found Bonnie Yarber guilty11 because they believed that her act12 had encouraged Mary to engage in the sex act with Wendol13 and because she
As to appellant Wendol Yarber, the convictions are affirmed, the order of commitment as a mentally disordered sex offender is remanded for such further proceedings as are consistent with this opinion.
As to appellant Bonnie Yarber, the judgment is reversed.
White, P. J., concurred.
SCOTT, J.—I dissent from the reversal of the conviction of Bonnie Sue Yarber.
The lead opinion appears to hold that in the absence of evidence to the contrary, intent to aid and abet may be inferred from a person‘s action with knowledge of the purpose of the perpetrator of a crime. But where a contrary inference is reasonable, his knowledge of the perpetrator‘s purpose will not suffice and intent must be proved by other evidence.
However, the facts of this particular case indicate that a contrary inference is not reasonable and that a shared criminal intent is undisputably indicated. Pornographic movies had been shown to the minors in appellants’ bedroom with both Bonnie Sue and Wendol present. There was testimony that on June 14, Bonnie Sue had asked Mary S. to orally copulate Wendol. (While Bonnie Sue cannot be convicted of the violation that occurred on June 17 based solely on what she did on June 14, her activities on June 14 are probative of her desires and intent on June 17.) Mary S. also testified that Bonnie Sue “asked me to eat her out while she gives Wendol a blow job.” Such evidence indicates that Bonnie Sue wanted the children to be participants and not mere observers of her sexual activities with Wendol. The evidence indicates that Bonnie Sue knew that acts of oral copulation with the minors had taken place in her apartment previous to June 17. Nevertheless, she engaged in oral copulation with Wendol in the presence of the children, she was present at the time the charged oral copulation with the children took place, and she did nothing to prevent it. The entire behavior of Bonnie Sue and Wendol indicates that they were acting as a unit (see People v. Rios (1954)
Failure to instruct the jury, as suggested by the lead opinion, was not error. I would affirm the conviction.*
I concur with the affirmation of the conviction of Wendol Yarber and the remand as ordered.
A petition for a rehearing was denied April 20, 1979, Scott, J., was of the opinion that the petition should be granted. Respondent‘s petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied May 17, 1979. Richardson, J., was of the opinion that the petition should be granted in No. 16836.
*The aiding and abetting issue upon which the lead opinion bases its reversal was not raised by the State Public Defender in his briefs on behalf of appellant Bonnie Sue. The issue was first suggested by the court at oral argument, then briefed by the parties. Since the advent of the State Public Defender‘s office, it is our experience that they have left no legal stones unturned or shied away from any possible theory of error in the discharge of their obligation to defendants. The error upon which the majority has seized to reverse this conviction was not raised by the public defender simply because the error does not exist.
Notes
The Attorney General expressly concedes on appeal that the evidence showed Bonnie‘s having asked Mary to perform the act on the 14th and not on the 17th.
The consequences of this misrepresentation on the part of the district attorney, and the failure of Bonnie‘s trial counsel to object or even to respond to it, do not have to be determined, given our view of the sufficiency of the evidence and instructions.