Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court:
Fоllowing a jury trial, defendant, Glenn H. Wilson, was convicted of three counts of first degree murder and one count of armed robbery. At the first stage of the death penalty hearing, the same jury found defendant eligible for the death penalty on the basis of multiple murder and murder in the course of a felony. Defendant waived his right to a jury at the second stage of the death penalty hearing. After presentation of evidence by both sides, the trial judge found that there were no sufficient mitigating factors to preclude imposition of the death sentence. Defendant was sentenced to death and a term of 30 years for the armed robbery. Defendant’s death sentence was stayed (134 Ill. 2d R. 609(a)), pending direct appeal to this court (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 4(b); 134 Ill. 2d R. 603). We affirm defendant’s convictions and sentences.
On appeal to this court, defendant argues that: (1) the statements he made to police
FACTS
On October 27, 1988, three persons were shot and killed during an armed robbery at S&S Liquor Store in Bloomington, Illinois. Defendant was arrested on an unrelated weapons charge on June 1, 1989. Between the time of defendant’s arrest on June 1, 1989, and June 9, 1989, defendant made several statements to the police regarding the S&S murders. On March 28, 1991, defendant was charged with six counts of murder and one count of armed robbery. Before trial, defense counsel filed several motions to suppress the statements.
At the hearing on defendant’s motions to suppress, the following was elicited. On June 1, 1989, shortly after being taken into custody and placed in a jail cell on the unrelated weapons charge, defendant attempted suicide. Defendant was transported to St. Joseph’s Medical Center. While at the Center, Officer Jeff Sanders noticed that defendant appeared to be under a great deal of stress. Sanders began speaking with defendant in an attempt to calm him. Defendant began mumbling to Sanders and said that "he never meant to hurt anybody or for anyone to get hurt.” Sanders then suggested that defendant might consider working with the police. Defendant initially responded that he could not do that, because someone might kill him if he spoke to the police. Defendant then began talking to Sanders about robberies and homicides which had occurred in the area. Sanders asked if defendant knew anything about the S&S murders. Defendant replied that "everyone knew who did it” and that "they were very bad people.” Defendant eventually agreed to work with the police. After defendant was examined at the Center, he was returned to the police department. Sanders then advised Detective Dan Katz that defendant possibly had information on the S&S murders.
Shortly after defendant was returned to the police department, Detective Katz began talking to defendant. Defendant provided Katz with information about gangs in the Bloomington area. After receiving this information, Katz contacted Agent Bernardini of the Illinois State Police, who was more of an authority on gangs than Kаtz was. Bernardini arrived at the police station about 8 p.m. and joined the conversation between Katz and defendant. Defendant expressed a wish to gain release from jail that evening if he provided gang information. Katz informed defendant that Katz did not have the authority to release him from jail, and the conversation continued. Bernardini then told defendant that he was still puzzled about why three persons had been shot during the S&S robbery. Defendant responded that "that was a spur of the moment thing” and "not supposed to happen.” Defendant then resumed talking about gang activities. Defendant again asked to be released. After speaking to his sergeant, Katz told defendant that he could not be released that evening. Defendant told Katz and Bernardini that if he was released from custody, he would tell them in a day or two who had committed the S&S robbery and murders. When Katz told defendant that he could not be released, defendant said that he actually knew who committed the S&S murders.
After Katz and Bernardini expressed dоubts about defendant’s story, defendant said that if he told the truth, he would just be getting himself "in deeper.” Defendant then stated that he knew the robbery was to occur at 10 o’clock and that he was to meet the men at S&S. Defendant said that he did arrive at S&S around 10 p.m. and was hoping to get money out of the men after the armed robbery occurred. During the course of these conversations, defendant was given the opportunity to use the rest room and to obtain something to drink.
Upon Katz and Bernardini’s request, defendant agreed to voluntarily accompany the officers to the crime scene. Defendant directed everyone to a gas station across the street from S&S and said that he witnessed the crime from that location. As defendant explained what he saw on the night of October 27, Katz told defendant that it seemed improbable that defendant could have seen the crime from such a distance. Defendant then said he would show the police where he was really standing, and defendant moved to a sidewalk near a street that separated the gas station from S&S. Katz once again told defendant that it was improbable that he could see the crime from that distance. Defendant then moved next to the brick wall of S&S and said that he saw the robbery in progress from that location. Katz then said that it was impossible to see through the brick wall into S&S. Defendant then moved to a position outside the front doors of S&S. Defendant said that when he looked in the store, he saw Robert Webb, a store employee, inside. He also noticed an individual lying on a rubber mat behind the cash register. Defendant was advised that it was impossible to see this from his claimed location. Defendant was also told that he needed to tell the truth about that night and that the police had a footwear impression from inside the store. Defendant said that he may have placed one foot into the store. Defendant stated that he was going to receive $500 for being a lookout for the three men. Defendant was then taken back to the police department.
Defendant was given breаkfast, and a typewritten statement was taken from defendant between 6 a.m. and 8:10 a.m. Katz did not give defendant Miranda warnings prior to taking the statement, because defendant was still considered a witness. When the McLean County State’s Attorney learned that Miranda warnings had not been given, Katz was advised to go back, read Miranda warnings to defendant, and take a second statement. At approximately 10:10 a.m. on June 2, defendant was given Miranda warnings; defendant waived his rights and stated that he was willing to give another voluntary statement. The second statement was similar to the first. Both statements set forth defendant’s involvement as a lookout for the three men. Prior to 10:10 a.m. on June 2, defendant had never been given Miranda warnings.
On June 4, Richard Humber, a consultant with the Bloomington police department, met with defendant. Humber read defendant his rights, and then defendant began talking about the evening of October 27. Defendant stated that he met the three men in the
On June 5, Katz once again met with defendant in an attempt to obtain more information about the S&S murders. Katz did not read defendant Miranda warnings, because he still viewed defendant as a witness and not a suspect. Defendant spoke of the night of the crime and gave descriptions of the three men.
Katz also spoke with defendant on the evening of June 9. Defendant was not read Miranda warnings, but defendant was told that he did not have to talk to anyone and that anything he said could be used against him unless the police were going to offer him something in return for his testimony. The public defender was present at this meeting. Defendant stated that his prior statements were untrue and that the three men had come to his residence to buy guns before the murders.
The trial court suppressed the first written statement that defendant gave the police on June 2, since defendant had not been given Miranda warnings. Defendant’s June 5 statement was also suppressed. Motions to suppress were denied as to defendant’s oral statements at the hospital and the police station on June 1, the oral statements at the crime scene on June 2, the second written statement on June 2, and the oral statements on June 4 and June 9.
At defendant’s trial, Tracy Gault, an employee of S&S on October 27, testified that two black men came into the store about 10 o’clock that evening. After a few minutes, Gault saw the two men come down the center aisle of the store moving toward her, with two customers, Scott Burton and Whitney Cole, in front of them. Robert Webb, another employee of S&S, approached the two men. Gault saw Webb say something to the men and then noticed that the taller of the two men had a gun. The men then ordered the two customers and Webb down onto the floor. Gault was ordered to open the cash register, and thе taller man fired a shot. After Gault opened the cash register, the shorter man reached into the drawer and took out money. Gault then got down onto the floor, but was ordered up to open the safe. Gault proceeded to take the money out of the safe and hand it to the shorter man. Gault asked the shorter man if he wanted the change from the safe. He answered no and then pistol-whipped Gault in the face. Gault immediately crouched against the wall near the safe and thereafter heard three gunshots. The store became quiet, and after about 30 seconds, Gault crawled out from near the safe. Gault noticed that the woman customer had blood coming from her mouth. Gault dialed 911. After the police arrived, Gault described both men to the police. A police artist developed sketches of the men. The police artist testified that the sketch of the taller man appeared to depict the defendant. Gault later identified Alvin Alexander, defendant’s brother, as the shorter man.
When the police arrived at the scene, they found Burton already dead and the other two still breathing. Both Webb and Cole died later. The cause of death for all three individuals was a gunshot wound to the head.
The jury also heard Julie Rice of the McLean County Human Services testify that on the afternoon of June 5, 1989, she spoke with defendant to assess whether he remained suicidal. Rice could not recall whether defendant requested that she visit him or if the jail staff requested that she visit defendant. Rice testified that defendant told her that four persons could tell that he committed the S&S armed robbery/murders and that he gave the police aliases for these four persons. Defendant told Rice that if he said who actually committed the crimes, he himself would be buried. Rice suggested that defendant write a journal about his thoughts as a way to relieve stress. Over time, defendant shared parts of that journal with Rice, by sticking it through the bars of his jail cell as Rice walked through the jail. The first page
Other evidence adduced at trial included Katz’s testifying that the location of the bodies inside the store was not released to the press, but defendant knew of the location of one of the bodies when he spoke to police at the crime scene. Two of defendant’s cell mates testified that defendant told them that he robbed a liquor store and shot someone. John Daniels testified that in August of 1990, defendant told him that he and some other men went into a liquor store in Bloomington to commit a robbery and that people were shot and another lady was pistol-whipped. Robert Faraci testified that in January 1991, defendant told him that he robbed a liquor store and shot someone in Bloomington. Defendant’s son, Jarmaine Wilson, also testified that on the night of the murder, defendant used a gun to threaten his mother to drive a car. Jarmaine’s mother acquiesced and got into the car; defendant sat on the front passenger side and Jarmaine rode hunched down in the back. Alvin Alexander rode in a separate car which accompanied the car in which Jarmaine was riding. When the car stopped, defendant got out while Jarmaine remained hunched down in the backseat. Several minutes later defendant got back into the car and ordered Jarmaine’s mother to hurry.
The State also offered the testimony of three other witnesses who had gone to S&S on the night of the murders to buy liquor. Two of these witnesses testified that they saw two black men walking toward S&S on October 27. Each witness stated that the police drawings based on Gault’s descriptions were good likenesses of the men they saw. The third witness made an in-court identification of defendant as the taller man she saw approaching S&S on the night of October 27. The unsuppressed statements defendant made to the police were also admitted as evidence.
Defendant did not testify on his own behalf at trial. The defense presented one witness who attempted to discredit Jarmaine Wilson’s testimony. The jury returned guilty verdicts for three counts of murder and one count of armеd robbery. The same jury found defendant eligible for the death penalty on the basis of multiple murder and murder in the course of a felony. Defendant then waived his right to have a jury for the second phase of the death penalty hearing. After hearing evidence in aggravation and mitigation, the trial judge found that almost no mitigation evidence existed. Defendant was sentenced to death for the murders and sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment for the armed robbery.
ADMISSIBILITY OF DEFENDANT’S STATEMENTS
Defendant first alleges that the trial court committed reversible error when it failed to suppress the incriminating statements he made to the police. Defendant claims that his June 1 statements to Sanders at the hospital, his June 1 statements upon his return to the police station, his June 2 statements at the crime scene, his second written statement, and his June 4 statement to Humber should have been suppressed as violations of his fifth amendment rights. Defendant specifically contends that these statements were involuntary and the result of a coercive interrogation.
A trial сourt’s decision to deny a motion to suppress will not be overturned unless the decision is manifestly erroneous. (People v. Brown (1990),
When an individual is taken into custody and interrogated, certain procedural safeguards are necessary to protect that individual’s constitutional right against self-incrimination. (Miranda v. Arizona (1966),
The Miranda Court noted that "[t]he fundamental import of the privilege while an individual is in custody is not whether he is allowed to talk to the police without the benefit of warnings and counsel, but whether he can be interrogated.” (Mirandа,
Although defendant was not given Miranda warnings until 10:10 a.m. on June 2, the statements he made about S&S prior to this time were voluntary and properly admitted at trial. At the hospital, Officer Sanders asked defendant if he knew anything about the S&S crimes. Defendant responded that "everyone knew who did it.” Although defendant made these statements, he was not a suspect in the S&S crimes at this time.
Upon defendant’s return to the police station, defendant was the one who initiated the conversation about S&S. Defendant voluntarily told Katz and Bernardini about his knowledge of the S&S murders in hope of being released from jail. Defendant was not made any promises in return for his statements. At this time, defendant was not regarded as a suspect in the murders. Although the detectives expressed doubts about defendant’s story, their doubts were not designed to elicit an incriminating response from defendant. As far as the detectives knew, defendant had no incriminating responses to make. In actuality, in the seven months between the murders and defendant’s arrest, the police had not come across defendant’s name as that of a potential suspect.
Defendant then voluntarily accompanied the detectives to the crime scene. The record does not indicate that defendant was forced to go with the police officers; nor does it reflect that the officers used threats, weapons, or any other show of force to coerce defendant to accompany them. (See United States v. Mendenhall (1980),
Defendant also contends that his second written statement on June 2 and his statement to Humber on June 4 were tainted by the failure of the police to provide Miranda warnings prior to the first written statement. We disagree. Defendant was not forced or coerced into making the first written statement to the police. He had been back at the police station for several hours before the statement was taken, had been given the opportunity to rest, and had been given food to eat. The reading of Miranda warnings to defendant at approximately 10:10 a.m. on June 2 cured the condition that made the prior vоluntary, but unwarned, written statement inadmissible. (See Oregon v. Elstad (1985),
We decline to rule on the statements defendant made to Detective Katz on June 9. These statemеnts were not admitted against defendant at trial and cannot be used as a basis to reverse his conviction. Thus, the trial court’s decision to deny defendant’s motion to suppress the statements he made to the police was not manifestly erroneous.
Defendant also contends that he was denied effective assistance of counsel to the extent trial counsel failed to argue that defendant’s statements to the police were involuntary because of coercive circumstances. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must prove that defense counsel’s actions were so deficient that they were unreasonable and that the actions prejudiced the result of the trial. (Strickland v. Washington (1984),
DEFENDANT’S MENTAL HEALTH RECORDS AND JOURNAL
Defendant claims that he was also denied effective assistance of counsel when defense counsel failed to seek suppression of the statements he made to Julie Rice. Defendant claims that Rice is an agent of the State and that Rice knew when she was speaking with defendant that some of her questions could have elicited incriminating responses. Since he was in custody at the time of Rice’s visit, defendant claims he should have been given Miranda warnings. Defendant argues that defense counsel erred when he failed to recognize that the statements were obtained in violation of defendant’s constitutional rights and when he failed to move to suppress the statements on this ground. Defendant also claims that he was prejudiced by defense counsel’s failure to have the statements suppressed.
As mentioned, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must prove that defense counsel’s actions were so deficient that they were unreasonable and that the actions prejudiced the result of the trial. (Strickland,
As a general rule, trial counsel’s failure to file a motion does not establish incompetent representation, especially when that motion would be futile. (See People v. Pecoraro (1991),
In addition, defendant has failed to prove that the use of the statements prejudiced the outcome of his trial. The statements which defendant made to Rice did not constitute all of the State’s evidence against defendant. The State provided other witnesses who testified that defendant told them that he had committed an armed robbery and shot someone; defendant’s own statements about his involvement were also admitted. We cannot say that the result of the trial wоuld have been different had the statements been suppressed.
Defendant also claims that the statements he made to Rice and his journal entry should have been excluded from evidence under the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Confidentiality Act (Act) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 91½, par. 801 et seq.). Before trial, defense counsel filed a motion in limine based on the Act, seeking to preclude use of the statements and journal entry. Defendant asserted that the statements he made to Rice and the journal entry did not relate directly to the facts of a homicide. In denying the motion in limine, the trial court judge concluded that the homicide exception applied to both the statements and the journal entry.
The Act provides that "[a]ll records and communications shall be confidential and shall not be disclosed except as provided in this Act.” (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 91½, par. 803(a).) A communication is "any communication made by a recipient or other person to a therapist or to or in the presence of оther persons during or in connection with providing mental health or developmental disability services to a recipient.” (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 91½, par. 802(1).) An exception provides that records can be disclosed in the investigation and trials of homicides without the consent of the patient "when the disclosure relates directly to the fact or immediate circumstances of the homicide.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 91½, par. 810(a)(9).
The admissibility of evidence at trial is a matter within the sound discretion of the trial court. (People v. Illgen (1991),
The oral statements which defendant made to Rice fall within the homicide exception of the Act. Rice’s notes and records from her meetings with defendant contain statements that when the police questioned him about S&S defendant responded that four persons could tell that he "did it” and that he would be "buried” if he told who actually committed the murders. Since these statements refer directly to the facts of the S&S homicide, they were admissible under the homicide exception of the Act. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 91½, par. 810(a)(9).
Part of defendant’s journal entry which was admitted at trial read as follows:
"As I lay here in a jail cell some 63 miles from what use to be my home (Springfield, Illinois). I find myself drowning in my own tears over a socalled [sic] crime that I didint [sic] even commit, but yet here I lay ready to go back to prison, for trying to turn a gun in to what is called the law[.]
All becouse [sic] my women wanted to see me become some-one other then the man i [sic] use to be, for you see I use to be what you call a stick up man, going out and takeing [sic] from others what didnt [sic] belong to me.
Couse [sic] you see in my life i [sic] never did have anything that i [sic] could call mine and after my comeing [sic] from a worn family who had nougthing [sic] to give but it’s [sic] love I wanted to kind of give back some of the love that was give,en [sic] me, as a way of saying thank you, butthen yet saying I’m sоrry for all the pain that I coused [sic] you while growing up.”
Although this statement does not use the phrase "S&S,” it can be interpreted as referring to the S&S armed robbery/murders. Defendant was under investigation for and charged with three counts of murder and one count of armed robbery at S&S, and his journal entry explained his reasons for committing armed robberies. Thus, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in finding that the homicide exception applied to defendant’s journal entry.
Finally, defendant claims that the State’s Attorney abused the grand jury’s subpoena power to obtain Rice’s records, which did not contain the journal, and thus his statements to Rice should not have been admitted at trial. The State’s Attorney served a subpoena on the McLean County Center for Human Services for production of all clinical records regarding defendant. The subpoena and records were made returnable to the State’s Attorney’s office, rather than to the grand jury. The subpoena stated that the records were needed by the grand jury in the investigation of a homicide and that the records were related directly to the immediate circumstances of a homicide. The subpoena was not prepared at the direction of the grand jury, but at the direction of the State’s Attorney. The State’s Attorney claimed that he acted "in anticipation of the grand jury’s consideration of matters under investigation” when issuing the subpoenas. The records were never shown to the grand jury. Defendant sought a motion in limine to bar the use of the records at trial. The trial court denied this motion, finding that the State’s Attorney had issued the subpoena as an agent of the grand jury, that nothing was wrong with the procedure used, and that the State’s Attorney had not acted in bad faith.
The grand jury has the power to issue subpoenas to obtain documents relevant to its inquiry when an individual is under investigation for a crime. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, par. 112 — 4(b).) Grand jury subpoenas are returnable to the grand jury, similar to how a witness, who is subpoenaed by the grand jury, must report to the grand jury. Issues of privilege and relevance of the documents are not relevant at the grand jury stage of an investigation, since the rules of evidence do nоt apply. (See United States v. R. Enterprises, Inc. (1991),
The State’s Attorney in the instant case misused the grand jury process in obtaining the subpoenas, by substituting his authority to obtain subpoenas for that of the grand jury and by not requiring that the documents be returnable to the grand jury. If proper procedures had been followed, however, the State’s Attorney could still have received the documents from the grand jury. Thus, defendant was not prejudiced by the process used to obtain his mental health records.
TRIAL TESTIMONY
The trial court granted a pretrial motion in limine that evidence of defendant’s prior armed robbery conviction could not be admitted. Despite this order, Officer Sanders testified that when he was with defendant at the Center after defendant attempted suicide, defendant "started telling me about his past record about having spent thirteen years in prison for an armed robbery. He maxed out and went back in and been out for about two years at that point.” At the end of the officer’s testimony, defense counsel moved for a mistrial. The court denied the motion. Defense counsel refused a limiting instruction, stating that the instruction would bring undue notice to the testimony. Defendant
The court’s in limine order was inadvertently violated when Officer Sanders testified that defendant had been in prison for 13 years on a prior armed robbery conviction. The error in the introduction of this testimony, however, does not warrant reversal of defendant’s conviction. The error was unlikely to have influenced the jury. Officer Sanders’ testimony was the only reference to defendant’s prior conviction during the whole trial. No additional evidence was admitted as to any facet of the prior conviction; there was no further discussion of the conviction. Moreover, the offer of a limiting instruction regarding this statement was refused. Therefore, Officer Sanders’ statement does not warrant a new trial. See People v. Richardson (1988),
THE SENTENCING HEARING
At the first stage of the sentencing hearing, the jury found defendant eligible for the death penalty based on two statutory aggravating factors: (1) murder in the course of an armed robbery, a felony (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, par. 9 — 1(b)(6)) and (2) multiple murder (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, par. 9 — 1(b)(3)). Defendant contends that he was not proven guilty of either of these factors beyond a reasonable doubt. Defеndant asserts that most of the evidence indicates that his role in the armed robbery/murders was limited to being a lookout and not the actual killer.
A thorough review of the record indicates that the evidence supports the jury’s conclusion that defendant was guilty of the armed robbery and murders. Among all of the evidence presented, Gault testified that shortly after the two men came into the store the taller man fired a shot. Gault also testified that just after the short man pistol-whipped her, three shots were fired. These three shots resulted in the victims’ deaths. The taller man was both identified as defendant and said to look similar to defendant. Defendant also admitted to two of his acquaintances that he committed an armed robbery and murder in Bloomington. These facts support the jury’s decision that defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of committing an armed robbery and three murders, and these facts justify defendant’s eligibility for the death penalty.
Next, defendant contends that the death penalty is excessive in light of mitigation evidence of his own circumstances. Defendant asserts that he is mentally retarded, was raised in an unstable family environment, was sexually abused, and has had psychological problems throughout his life. Defendant states that if these factors were considered in determining the appropriateness of the death penalty, the appropriate sentence would have been only natural life imprisonment. Mitigation evidence of a defendant’s cognitive abilities and mental health does not preclude imposition of a death sentence when that evidence is outweighed by aggravating evidence. (See People v. Johnson (1991),
Defendant also contends that evidence as to his gang affiliation should not have been admitted as evidence in aggravation. Before trial, the court allowed a motion in limine that defendant’s statements about his own involvement in gang membership were inadmissible.
Defendant has waived this question by failing to raise it as a claim of error in his post-trial motion for a new trial. (See People v. Enoch (1988),
CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE SENTENCING HEARING AND DEATH PENALTY
Defendant argues that the death penalty is unconstitutional because it places a burden of proof on the defendant which precludes meaningful consideration of mitigating evidence, and because it does not sufficiently minimize the risk of arbitrary and capricious death sentences. Both of these arguments have been addressed and rejected by this court on several occasions. (People v. Henderson (1990),
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set out above, we affirm defendant’s convictions and sentences. The clerk of this court is directed to enter an order setting Tuesday, March 21,1995, as the date on which the sentence of death entered by the circuit court of McLean County shall be carried out. Defendant shall be executed in the manner provided by the law. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, par. 119 — 5.) The clerk of this .court shall send a certified copy of the mandate in this case to the Director of Corrections, to the warden of Stateville Correctional Center, and to the warden of the institution wherein the defendant is now confined.
Affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
Defendant’s convictions of murder and armed robbery should be reversed and this cause should be remanded to the circuit court for a new trial. Despite the majority’s holding to the contrary, the trial court erroneously denied defendant’s motions to suppress statements made to police in violation of the fifth amendment and admitted into evidence defendant’s journal entry in violation of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Confidentiality Act.
The trial court determined that Miranda warnings were not necessary until defendant was returned to the police station from the crime scene on the morning of June 2. The majority agrees, finding that it was only after defendant admitted he was to receive $500 for being a lookout that officers should have known that any further questioning would be likely to elicit an incriminating response from defendant. The record shows, however, that the officers had sufficient indication of the incriminating nature of defendant’s responses at a much earlier time.
Sometime after 7 p.m. on June 1, when defendant was returned to the police station from the hospital, he was questioned by Detective Katz and Sergeant Bernardini because
When the officers doubted defendant’s claim that he had heard the crime being planned and had followed the robbers to the liquor store, defendant stated that if he told the truth, "he would just be getting himself in deeper,” but acknowledged that he was to meet the robbers at 10 p.m. and was hoping to get money after the robbery. The majority claims that the detectives’ doubts "were not designed to elicit an incriminating response from defendant.” (
The majority also concludes that defendant was not coerced into making his first written statement, and thus his second written statement on June 2 аnd his statement to Richard Humber on June 4 were not tainted by the earlier failure of police to provide Miranda warnings. I disagree. In Oregon v. Elstad (1985),
"It is an unwarranted extension of Miranda to hold that a simple failure to administer the warnings, unaccompanied by any actual coercion or other circumstances calculated to undermine the suspect’s ability to exercise his free will, so taints the investigatory process that a subsequent voluntary and informed waiver is ineffective for some indeterminate period. Though Miranda requires that the unwarned admission must be suppressed, the admissibility of any subsequent statement should turn in these circumstances solely on whether it is knowingly and voluntarily made.” (Emphasis added.) Elstad,470 U.S. at 309 ,84 L. Ed. 2d at 232 ,105 S. Ct. at 1293 .
In Elstad, the Court determined that the respondent’s initial unwarned remark was voluntary, and thus did not taint his subsequent written confession given after he received Miranda warnings. The Court believed that nei ther the environment nor the manner of either interrogation was coercive, pointing out that respondent’s first conversation with policе took place at midday, in the living-room area of his own home, with his mother in the kitchen, a few steps away. However, there are several distinctions between Elstad and the case at bar.
First, in Elstad the respondent’s warned confession was preceded by an unwarned yet volunteered remark. Here, however, defendant’s warned written statement was preceded by an unwarned written statement. Indeed, as the majority concedes, the second written statement was a mere reiteration of defendant’s previous statements. Second, in Elstad no deliberately coercive or improper tactics were used to obtain the initial statement. In the present case, however, there is a considerable amount of evidence which would suggest coercion and improper tactics on the part of the police.
The determination of a statement’s voluntariness depends on the totality of the circumstances, and consideration must be given to both the characteristics of the aсcused and the details of the interrogation. (People v. Simmons (1975),
Here, the record shows that defendant has a severely limited intellectual capacity with a history of mental problems. Additionally, defendant was, at the time of his interrogation, suicidal and depressed, having just returned from the hospital following a suicide attempt in his jail cell. Defendant’s interrogation was prolonged, spanning at least 14 hours, and included the pressure of being taken to the scene and pressed to explain weaknesses in his account of the events. (See Spano v. New York (1959),
It is true that defendant was not physically abused and was given food and permitted to use the rest room during breaks in his interrogation. Nor was defendant young or inexperienced in criminal matters, although it is questionable whether a 44-year-old man with an IQ estimated between 67 and 87 can be expected to have learned from experience. Nеvertheless, from an examination of the "surrounding circumstances and the entire course of police conduct” with respect to defendant (Elstad,
Reversible error also occurred when a portion of defendant’s confidential statements to a mental health therapist was admitted in violation of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Confidentiality Act (the Act) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 91½, par. 801 et seq.). While I agree with the majority that the oral statements which defendant made to Julie Rice fall within the homicide exception of the Act, the majority’s conclusion that defendant’s journal entry was similarly admissible is contrary to the obvious intent of the statute.
The exception contained in section 10(a)(9) of the Act states: "Records and communications of the recipient may be disclosed in investigations of and trials for homicide when the disclosure relates directly to the fact or immediate circumstances of the homicide.” (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 91½, par. 810(a)(9).) As the appellate court aptly stated in People v. Doe (1991),
"The legislature intentionally included the words ’directly’ and ’immediate’ in this exception. (See Rosewood Corp. v. Transamerica Insurance Co. (1972),8 Ill. App. 3d 592 ,290 N.E.2d 656 (terms expressly stated in a statute were intended by legislature), aff’d (1974),57 Ill. 2d 247 ,311 N.E.2d 673 .) Therefore, a showing that the disclosure merely relates to the circumstances of a homicide is not sufficient to invoke theexception. There must be a showing that the disclosure directly relates to the immediate circumstances of the homicide.” (Emphasis in original.)
There has been no such showing made in this case.
The majority contends that although defendant’s journal entry "does not use the phrase ’S&S,’ it can be interpreted as referring to the S&S armed robbery/ murders,” and was admissible because it "explained his reasons for committing armed robberies.” (
For the foregoing reasons, I must dissent.